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P-aminohippurate 5:459–460
component 5:293
wave 5:87, 89, 91, 294
P-chlorophenoxy acetic acid 19:498
PCO2 13:22–24, 30, 35, 38
PN2 13:26–27
PO2 13:22, 24, 26–27, 37–40
Pacemaker 10:12–14, 17; 12:239; 19:379
cells 5:293
Pachycalamus 21:636, 717–720, 722–726
axial skeleton 1:272, 275
brevis 21:626, 720, 722
Pachycephalosauria 9:55, 67, 101, 105–106, 137–138
Pachycephalosauridae, dentition 1:187
Pachycephalosaurus 9:105–107
Pachydactylus 7:468; 9:416, 425, 430; 12:122; 15:328; 16:51, 115, 138, 260; 20:118, 121; 21:133–134
austeni 21:396
bibronii 20:120, 122, 296
blood cell numbers 3:103
chondrocranium 11:73, 77
dentition 1:162
ear 2:222, 266, 271
eye 2:26, 30
jaw muscles 4:419, 478
maculatus 20:296
mariquensis 21:396
nose 2:120
plodactylus 20:126, 135
punctatus 21:396
rangei 21:57, 186, 189, 396
vanzyli 21:57, 186, 189, 396
Pachyophiidae 20:595
Pachyophis 20:595; 21:563–564
origin and evolution 1:6
woodwardi 20:595
Pachypleurosaurus 9:297
dentition 1:191
Pachyrachis 19:165; 20:352, 367–368, 582–583, 586–588, 590, 594–595; 21:471–473, 477–479, 483–485, 499, 508, 510, 526, 541, 548–549, 563–564, 573, 579, 584, 590, 593, 599, 604, 609, 611
problematicus 20:595
Pachytene 14:51, 53, 66; 15:463–464
Pacific area 2:323
Packed cell volume 3:8–12
Paedogenesis 19:567
Paedomorphosis 20:38, 362, 458
Pain 8:475, 500, 524
Paint marks (see Marking methods)
Paired trabeculae 21:577, 583
Pakistan 2:323
Palachrodon, origin and evolution 1:5
Palaeagama 9:296
Palaeochoanate condition 11:61
Palaeolacerta 15:394
Palaeophiidae(ids) 20:482, 986
Palaeosuchus 16:281, 542
Palaeoxantusia 20:159–162, 299
Palatability spectrum (see Mimicry)
Palatal
complex 4:102
fenestra 4:138, 202, 204, 209, 216, 223, 236, 254, 272, 275
folds 6:232
glands 6:226
membrane 2:9; 4:104, 292, 316, 320–321, 328, 341, 354, 356, 362–363, 367, 375, 377, 385–386, 413
process of maxilla 4:202, 230, 235, 252; 11:103, 152
process of palatine 4:202, 252
process of premaxilla 4:202, 222, 229–230
process of pterygoid 4:202, 235
processes 20:17
shelf of the maxilla 21:559
teeth 1:120, 123, 150–154, 163–164, 169–170, 173, 179, 183–185, 191–193; 4:242, 280; 20:42, 76, 78, 115–116, 128, 136, 166, 228, 231, 234, 268–269, 273, 276–278, 287, 396, 589
Palate 1:3, 9, 12, 27, 32, 35, 192; 2:101, 113, 116, 118, 122–123, 137–138, 140, 143, 160, 165, 172–173; 4:316; 6:226; 11:5, 18, 87, 96, 111, 120, 152, 199, 208, 227, 234, 242; 20:6, 14, 23, 25, 46, 49, 51, 56–57, 62, 64–65, 67, 69, 74, 87, 92, 94, 106, 117, 152, 157, 160, 167, 220, 226, 228, 236, 254, 257, 264, 278, 282, 387, 400–401, 410, 419, 424, 583, 595, 601–603, 605–609, 619–621, 624–625, 629, 631, 633, 636, 640, 647, 653
closure 14:406, 423–426, 442
development 14:331, 381, 403–407, 411, 414–415, 417, 421–427, 462, 514
fully neochoanate 20:14, 140, 188, 218, 228, 236, 241
incompletely neochoanate 20:14, 136, 152, 157, 160, 166–167, 173, 184, 198, 282
in vitro culture of tissue 14:426, 462
malformation 14:453, 459
neochoanate 20:14, 41, 106, 117, 134, 149, 194, 210, 225, 233, 265
paleochoanate 20:14, 41, 65, 74, 78, 81, 87, 91–92, 103, 115, 134, 136, 160, 198, 210, 218, 225, 264, 276
primary 14:404–405, 413–414, 421–422
secondary 14:403, 405–406, 414, 419, 421, 424
sensory receptors 14:355–356, 411, 427
Palatine 1:118, 120, 129, 152, 168, 170–171, 173, 179–181, 192–193; 4:116–117, 126, 138, 188, 203–205, 209–211, 213–214, 216–221, 223, 225, 231, 234–236, 248, 250–252, 254–256, 258, 265, 272–273, 276, 292, 306, 311, 313, 327, 385–386, 421, 434, 436, 438; 11:17, 20, 22, 39, 60–62, 68, 70, 72, 81, 84, 106, 110, 119, 124–125, 128–129, 142–143, 151–154, 165, 170, 178–179, 209, 218, 233, 235, 237, 240, 244–245; 20:14–15, 18, 23–25, 41–42, 67, 65, 68–70, 75–76, 78, 81–82, 84, 88, 91–92, 94, 98, 101, 104, 106, 110–111, 115, 118, 120, 122–125, 128, 134, 137, 142, 145–146, 149, 152–153, 156, 158, 161–163, 165–166, 168–171, 173, 175–176, 178, 180–182, 185, 188, 190–191, 196, 198, 200, 202, 204–205, 212, 214, 217, 219–222, 225, 228, 231, 234, 236–238, 240, 242, 244–248, 258, 264, 266–268, 276, 278–279, 282, 284, 287, 356, 369–371, 373, 375–376, 379, 384, 387, 389, 394, 397, 399–400, 402–404, 407, 409–410, 412, 414, 417, 419, 421–422, 424, 428–429, 431, 434, 440, 442–444, 456–457, 462, 464, 469, 472, 480–483, 486, 492, 503, 506–507, 510, 512–518, 527–529, 531, 533, 538, 542–545, 547–548, 550, 559, 569, 571, 573, 575–577, 588–589, 591, 596; 21:546, 551–554, 561, 565, 570, 582, 585
artery 2:7, 12, 50, 63; 11:12, 15, 24–25, 99, 211, 219; 20:390–391; 21:528, 535–536
bone 2:9, 11, 66–67, 73; 14:421; 19:117
branch of facial nerve 11:15, 17, 22–24, 32, 68, 79, 98, 110, 112, 124, 129, 158, 160, 170, 185, 187, 211–212, 214, 219, 236–237, 243
bulla 4:214, 218–219, 235
choanal process (see Choanal process of
palatine)
dental laminae 21:548
draggers 20:542
erectors 20:542
fangs 1:18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 31–32, 118–119
fold (see Vomerine cushion)
foramen for suborbital branch of maxillary
(V2) nerve 20:427, 444, 481
ganglion 2:11
gland(s) 8:48–55, 69–70, 144; 11:79
groove for suborbital branch of maxillary (V2)
nerve 20:444, 457
membrane (see Palatal membrane)
nerve 2:7, 11, 49–50, 177
process of maxilla 20:388, 400, 402–403, 417–418, 421–422, 429, 434, 442, 447, 453, 455, 457, 459, 463, 465, 467, 469, 472–473, 480–483, 486, 562, 569, 572, 575–577
protraction 20:439, 518
-pterygoid arch 21:550
-pterygoid articulation 21:571
ramus of VII 21:512–514, 516, 519–525, 528, 531–532, 535–536
sinus 2:67; 20:24, 100
teeth 20:24, 65, 75, 88, 158, 173, 181, 191, 194, 204, 209, 238, 240, 269, 275, 287, 410, 441, 450, 453, 459, 468, 482, 486, 518, 548, 577
Palato-vomerine joint 20:410, 591
Palatobasal articulation 20:285
Palatomaxillary
arch 20:355–356, 364, 395, 412, 434, 440, 442–444, 454, 457, 464, 480–482, 492, 501, 511–512, 515–516, 527–528, 531, 542–545, 549, 557, 565, 570, 572, 575, 577, 582, 589, 592, 596
function 20:442, 504, 515, 544, 546, 558, 589, 591
segment 20:49, 55
teeth 20:589
Palatopterygoid
bar 20:400–401, 466, 492–493, 514, 518, 522, 571, 592
joint 20:417, 450, 452, 459, 486, 507, 512, 518, 542, 545
series 4:285, 289, 292, 313, 316, 384–385, 413
tooth row 20:441, 492, 550
Palatoquadrate (see also Pterygoquadrate) 4:104, 250–252; 20:263
cartilage 20:12, 21–25, 33, 52, 68, 262–263; 21:478
Paleoneurology 9:39–146, 290–305
Paleontological history 5:395
Paleontology 14:5
Paleostriatum 10:265; 17:629, 646; 18:41
augmentatum 17:528, 535
Paleosuchus 8:607, 675; 13:307; 14:344, 377
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:184
palpebrosus 18:203; 19:34, 36, 82
skull 4:212, 222, 227, 232, 243, 275
trigonatus 19:203
Paleozoic era 14:5, 526–527, 586
Paliguana 9:296; 15:340; 20:250, 252, 254, 257–258, 268, 285, 287
whitei 20:290
Paliguanidae 15:341; 21:9, 116, 120, 186
Pallial thickening 10:253, 261, 294, 305–306, 309, 313, 317, 327, 330; 17:656
Pallium 18:42
Palmar
aponeurosis (see also Flexor plate) 21:294–296, 304–305, 309, 312, 316
collectors 6:390
head of M. flexor digitorum longus 21:213, 415
lymphatic vessels 6:390
net 6:389
sesamoid 21:29, 126, 294, 314
Palmate nerve endings 2:282–283, 285
Palmatogecko 15:328; 16:115, 254, 260; 20:117, 121, 123
chondrocranium 11:75
eye 2:22
nose 2:120
rangei 20:296
Palmitic acid(s) 18:123, 194, 199; 19:351
Palmotoleic 18:194, 199
Palpebral (see also Supraciliary; Supraorbital) 20:44, 137, 142, 154, 158, 169, 173, 178, 185, 194, 196, 202, 209, 212, 217, 221, 225, 230, 234, 237, 240, 382; 21:559, 583
aperature 2:13–14, 23, 86
bone 4:212, 215, 274–275; 21:591
Pamalaescincus gardinieri 21: 399
Panacra 16:172
Panaspis 7:167, 169, 172–174, 179, 189; 12:113; 16:6, 118, 464–465, 517; 20:138, 298; 21:399
africana 20:307
breviceps 21:397
hackarsi 21:400
reichenowi 20:307
togoensis 21:397
wahlbergi 21:399, 401
Pancreas 3:21–22, 319–346; 6:43, 349, 356, 413– 414, 421, 427–428; 8:610–618, 651, 698; 13:94; 17:589; 19:39–40, 169, 488, 505–507, 522, 536, 545–546, 557, 560, 564
development 14:143–144, 174, 307, 440
embryology 3:319–320
endocrine 10:41
exocrine 10:26
histology 3:324–341
innervation 3:341
topography and gross structure 3:320–324
tumors 3:332
Pancreatectomy 3:23
Pancreatic
amylase 8:611–613, 616
capsule 3:328
collectors 6:427–428, 446
duct 3:328; 6:203, 458; 14:440
-duodenal artery 3:320, 333
islets 3:319, 327–328, 341–342; 8:610–611
juice 8:610–611
polypeptide 17:660, 673, 676
tubules 3:324, 327–328
Pancreatico-duodenal collectors 6:426
Paneth cell 6:43, 275, 277–278, 283, 287, 302
Panhera 16:6, 11, 27, 52, 60
Panting (see also Breathing; Temperature regulation,
evaporative cooling; Ventilation) 5:245, 374–375; 19:157, 306
Pantodactylus 20:186, 189–190, 192–193
ear 2:271
schreibersii 20:301
Papilla
basilaris 10:215, 220, 241
basillaris 9:13, 15
neglecta 9:13
Papillar bar 2:237–238, 242–250, 253, 257, 260
Papillary cartilage 11:17, 48, 105, 119–120, 122–123
Papio 16:194
Papuascincus 21:397
Para-aminohippuric acid 5:496–497
Parabasal canal (see also Vidian canal) 9:8; 21:514
Parabasisphenoid 11:22–23, 60, 62, 70, 123, 127–132, 134, 150, 154–155, 163–164, 172, 185, 187, 216, 218–219, 237, 244–245; 20:355, 381–382
Paraboloid 2:34–37, 42, 44–48, 54, 65, 72–73, 77, 85; 9:215, 347; 17:15–16, 19, 22–24, 215
Parabrachial region 17:507, 599–600, 613, 633, 651, 664
Parabronchi 19:72–73
Paracapsular
recess 21:560, 564, 583, 586–587
sinus (see also Pericapsular sinus) 2:231–232, 259, 262
Parachalcides 16:266
Parachordal 4:249; 9:2, 34; 11:3, 10–14, 29, 40–41, 116, 136, 194, 200, 207, 238
cartilage 20:361
plate (see also Basal plate) 14:125, 127; 20:416
Parachordals 20:10, 28
Parachuting 21:59
Paracloacal gland (see Gland, paracloacal)
Paracondylar processes 20:472
Paracotylar foramen 1:286
Paracotylar foramina 20:460
Paracrine regulators 19:64
Paracynictis 16:6
Parademansia 8:24
microlepidota 8:24
Paradiapophysis (see Synapophysis)
Paradidymis 6:52
Paradipsosaurus 20:82, 292
Paradoxical
discharge 2:293
sleep (see Sleep)
Paradracaena 20:174, 181
colombiana 20:301
Paraechinus 10:191
Parafibula 21:153
Paraffin 5:98; 6:226
Parafilm 5:97
Parafollicular cells (see Macrothyreocytes)
Paraformaldehyde 10:249
Parahelicops 19:101
Parahydrophis 8:27; 19:223
mertoni 19:199
Parakeet (see Melopsittacus)
Paraldehyde fuchsin 3:137, 139, 141, 143, 145–146, 149–154, 156, 158, 163, 167, 169–170, 177, 184–185, 191; 6:226
“Parallel-fibered” bone 1:49–50, 55, 61, 64, 66, 68
Parallel-fibered
cortex 1:53
matrix 1:71
Parallelism 4:267–271, 276, 374, 405
Paralysis 3:240, 257; 8:449, 469, 473, 479
Paramacellodus 15:334, 340
axial skeleton 1:270
Paramagnetic oxygen analyzer 5:71–74, 129
Paramedian tract 6:396
Paramesonephric ducts (see Müllerian duct)
Paranaja 8:24; 19:146, 221; 20:518
multifasciata 8:24; 19:142, 197; 20:625
Paranasal
cartilage 11:15–17, 19, 45–46, 49–52, 54–55, 66, 74–77, 79, 84, 87–88, 92–93, 96, 102–103, 109–110, 116, 120, 122, 142, 158, 162, 165–167, 171, 177–179, 196, 202
process 11:158, 160
sinus (see Accessory, nasal sinus)
sinuses 11:228
Paranatrix 19:101
Paranuclear body 2:59, 61; 17:28
Paranucleolar mass 6:111–112; 14:44, 46–47, 50–51, 53–56, 60; 15:170
vacuole 14:46
Paraoccipital process 9:64
Paraoxon 6:280
Paraphalangeal elements 21:134, 189
Paraphyletic 19:297, 353
groups 18:9
Paraphysis (see also Parapineal) 9:225, 227, 246–247, 258, 285, 289, 336; 12:227; 14:128, 172, 433–434
Parapineal 9:56–57
Parapistocalamus 8:24; 19:221
hedigeri 8:24; 19:198; 20:622
jaw muscles 4:483
Paraplocephalus atricesa 20:628
Parapsicephalus 9:41, 86, 88
Parapophysis 1:201–202, 209, 229–231, 237, 252, 284–286; 11:411
Parapsid 20:249
Parareptilia, origin and evolution 1:10
Pararhabdophis 19:101
Pararhadinaea 19:221
albignaci 19:195
melanogaster 20:642
Parasaurolophus, nose 2:152–153
Paraseptal
apophysis 1:239
cartilage(s) 4:251; 9:3; 11:15, 17–19, 22, 46, 48, 51–52, 54–55, 61, 66, 70–73, 76, 79, 83, 87, 89, 93–94, 96–97, 102–104, 106, 109–110, 117, 120–122, 127, 142, 157, 171, 176–178, 194, 197, 202, 208–212, 224–225, 229–230, 232, 240–241; 14:125
Parasibynophis torquatus 20:642
Parasites 5:23–24, 26; 14:602, 614
of blood 3:73, 75, 83, 87–88, 100, 104
Parasitic
disease (see also Pathology) 19:521–522
lesions 1:323–324
Paraspecific
action (see also Cross-reactivity) 8:356–357, 577
protection 8:365–366
Parasphenoid 1:12, 25, 31, 150; 4:130, 228, 250, 252, 254–255, 421; 9:8; 11:11, 23–24, 32, 58, 60, 62, 81, 90, 98–99, 106, 112, 117, 123–124, 132, 143, 150, 153–155, 158, 164, 166, 179, 184–185, 187, 190, 214, 216, 219, 224, 231, 233, 240, 244–245; 20:7, 23, 28, 30, 70, 135, 137, 156, 164, 205, 222, 227, 268–269, 357, 361–362, 368, 371, 389, 395, 397, 402–405, 414, 418, 421, 425, 434, 438, 445, 447, 451, 453, 455, 462, 464–465, 467, 471, 473, 477, 479, 501–502, 504–505, 511, 513, 523, 527, 533, 538, 541, 543, 559, 562, 564, 566–567, 569, 571; 21:514, 520
-basisphenoid suture 21:536
bone 2:48–49; 14:126, 428
intertrabecular crest 21:534
rostrum 2:6; 11:22, 39, 60, 62, 70, 90, 100, 129–130, 132, 154–155, 161, 170, 199, 201, 219, 245; 20:7, 25, 30, 42, 50, 75, 91, 101, 104, 112, 115–116, 124, 128, 137, 147, 150, 156, 164, 166, 172–173, 182, 186, 192, 195, 205, 209, 216–217, 222, 225, 232, 234, 238, 240, 246, 248, 268–269, 276
teeth 20:269, 276
Parasternal
cartilage 11:385–387
chevrons 1:254, 262
rib 1:262
Parasternalia (see Parasternal chevrons)
Parasternum 1:237, 254
Parasympathetic 20:567
control 12:243–244
(cholinergic) innervation 19:402, 452
effects 8:478
fiber(s) 5:238; 10:13, 20, 26, 28
influences 5:308
nerves 5:429
nervous system 10:2, 24, 27, 29, 213; 12:237, 239
origin 5:416
Parasympathicomimetic drugs 5:11, 102
Parasympathomimetic drugs 8:95, 605
Paratendinous intravaginal flexors 21:315
Parathoracic rib 1:266
Parathorax 1:240, 266, 293
Parathormone (see Parathyroid hormone)
Parathyroid 3:118, 223, 235–262; 14:140
activity 5:34
capsule 3:236, 245, 248, 254
degeneration 3:257–258
development 14:139–140, 174, 307, 309, 446
extract 5:482–485
follicles 3:236–237, 239, 245, 250, 254, 258
function 3:240, 243, 250, 257, 259
histology 3:236–237, 239, 245–246, 254, 257
hormone 3:236, 259, 332; 6:118; 15:388
Parathyroidectomized animals 5:482
turtles 5:483
Parathyroidectomy 3:237, 240, 243, 250, 257, 259; 5:482
Paratorus 9:220–221
Paratracheal collector (see Paratracheal trunk)
Paratracheal trunk (see also Jugular trunk) 6:319, 322, 325, 345, 373, 375, 379–380, 384, 386, 411, 431
Paraventricular
nucleus 3:137–138, 224; 6:117; 12:227, 256
organ 10:258–259, 265–266, 282
Paravertebral
lymphatic system (see Perivertebral lymphatic
system)
stripes 15:472, 485
trunk 6:321, 330–331, 346, 352, 356, 363, 387, 396–397, 399, 412, 455; 10:3
vein 6:399
Parazygantral foramen 1:286
Parazygosphenial foramen 1:286–287
Pareas 7:225; 16:143, 233; 19:132, 134, 224; 20:567, 571–573; 21:474, 508, 574, 576, 586
carinatus 19:153, 211; 20:632
chinensis 19:211
dentition 1:182
ear 2:272
eye 2:49, 55–56, 91
formosensis 19:211; 20:632
hamptoni 19:211.20:632
iwasakii 20:632
jaw muscles 4:442, 481
komaii 19:211
laevis 19:211; 20:632
macularius 19:211; 20:568–569, 632
malaccanus 19:211; 20:632
margaritophorus 19:211; 20:632
monticola 19:211; 20:632
nose 2:179
nuchalis 19:211; 20:632
stanleyi 19:153, 211
vertebralis 19:211
Pareatinae 19:132, 224; 20:551, 556, 561, 578, 631
Pareatini 19:133
Pareiasaura
axial skeleton 1:203
dentition 1:121, 151
origin and evolution 1:10, 39
Pareiasauria 19:74
Pareiasauroidea, origin and evolution 1:2, 10
Pareiasaurus 9:57, 66, 121
dentition 1:151
Pareinae
dentition 1:182
jaw muscles 4:441
Parenchyma (see also Ediculus; Faveolus; Trabeculae) 2:282, 285; 19:3–4, 6–19, 25, 28, 30, 33, 36, 42, 44, 53, 55–56, 61, 63–65, 76, 96, 102–103, 105, 107, 109–111, 130–136, 138–140, 142, 144–145, 148–149, 154, 160, 165, 169, 171, 173, 489–493, 500, 504, 511, 518, 547, 552–554, 559
Parental care 12:8; 13:241, 275; 14:20; 18:77
aggressiveness 16:297, 299
alarm calls 16:282
benefits 16:277, 298–302, 306–308, 315
body size 16:291, 307, 309
brief incubation 16:310–311, 313
cost-benefit models 16:277, 298–299
costs 16:277, 298, 302–312, 315
crocodilians 16:18, 278–283, 296, 301, 307–308, 310, 313, 315
defending young 16:279–281, 288
development 16:290, 301, 310–311
egg-attendance 16:277, 279–282, 288, 291, 295, 297, 301, 305–306, 310–311, 314
egg-brooding 16:277–278, 288–291, 301, 314
egg-guarding 16:277, 279–281, 288–289, 299–300, 311, 314–315
egg-manipulation 16:282, 301
egg-predation 16:282, 288, 298
eggs and nests 16:277, 279
environmental factors 16:310–311, 315
evolution 16:294–295, 305–313, 315
factors influencing 16:306–313
fecundity 16:303, 309–310
food intake 16:302–304, 309, 312
future studies 16:305
growth 16:305
helping birth 16:292
increasing benefits 16:306–308
independent origins 16:294–295, 305–306, 315
intermediate stages 16:305–306, 313
investment 16:277
latitude 16:309–310
learning 16:291, 302
lizards 16:282–284, 288, 291, 296–297, 307–309, 314, 444
male, female, biparental (see sex showing)
maturity 16:308–309
mode of fertilization 16:312–313, 315
mode of reproduction 16:292–293, 307, 313, 315
mouth brooding, and transport 16:292–314
myths (apparent) 16:291
nest opening 16:278–282, 288, 301, 314
non-reptiles 16:293, 307, 311, 313
oophagy (see Egg predation)
oviparity versus viviparity 16:292–293, 307, 314–315
rarity in reptiles 16:313–314
removing dead eggs/young 16:292, 301
route 5:47
sex showing 16:297–298, 312–313, 315
shivering thermogenesis 16:278, 288–291, 301–302, 315
snakes 16:285–297, 307
survivorship (see benefits)
swallowing young 16:292–293
taxa showing 16:278–293, 289
taxonomic biases 16:293–294, 314–315
terminology 16:277
thermal benefits (see shivering thermogenesis)
turtles 16:278, 293, 296, 310, 314, 401, 415
venomous species 16:307, 315
young 16:277
Paries membranaceus 19:132
Parietal 4:105, 108–109, 111–117, 138–139, 147, 170, 186, 204, 209–210, 213–214, 216–220, 222, 224, 227–228, 232–233, 236, 247, 249, 251, 253–257, 265, 272, 297, 299, 301–302, 309, 317, 320, 322–324, 326, 335–336, 339, 341, 349, 351, 358–359, 362, 365, 367–368, 374, 379, 381, 383–386, 389–391, 394–396, 398, 401–402, 407–411, 416, 420, 431, 450– 451, 453, 455, 459, 466, 469–471; 11:20, 22, 24, 28–29, 32, 39, 56, 58, 60, 62–63, 68, 70–71, 73, 79–82, 85, 91, 100–101, 105–107, 111–112, 119, 124–125, 128–131, 133–135, 148, 153, 155, 158, 163, 184–190, 199, 209, 212, 214, 216, 218–219, 224–227, 237, 243– 244, 366; 20:7, 12, 14, 16–17, 19, 21, 23, 26, 30, 34, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48–52, 54–57, 62–63, 65, 67, 72, 74, 76, 79, 81–83, 86–87, 89, 96, 100, 103, 108, 113, 115–116, 118, 120, 122–123, 126, 128, 130–131, 133, 136, 140, 142, 144, 147, 149, 152, 154–155, 158, 160, 162, 164–168, 170, 173, 176, 181, 183, 185, 188–190, 194–195, 200, 203, 206, 212, 214, 216–217, 219–221, 223, 225–226, 228–229, 231, 234, 236, 238, 240–243, 246, 363–257, 261–262, 275, 277–278, 280–283, 285–288, 355, 357, 361–363, 365–366, 368–369, 371, 373–375, 379, 381, 387–392, 397–399, 403–405, 407–412, 415, 421, 425, 427, 431–432, 434, 438–442, 445–447, 449–450, 453, 455, 457–458, 462–467, 470–471, 473, 477–479, 484, 486, 490–491, 497, 501–509, 511, 513, 523–527, 529, 532–533, 538–541, 543, 559, 561–564, 566, 568–569, 571, 578, 584, 588, 591; 21:219–220, 503–504, 512, 516–517, 520, 528, 530, 533, 537, 540, 551, 589–592
behavioral effect 9:383
bone 2:48–49, 196; 8:105, 111
cartilage 14:125, 172
cells 6:246, 264
crest 4:339, 347, 415
development 9:250
evolution 9:290
eye (see also Pineal; Pineal complex) 9:20, 70, 78, 90, 178, 221–222, 225, 245–250, 255, 258, 264, 270–275, 280, 282–283, 285, 288, 292–295, 301–302, 304, 323, 329, 335–342, 346, 361, 370–371, 377–379, 383, 385, 390; 12:224–226, 231, 253; 14:495, 514; 17:649
activity rhythms 18:243
anatomy and physiology 18:233–234
melatonin 18:238–239
pineal 18:239, 242
reproduction 18:266
thermoregulation 18:264–268
foramen (see also Foramen, parietal; Pineal
foramen) 20:16–17, 40, 44, 67, 74, 82, 91, 96, 103, 108, 115–116, 119, 128, 131, 136, 142, 149, 152, 158, 160, 165, 168, 173, 177, 189, 194, 200, 208, 212, 217, 220, 225, 229, 234, 236, 240, 243, 248, 254–255, 275, 280–282, 284
lappets 20:142, 160, 168, 188, 243, 248, 284
nerve (see also Nerve, parietal) 12:226
ossification 14:312
phase 10:25
-pineal complex 13:216–217, 221
plate 5:65
tabs 20:138, 152, 158, 168, 173, 176, 254
unit 20:54–56, 209, 260–261
Parietalectomy 3:223, 226; 5:167; 6:121; 9:383, 386–388; 12:224–225, 235, 253; 13:216
Parieto-tabular arch 21:507, 510
Parietotectal cartilage 11:14–19, 22, 45–46, 48–52, 54, 66, 74–76, 78, 84, 87–88, 90, 93, 96, 98, 102–103, 106, 109–110, 115–116, 120, 122, 127, 129, 138–143, 157–158, 160, 165–167, 171, 173, 177, 179, 202, 208, 210, 212, 224, 231–233, 235, 240; 20:361, 456, 554
Parioxys
bone 1:71
origin and evolution 1:23
Parkinson’s disease 10:251
Parkosaurus, dentition 1:188
Parlodion 5:99
Paroccipital
abutting 20:116, 122, 128, 133, 158, 162
process 2:196, 199–200, 229; 4:204–205, 210– 211, 214, 217, 219–221, 226, 233, 236–237, 255–257, 266, 271, 277, 419; 11:22, 25, 30, 34, 59, 85, 112, 124, 199, 216, 218; 20:8, 17, 20–23, 28, 33–34, 47, 50–51, 55, 68, 73, 86, 91, 100, 102, 104, 110, 114–115, 122, 126, 128, 133, 135–136, 144, 148, 154, 156, 162, 164, 166, 170, 172–173, 179, 193, 200, 203, 209, 212, 214, 216, 221, 223, 225–226, 230, 232, 234, 238–240, 246, 248, 262, 264, 271–272, 276, 278, 285, 287–288, 400, 435, 443, 584; 21:472, 507
Paroedura 15:328; 16:260; 20:117, 126, 296; 21:89
bastardi 20:306
Parotic process (see Paroccipital process)
Parotoid 8:43
gland 8:91
Parovarium 6:49
Parrot 14:7
Pars
anterior (see Pars distalis of pituitary)
anterior of Jacobson’s organ (see Anterior
sulcus)
anterior of recessus inferior (see Ventral recess)
ciliaris retinae 2:1–19, 23
distalis (see Distal lobe of pituitary)
distalis of pituitary 6:115–116
dorsalis of Jacobson’s organ (see Lateral
sulcus; Medial sulcus)
inferior of extracolumella 11:33–34, 55, 66, 76, 79, 93, 104, 124, 196
inferior of extrastapes 2:198–200, 229
interhyalis (see Interhyal)
intermedia (see also Intermediate lobe of
pituitary) 18:316–317, 347
iridiaca retinae 2:16, 19, 23, 65, 70
nervosa (see also Neural lobe of pituitary) 15:247
nervosa of pituitary 6:117–118
olfactoria (see Olfactory region)
respiratoria (see Intermediate region)
superior of extracolumella 11:33–34, 54, 66, 76, 79–80, 93, 104, 196
superior of extrastapes 2:198–200, 229
terminalis 3:140, 193
tuberalis 3:137, 140, 157–160, 162, 166, 183–184, 188–190, 193, 195
ventralis of Jacobson’s organ (see Ventral
sulcus)
zygomatica 21:506
Parthenogenesis 6:96, 107; 13:207; 14:7, 9, 15; 16:363; 18:26, 37–39, 76, 80, 86
adaptive significance 15:498–499
and abnormal development 15:373, 451–453, 455
and genome interaction 15:497
and hybridization 15:414–415, 437–441, 459–477, 494–497, 513
and sexual phenotype 15:284
and triploidy (see also Triploids; Triploidy) 15:495–497
artificial 15:496
evolutionary aspects 15:491–510, 513
origin 15:492
taxonomic problems 15:512
Parthenogenic species 14:11, 641–642; 15:415–429
developmental rate 15:513
embryonic stages 15:500, 513
experimental production 15:497
geographical distribution 15:421–427, 429, 441–451, 503–504, 509
habitats 15:443–447, 450–451, 498, 503
heterozygosity 15:497–498, 506
meiotic mechanisms 15:435, 478–480, 497, 498, 513–514
ovaries 15:463–465, 502
oviducts 15:465
partial sterility 15:505
population density 15:503
range expansion 15:509–510
reversion to reproduction 15:506–507
variability in 15:480–491
Partial pressure 19:332
alveolar 19:300
arterial 19:301, 303–306, 319, 327, 330, 335–337, 340–342
blood PO2 19:64, 306–307, 317–318, 323, 325, 331, 345, 433, 438, 448, 452, 454, 456–457, 460, 462, 464, 467, 469, 472
carbon dioxide 19:64, 305–307, 314–315, 320, 323, 329, 331–332, 341, 343–344, 369
difference 19:52, 56–57
faveolar 19:329
gases 16:548
gradient 19:156–157
lung 19:306, 335, 340, 345
oxygen 19:28, 307, 329–331, 335, 340, 345
Partial reinforcement studies 7:625–630
Parturition 6:100–102, 105
and genetic mechanisms 15:592
and oxytocin 15:588
effect of luteectomy 15:582–584
effect of ovariectomy 15:582–584
endocrine control 15:530, 579, 586–691
Parvalbumins 11:292
Parvilacerta 20:167
parva 20:300
Parvoscincus 21:399
PAS 6:36, 43, 92, 111, 113, 227, 229, 234, 237, 241, 244, 246–248, 251–252, 265, 271, 280, 283, 287–289, 291–294, 297–299
reaction 3:120–121, 126, 138–139, 141, 144– 146, 149–151, 153–154, 156, 158, 162–163, 166–167, 169–170–173, 175, 178–180, 182–187, 189, 191, 209, 212, 237–238, 245–247, 249, 251, 254, 258, 279, 283, 285, 291, 301, 303; 14:604–609, 611, 620
in limb buds 15:91
of primordial germ cells 15:170
of seminiferous tubules 15:242
of urodaeal epithelium 15:187, 192
Passeriformes 9:248
Passive diffusion of gas 5:225
expiration 5:231–233
inspiration 5:229, 233, 235, 238
Patella 1:81, 91, 93, 107–111; 4:67, 125; 21:152, 340
tibialis 21:150, 153
ulnaris 21:115–117, 264
Patellar tendon 4:58–59, 61–62, 67, 83–84, 96
Patency 5:64
Path (see Tract)
Pathogenicity 5:26
Pathogens 5:26–27; 12:306
Pathological failure of tooth replacement 1:136
Pathology 8:437; 19:346, 493, 516–524
Pathway (see Tract)
cerebellospinal 17:563
geniculotectal 17:310
habenulointerpeduncular 17:648
interstitiospinal 17:551
olivocochlear 17:633
reticulocerebellar 17:531
reticulospinal 17:563
retinohypothalamic 17:177
rubrospinal 17:567
spinocerebellar 17:517, 524
spino-olivary 17:527
spinoreticular 17:523
spinotectal 17:324
spinothalamic 17:523
striatonigral 17:650
striocerebellar 17:534
tectocerebellar 17:516
tectogeniculate 17:282, 534
tectoreticular 17:334
trigeminocerebellar 17:516
trigeminotectal 17:340
uncinate 17:536, 552
vestibulospinal pathway 17:553, 563
Pattern formation 14:587–589
relationships 1:323–327
Pauley reaction 3:41
PDE (see w-Exonuclease)
Peak density area 17:101
Pectinate ligament 2:15, 20, 51, 70
Pectineal process (see also Lateral process of
pubis) 21:146
tubercle 21:144
Pectoral
apparatus 4:12–15, 91–94
girdle 1:203, 254, 271, 275, 281, 314, 337; 4:3, 8, 12–15, 21–22, 24, 26, 28, 30–31, 182; 5:62–63, 93, 235; 11:368; 14:124, 151, 153–155, 312; 20:584–585; 21:59–60, 70, 76, 135, 137, 217
limb 4:2–3
muscles 4:21–51
nerves 4:21–51
shield 1:315, 330
skeleton 4:12–21
Pectoralis 21:29, 31, 207, 212
major muscle 6:333
Pedal plantar flexion 21:42, 48, 163, 177, 353, 362, 365
Pedicel 1:201, 207, 226, 239; 2:35, 38, 43, 45, 58, 60–61, 77, 79
Pedicels of podocyte 6:45
Pedicle 17:29, 33–42
Pedicular foramen (see Lateral foramen)
Pedioplanus 20:167–168, 170
lineoocellata 16:208; 20:300
namaquensis 16:208
Pedler transformation 2:85, 91
Pelagosaurus
eye 2:75
skull 4:273, 278
Pelamis 5:198, 249, 369, 407–408, 421, 431, 433–434; 7:205, 505; 8:29, 63, 73, 98, 106, 198–199, 356–357, 441; 12:133–134, 332, 341, 346, 377, 426, 429–430, 433; 13:2, 7–8, 12–13, 37–38, 40; 16:8, 43, 56, 121, 127, 150, 183, 203–204; 17:45, 71; 19:98, 132, 156, 158, 223; 20:544, 548
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:288
ear 2:272
jaw muscles 4:449–452, 455, 483
nose 2:121, 130, 136, 160, 174, 179
platurus 8:29, 63, 73, 98, 106, 198, 356–357, 442; 19:105–107, 132–133, 150–151 (as P.
bicolor), 199, 299, 328, 356; 20:629
Pelanomodon 9:299
Pelias
berus 20:619
kaznakovi 20:619
seoanei 20:619
Pelochelys 5:395–396; 16:135
eye 2:68
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:154–155
limbs 4:4
nose 2:114
Pelodiscus sinensis 19:547–578
Pelomedusa 5:254, 258, 264; 7:459; 10:203; 13:17–18, 23, 34; 14:81, 102, 177, 212, 215, 665; 16:25, 113, 393, 439
axial muscles 11:369–370
blood cell morphology 3:75–76, 81–83, 87
blood cell numbers 3:103
chondrocranium 11:225
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104–105, 107–108, 110-, 112, 125, 154–157, 176, 180
limbs 4:2–3, 14–15, 24–27, 30, 32, 34–35, 41–42, 45–47, 49–51, 54, 56, 60, 62, 65, 66–68, 71–72, 75, 79–80, 82, 88–90, 100
nose 2:104, 108,111, 113, 177, 181
pituitary 3:188, 190
Pelomedusidae 5:192; 7:459; 9:71; 12:136; 14:80–81, 102, 171, 215, 665; 16:56, 113, 135, 393, 439, 525–526, 551–553; 19:19
axial muscles 11:369–379
axial skeleton 1:211, 215, 219
blood cell morphology 3:76
chondrocranium 11:225
ear 2:265, 270
eye 2:68
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 154
internal relief of gut 6:161, 172
limbs 4:2, 55, 91, 100
nose 2:114
pituitary 3:136, 188, 190
shell 1:329, 334, 336
Peloneustes 9:297
eye 2:80
Peltocephalus 14:81; 16:135
dumerilianus 18:315
Peltosaurus, dentition 1:168
Pelusios 8:662, 672; 14:81, 102, 110, 119, 131, 133, 181, 184, 213, 215, 219–220, 226, 231; 16:6, 113, 393, 439
axial skeleton 1:224–225
blood cell numbers 3:103
blood chemistry 3:9
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:86, 89
eye 2:68
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104– 105, 107–108, 110, 113, 118, 123–125, 162–163
internal relief of gut 6:161, 174
limbs 4:3
shell 1:321, 329–330
subniger 19:19, 77
urinogenital system 6:5, 8, 17
Pelvic
apparatus 4:52–90, 94–97
appendages 15:117
canal 16:398
cistern (see Pelvic plexus)
fenestra 21:12
girdle 1:225, 240, 271, 282, 293, 314, 337; 4:3, 52–55, 61–63, 65–68, 70–71, 74, 90–91, 94; 5:235; 11:383; 14:124, 153–154, 156; 20:430, 584; 21:10, 13, 55, 59, 136–139, 191, 320–321, 328–329, 346
musculature 15:123
rudiment 15:117, 119
girdle and appendages, lymphatics of 6:311–350
limb 4:2–3
lymphatic vesicle (see Lymphatic heart)
muscles 4:61–90, 96
nerves 4:61–90
plexus 6:318–320, 331–332, 335–346, 358–359, 379, 393–396, 403, 406, 422, 424, 434–437, 441
rubbing 18:176–177
sinus 6:393
skeleton 1:293
vein 6:30–31, 453
Pelvis 10:24
Pelycosaur(s) 9:63, 68, 125, 297, 299–300; 20:257; 21:84, 118, 121, 171
Pelycosauria 7:6; 19:71, 74
bone 1:59, 70–71, 74–75
chondrocranium 11:21–22
dentition 1:124, 127, 193
eye 2:80
nose 2:150
origin and evolution 1:2, 8, 11, 14–15, 18, 25, 27, 30, 35–39
Penial groove 14:340
Penis 6:106, 407, 443; 10:8, 40–41; 14:144–145, 442
development 15:15, 239, 244, 249, 261
homology with hemipenes 15:238–240
Pentadactylus 17:290, 303
Pentamethylenetrazole 5:51
Pentastomes 5:27; 19:522
Pentobarbital sodium 5:44, 47, 50–51
Pentolium 10:29, 37
Pentonyx (see Pelomedusa)
Pentose shunt 5:199
Pentothal 5:45
Pentylenetetrazole 5:51
Penultimate phalanges 21:133, 186–187, 307
Pepsin 6:263–264, 301; 8:592, 604; 10:25
Pensinogen 8:599, 604, 666
Peptic cell 6:252
Peptidase 8:310, 312, 320, 325–327
Peptide(s) (see also Adrenocorticotropic hormone;
Angiotensin II; Arginine-vasopressin;
Beta-lipotropin; Bombesin;
Calcitonin gene-related peptide; Carrier
peptide; Cholecystokinin; Corticotropinreleasing
factor; Dynorphin; Eledoisin;
Endorphin; Enkephalin; FMRFamide;
Gastric-inhibitory polypeptide; Gastrin;
Kassinin; LANT-6; Melatonin; Mesotocin;
Met-enkephalin; Neurokinin A;
Neuropeptide Y; Neurotensin; Oxytocin;
Pancreatic polypeptide; Prodynorphin;
Proenkephalin; Prolactin; Proopiomelanocortin;
Somatostatin; Substance K;
Substance P; Tachykinin; Vasoactive
intestinal polypeptide; Vasopressin; Vasotocin;
specific amino acids) 8:310
cardioactive 3:23
E 17:629
linkage 5:358
synthesis 19:498
Peptinergic 10:250
Perameles, placenta 15:594
Perch height and activity 7:113
Perchloric acid 5:82
Perennibranchiate amphibians, epiphyses and
sesamoids 1:84
Perforated diaphragms 6:165, 208
Performance 12:27, 29–31, 34–40, 45, 301–302
Performic acid 3:329
Perfusate 5:307
Perfusion 5:53–54, 57–59, 61, 104–105, 196, 241, 248, 277, 306; 19:42, 59, 64–67, 140, 301, 314, 316, 318–319, 326–327, 331, 335, 347, 353, 463, 467, 469–471, 489, 524
fluid 5:60
limited 19:327
medium 5:59
of tissue 5:104
pattern 5:461
pressure 5:276
procedures 5:384
rate 5:494; 19:52
Perfused tubules 5:492, 494
Perhydrohistrionicotoxin 8:463
Periaortic sheath (see Thoracic duct)
Periaqueductal gray 17:600
Periarchicortex 10:327–328
Periarterial mesenchyme 6:456
Periblast 15:540
Pericapillary space 3:326, 338, 341–342
Pericapsular
membrane 20:382
sinus 11:214–215
Pericardial sac(s) 5:59; 14:401, 4–6-407, 409, 411; 19:487
Pericardio-peritoneal septum 6:234
Pericardium 5:59; 6:356; 19:32, 379, 408
Pericaudal trunk (see Gastrohepatoduodenal
trunk)
Perichondrial
bone 21:76
tissue 14:157, 525
Perichondrium 1:82–83, 97, 99, 102, 104, 107; 9:433, 436–437; 21:27
Pericloacal
plexus 6:403–404
sinus 6:321
Peridental oral mucosa 8:87
Periderm 14:531–535, 565
degeneration 15:105
of limb bud 15:64, 70–71
Peridontal
ligament 1:144, 146–147; 14:431
membrane 1:129, 144
Periglandular sinus 6:320
Periglomerular cell 18:441
Peri-innominate lymphatic vessels 6:319
Perikarya, neurosecretory 3:137–138, 141
Perikaryon 6:270
Perilaryngeal net 6:319
Perilymph (see Periotic fluid)
Perilymphatic (see Periotic duct)
aqueduct 11:27
duct 9:13, 15; 11:26–27, 183, 213–214, 222, 246; 20:126, 193, 270, 390
foramen 11:15, 26–27, 43–44, 46, 54, 67, 69, 76, 93, 110, 139, 141, 146, 170, 197, 243; 20:11, 32, 34, 70, 73, 75, 112, 135, 137, 164, 166, 193, 195, 270, 390
notch 20:193
recess 11:106; 20:112
sac 9:15; 11:27–28, 146; 20:11, 72–73, 75, 135, 485; 21:486, 489
system 20:390, 485, 591
Perimacular
area 2:208, 210, 215
cells 2:205
transition zone (see Perimacular area)
Perimasseteric lymphatic ring 6:320, 348, 381–383, 385
Perinatal period 18:478
Perinigral catecholamine cell group 10:277
Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction (see also PAS reaction) 8:45, 47–48, 52, 58, 67, 69, 80, 122, 125; 19:499, 508–509
Periorbital membrane 2:9
Periosteal
bone 1:48, 51–52, 54, 64, 72–73, 77, 83–84, 94, 104, 106–107
cortex 1:54, 60, 68, 76
membrane (see also Periosteum)
reversal 1:59
surface 1:59
tissue 14:525
Periosteum 1:83, 94, 97, 99, 107, 111, 313; 2:200, 215–216, 218; 4:85; 9:433, 436–437
Periotic
channels (see Periotic labyrinth)
cistern 2:196, 199, 218–219, 228–229, 231, 234, 238–239, 242–245, 247–250, 255, 258, 260
duct (see also Perilymphatic duct) 2:261
fluid 2:202, 215, 218, 261
foramen 2:202–203, 216, 220, 234, 237, 242, 246–248, 252–252, 255–256, 259–261
labyrinth 2:202–203, 207, 209, 215–220, 231, 236–239, 242, 245–246, 248–249, 251, 255–256, 258–259, 262–263; 20:384
membrane 2:227
reticulum 2:215–216, 218, 220, 256–257, 261
sac 2:196, 211, 219–220, 223–224, 228–231, 233–234, 237, 239, 242–249, 251, 255, 259, 261–262
trabeculae 2:218
Peripheral
bone 1:224, 312–313, 320–323, 328–330, 333, 337
circulation 12:237, 243–252, 285–286, 296, 432
member of double cell 2:3, 35, 37–38, 45–47, 57, 59–61
nasal chemosensory apparatus 18:425
nerves, venom effect on 8:469–473
nervous system 21:197
plate (see also Peripheral bone) 4:24
reaction system 21:197
resistance 12:243; 19:347
shield (see Marginal shield)
temperature 5:306
vagus 5:309
Peristaltic action 5:28
Peristalsis (see also Gastric contractions) 6:92; 19:497
Peritoneal
canals 15:152
cavity (see also Body cavity) 5:235
epithelium (see Coelomic epithelium)
funnel 6:3, 8–9, 11–12, 16, 50, 52–53, 55, 70
lymphatic net of small intestine 6:416
Peritoneum (see also Coelomic epithelium) 3:266–267, 269, 271–272, 277, 312; 11:383
Peritonitis 14:218
Peritresius, shell 1:325
Peritubular membrane 5:493–495, 498
Peritympanic cavity (see Middle ear)
Perivascular cells 1:55
Perivenous collectors of stomach 6:413
Periventricular
gray 10:237
hypothalamus 18:35, 42
nucleus 18:98
Perivertebral lymphatic system 6:318–319, 321, 323, 325–326, 329, 335–337, 343, 345, 347–348, 352–353, 355–356, 361, 367, 373, 378, 383, 392, 396–406
Perivisceral fluid (see Coelomic fluid)
Perivitelline space 14:62–64
Permanganate oxidation 3:137, 145–146, 151, 163
Permeability (see also Membrane permeability) 5:9, 474–477, 479, 493, 498; 19:347
of skin 1:37, 311; 5:374, 382, 388–389, 395, 423, 436
diffusional coefficient 12:400, 434
hydraulic coefficient 12:400, 434, 451
regulation 12:430–433
to gases 12:400, 428–430
to ions 12:400, 425–428
to water 12:360, 385–386, 399–400, 405–414, 418–419, 424–426, 449–453
skin 14:550–555
Permian 4:267
reptiles 15:337–340, 394
Peroneal
nerve 4:63, 80, 84
trunk 21:35
Peroneus 21:206
brevis 21:324
longus 21:324
Peropus, urinogenital system 6:63, 105
Peroxidase 3:29; 8:128, 362; 14:604–611
Peroxide formation 5:49
Peroxisome 19:494–496, 501, 511
Peruvian Current 5:314
Pes 21:19, 22–23, 42, 47–48, 52–56, 58, 111, 124, 135–136, 154, 157, 162–163, 171, 173, 177–178, 182, 184, 192, 200, 205, 311–312, 319–320, 325, 331, 334–335, 351, 364–365, 368, 370, 378, 384, 386, 388, 392, 394–395
Pest Control 5:27
Pesticides 19:517
Petite tube (see Epididymal tubule)
Petrels 7:241–242
Petrobates, origin and evolution 1:20
Petrolacosaurus 20:257, 268; 21:121, 181, 506
Petrolatum 5:100
Petroleum ether 18:123
Petromyzon
blood chemistry 3:40
urinogenital system 6:2
Petromyzontiformes 19:561
Petromyzontoid 10:11
Petrosaurus 7:51, 275; 12:101; 16:140; 18:382; 20:81, 89–90
eye 2:26, 28
mearnsi 18:362; 20:305
thallassinus 18:362; 20:292, 305
Peyer’s patches 14:631
pH 3:1, 3, 4–7, 13–15, 17–19, 32, 42–44; 5:9, 11, 54, 56–58, 183–184, 193, 225, 238, 241, 256–258, 262, 266, 335, 338–340, 342–343, 348–351, 353–355, 357–359, 478, 481, 486; 8:597–603, 628; 12:363, 371; 13:1, 13, 31–35, 40, 72–73, 91, 178; 19:52, 303, 305–306, 314–316, 319, 342–343
arterial 19:315, 341–343
blood 19:342, 467, 512
option 8:304
plasma 19:333, 341, 343–344
regulation 19:345–346
Phaeochrome tissue (see Chromaffin tissue)
Phagocyte, foamy 3:328
Phagocytosis 3:122, 128; 6:55, 77, 79–80
of oocytes 14:64
Phalangeal
formula(ae) 1:20, 23; 4:20–21, 60, 90, 92, 95–96; 15:115; 21:6, 135, 186–187, 191, 395
length 21:187
Phalanges 1:93, 104; 15:77, 79–80, 86, 116; 21:59, 118, 120, 129, 131, 133, 136, 169, 173, 186–189, 306, 311, 319
development 14:160, 296
Phalanx 4:20–21, 42, 46, 48–51, 59–60, 82, 84–85, 88–90, 94–97
Phallus 6:50, 106, 273
development 15:213–216, 220–241, 244–245
effect of hormones 15:237, 246, 249–251, 253–254, 257, 261, 263
primordium (anlage) 15:120, 194, 197–198, 201, 205–206, 210, 213–216, 218, 220–241, 245, 263
retractor muscle 15:120, 216, 225, 227–228
Phalotris 19:227
bilineatus 19:212
lemniscatus 19:212; 20:655
mertensi 19:212; 20:655
nasutus 20:655
spagazzinii 20:655
tricolor 19:212; 20:655
Pharmacology 8:1, 9, 437–529
Pharyngeal
arches (see also Branchial arch) 14:100, 138–139
cavity 6:234
clefts 14:96, 138–139, 174, 281, 288–292, 515
collectors 6:348, 410
gas exchange 13:38–39
lymphatic net 6:410–411
membranes 5:381
pouch 3:112, 116–118, 210, 235–236, 243, 245–246, 250; 14:136, 138–141, 428, 616, 636
sac 14:434
tonsil 14:434
uptake of oxygen 5:197
villi 3:14
Pharyngohyal 11:239
Pharyngo-tympanic cavity 11:27
Pharynx 2:196–197, 201, 232, 262; 3:15, 112, 116, 118, 201, 210–211, 235, 243; 4:139–140, 154, 158, 168, 182, 188, 225; 5:391; 6:226–234, 382, 397, 410, 431; 11:24, 28, 79, 170, 187, 214, 240; 12:367–368; 14:139, 141–142, 427, 439, 445, 501; 19:112–114, 306
Phascolescoma 8:377
Phase Response Curve (PRC) 18:244, 252
transition 19:349
Phasic
manner 5:7
response 2:287, 293–294
Phelsuma 7:291, 293–295, 307, 468; 8:681; 9:157, 331, 336; 12:123–125; 15:327; 16:51, 115; 17:13, 20, 99; 18:352; 20:52, 118–120, 124, 296; 21:133, 181, 187–188, 397
abbotti 18:352
adrenal 3:279
dubia 18:352
ear 2:271
eye 2:22–23, 32, 38–39, 43, 45, 88
guentheri 20:306
lineata 18:352
madagascariensis 20:59, 296, 306
pituitary 3:192
Phenacosaurus 7:272, 299, 447, 479; 15:329; 16:249, 257
axial skeleton 1:269
dentition 1:155–156
urinogenital system 6:84
O-Phenanthroline 8:321
Phencyclidine hydrochloride 5:45
Phenocopies 15:134
Phenol 5:23; 8:567, 571
concentration test 8:579
red 5:104, 381–382
Phenology 13:59
Phenotypes 14:16, 19
Phenotypic expression 1:316
Phenoxybenzamine 5:237; 10:31
Phenylacetic acid 18:198
Phenylalanine 3:23, 40
Phenylene diamine oxidase 3:29
p-Phenylene diamine oxidase 3:32
Phenylephrine 19:453
Phenylhydrazine 3:38
Phenylmethane-sulfonyl fluoride 8:321, 333
Phenylpropionic acid 18:198
Pheochrome reaction (see Chromaffin reaction)
Pheromone(s) 12:431; 13:212–213; 14:530, 572; 16:210; 18:41, 86–87, 98, 353, 426, 470–474
aggregation 18:477–480
aggression 18:472
alarm 18:118–120, 425, 476–477, 487
chemical cues 18:115, 119, 122, 125, 131, 137–138, 140–143, 145, 147, 149, 158, 166, 169–170, 172, 178–179, 182–184, 186–189, 193–197, 204–206
attractant signals 18:142, 145–152, 155, 158, 199–200, 205, 480
chin glands in turtles 7:419
cloacal glands in turtles 7:419
cloacal secretions in snakes 7:417–418
communication 18:116, 183, 190, 204
contact 18:142
courtship 18:482
courtship inhibition 18:482–483
detection 18:329, 353
femoral pores in lizards 7:419
homing, natal beach 18:197
inhibitory 18:158
male identifying 18:149
mating plugs 18:482
production 18:425
role in agonistic encounters 18:471–472
sex 18:480–483
skin secretions, lizards and snakes 7:417–419
snake, female, source 18:481–482
trail (trailing) 18:115, 124, 131, 134–143, 151, 153, 162, 165, 182–186, 197, 202, 471
conspecific discrimination 18:480
contact response 18:479, 481
trail discrimination 18:480
trail pheromone 18:141, 143, 204
use by predators 18:487
use of in reptiles 7:417, 433
Philippine Islands 2:323
Philochortus 9:339
Philodosaurus 9:82–83
Philodryadini 19:133, 226
Philodryas 5:134, 148; 8:41, 646, 663, 693; 13:308, 310; 15:647; 16:7, 120, 519; 19:227
adrenal 3:281, 296
aestivus 19:212
axial muscles 11:357
baroni 20:655
blood chemistry 3:11
burmeisteri 19:212
chamissonis 19:212; 20:655
ear 2:272
jaw muscles 4:481
mattogrossensis 19:212; 20:655
nattereri 19:166, 212
olfersii 8:41, 663; 19:212; 20:655
patagoniensis 19:212
psammophideus 19:153, 166, 212
reinhardti 8:41
simonsi 19:212
soudotii 20:655
varius 19:212
viridissimus 19:212
Philothamninae(i) 19:140, 231; 20:576
Philothamnus 7:502; 8:440, 663; 16:51, 120, 147; 19:145, 157, 162, 231
angolensis 19:127, 148, 153, 212
battersbyi 19:212
bequaerti 19:153, 212
carinatus 19:212
dentition 1:177
dorsalis 19:127, 153, 212
ear 2:272
heterodermus 19:212; 20:642
heterolepidotus 19:142, 212; 20:642
hoplogaster 19:127, 153, 212; 20:642
internal relief of gut 6:193, 209
irregularis 19:127, 212; 20:642
loveridgei 19:212
macrops 19:212
natalensis 8:440; 19:127, 212; 20:642
neglectus 19:153
nitidus 20:642
occidentalis 19:142, 212
ornatus 19:127, 212
punctatus 19:212
semivariegatus 19:127, 212; 20:642
Phimophis 19:226
guerini 19:212; 20:655
guianensis 19:212
vittatus 19:212
Phlorhizan 8:641
Phloxine 3:329–330
Phoboscincus 21:397
Phobosuchus (see Deinosuchus)
Phoca 5:254
Phocaena 5:254
Phocochoerus 16:194
Phocomelia 15:134
Pholidosauridae, skull 4:266, 277–278
Pholodobolus 7:491; 20:187, 189
montium 20:308
Pholodogaster, origin and evolution 1:23, 32, 37
Pholodosis 15:583
Phosphagen 5:3
Phosphatase 3:46
nonspecific 8:246
p-nitrophenyl 8:246
Phosphate(s) 3:45–46, 52, 235–236, 243, 259; 5:482, 484–485; 8:131, 171, 174; 11:305; 12:351; 13:86–87
buffer 5:240, 357
dietary 14:211
excretion 5:483
groups 6:234
in development 14:314
in eggshells 14:81, 374
ion 5:58
reabsorption 5:482
secretion 5:482–483
Phosphatidal
cholines 8:263
ethanolamines 8:263–264
L-a-Phosphatidal glycerol 8:266
Phosphatide 6:43
Phosphatidic acid 8:266
Phosphatidylcholine 19:350
Phosphatidylethanolamine 19:350
Phosphatidylgycerol 19:350
Phosphatidylinositol 19:350
Phosphocreatine 13:72, 177, 194
Phosphodiesterase (see w-Exonuclease)
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 5:204
Phosphoesterase 8:486, 528–529
Phosphofructokinase 5:204, 207–208; 13:16
Phosphoglucoisomerase 5:204 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase 15:439
Phosphoglycerate
kinase 5:204
mutase 5:205
Phosphoglucomutase 5:205
Phosphoinositide 8:266
Phospholipase 8:166, 188, 232, 234, 257–292, 340
A 8:2, 91, 130, 165–166, 176, 178, 188–189, 192, 233, 261, 263, 269–270, 308, 362, 453–454, 467–471, 473–474, 478–479, 481, 483, 487–492, 498–500, 502–507, 510, 512, 514–517, 519–522, 526–528
A2 8:178, 187, 233, 257–292
activators 8:267–269
amino acid sequences 8:272–285
application 8:287
detection 8:286–287
functional groups 8:285
genetic control 8:273
inhibitors 8:269–271
isozymes 8:271–273
phosphooxidation 8:286
B 8:293
C 8:470, 510
Phospholipid(s) 3:26; 36; 6:43–44, 76, 229, 294; 8:163, 515–516, 571, 621; 12:416; 18:153, 194; 19:497, 513
in oocytes 14:56, 64
Phospholipoprotein 6:101
Phosphomonoesterase (see also w-Exonuclease) 8:244
Phosphoprotein(s) 3:36–37; 14:315
Phosphorolase 13:16
Phosphorus 3:4–7, 36–37; 5:36
acid soluble 8:175
inorganic 8:175
Phosphorylase 5:320; 11:280, 282, 292–293, 323; 17:464–465
Phosphorylation 8:516
Phosphotidylcholines 18:154, 169
Phosphotidylethanolamines 18:154, 169
Phosphotidylinositol 18:154
Phosphotidylserine 18:154
Phosphotungstic
acid 3:331
haematoxylin 6:283
Photic (see Light)
stimulators 5:94
Photobiology 9:376
Photocell 5:75, 77, 83, 85
Photochemical reactions 2:288; 5:7
Photomechanical changes 2:33, 54, 76
Photometry flame 5:67
Photoperiod (Photoperiodism) 5:24, 27–28, 33–35, 105, 167, 169; 12:235, 251; 13:61–64, 71, 74, 96, 99, 207, 212, 215; 18:31–32
and egg laying 14:349
and regeneration 15:381
and reproductive cycle 14:210, 340, 343
Bunning hypothesis 18:270
external vs. internal coincidence 18:270–271
extraretinal photoreception 18:272–273
night-break experiments 18:272
pineal 18:272
resonance experiments 18:271–272
T-experiments 18:271–272
Photoperiodic history 5:137
Photoperiodicity 6:121
Photoperiodism 3:21
Photophase 12:227–228
Photopigment 9:342
Photoptic pigments 2:3
Photoreceptor 9:342, 346, 349, 389–390; 17:3–38, 158, 343
Phototransduction 17:10
Phoxyphrys 9:339
Phrenicotomy 8:453
Phrynocephalus 7:178, 183, 186, 262, 360, 488; 8:678; 9:251, 292–293, 331, 340; 12:107– 108; 15:626, 662, 669, 674; 16:23, 29, 31, 49, 53, 59, 114, 125, 128, 130, 132, 134, 137, 252, 258, 263; 20:45, 92, 94, 96–98, 100, 102–103, 110, 262, 294; 21:91, 222, 224–225, 257, 259, 271–272, 350, 396
arabicus 20:97, 305
axial skeleton 1:258
chondrocranium 11:91
clarkorum 20:306
dentition 1:160
ear 2:271
eye 2:27, 30–31
guttatus 20:96, 294
helioiscopus 20:96, 294; 21:223
jaw muscles 4:477
maculatus 20:306
mystaceus 20:294, 306
theoboldi 20:294, 306
urinogenital system 6:6, 18
Phrynonax, jaw muscles (see also Pseustes) 4:441
Phrynops 10:203; 14:178; 16:11, 112, 114, 533
blood chemistry 3:9, 23, 42
dahli 18:315
hilarii 19:503, 512, 525
zuliae 18:315
Phrynosoma 5:28, 31, 131, 141–144, 160, 162, 164–165, 168–169, 173, 183, 185, 316–317, 389, 453, 456–457, 466–468, 472–473, 475; 7:20, 101, 165, 183, 189, 245, 262, 269, 272, 275, 305–307, 320, 369, 453, 479; 8:52, 683; 10:42; 12:68, 70, 101, 179, 280, 359, 362, 460, 471; 13:61, 63–66, 69–71, 95, 103, 121, 179–181, 207, 218, 220, 237, 311; 14:48, 614; 15:41, 329, 617, 631–632, 669, 674; 16:20, 24, 30, 52–53, 59, 61, 67, 116, 125, 128, 133–134, 140, 256, 461–462, 464–465, 474, 514; 17:99, 515; 18:256, 317–318, 390, 433, 436; 20:40, 45–46, 79–86, 88, 90–91, 292; 21:68, 78, 88, 145, 218, 220, 222–225, 227–228, 230–231, 235, 240, 250, 257, 260, 265, 268–269, 271, 275–276, 279, 292, 338, 347, 350, 35, 361, 375, 378–379, 382
adrenal 3:274, 280
asio 20:305; 21:400
axial skeleton 1:269
blood cell morphology 3:76
blood cell numbers 3:97, 104
blood chemistry 3:9, 28
chondrocranium 11:86–87, 89–91
cornutum 18:254–255; 19:22, 79; 20:305; 21:141, 400
coronatum 18:172, 174, 254–255, 263, 320, 473; 20:305
dentition 1:128, 155–156
douglasii 18:264; 20:46, 292; 21:400
ear 2:221, 223, 238, 265–266, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:95, 102, 110
eye 2:26, 28, 30–31, 41
hernandesi 20:292; 21:225, 246
internal relief of gut 6:177, 179–180, 182–184
jaw muscles 4:319, 340, 407, 415, 419, 477
mcalli 20:292
modestum 18:306–307, 390; 20:44, 292; 21:400
muscle tissue 11:278, 336
nose 2:119, 125, 128–130, 135
orbiculare 19:22, 79
pit organs 2:277
platyrhinos 18:172, 174, 257, 473; 20:46, 84, 87, 90, 292, 305; 21:225, 246
solare 19:550, 552, 554, 579; 20:40, 46, 87, 292
species 18:309
thyroid 3:217, 219, 227
urinogenital system 6:24, 26, 31–33, 35, 37, 45–46, 59, 61, 71, 76, 78, 82, 89, 93, 97–99, 107, 110, 116, 118
Phrynosomatidae 21:12, 49, 65–67, 80, 95, 141–143, 145, 181, 187, 398, 400
Phrynosomatinae(ine) 20:79–82, 84–88, 90, 266, 270, 305
Phthinosuchia 9:68, 127
Phycomycosis 5:27
Phyletic
diversity 5:365
range 5:395
Phyllodactylus 7:69, 82–83, 468; 12:37, 123, 462, 464; 13:308; 16:138, 329, 248, 250, 253–255, 260–261; 19:24, 79; 20:117; 21:142–143
axial skeleton 1:255, 259
blood cell numbers 3:97
ear 2:266, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:101
europeaus 20:296
eye 2:43, 46
histology of gut 6:278
jaw muscles 4:478
marmoratus 18:30
muralis 20:306
nose 2:120, 127, 130
swarthergensis 20:119, 296
tuberculosus 20:306
urinogenital system 6:95
Phyllopezus 16:513; 20:120, 124, 296; 21:189
eye 2:26, 30
jaw muscles 4:478
Phyllorhynchus 7:502; 12:465, 475; 16:147; 17:12; 19:231; 20:565, 571, 578, 642
browni 19:153, 212
decurtatus 19:212; 20:566, 642
ear 2:272
eye 2:63, 84
Phyllurus 7:468; 12:123, 423; 15:328, 344–345; 16:138, 252, 259, 282; 20:118, 122, 296; 21:95, 397
ear 2:271
jaw muscles 4:478
platurus 21:176
Phylogenetic(s) 18:205
analysis 14:3
constraints (see also Caudal autotomy; Life
history traits, constraints) 18:83
degeneration 21:60
patterns 13:166–167, 204–205, 278
positions 5:127, 142, 150
range 5:157
reconstruction 15:633, 635, 638, 657, 660–661
relationships 14:15, 529
status 5:277
tree 5:440
Phylogeny (see also Lizards; Parental care; Snakes;
Turtles) 5:161, 437; 14:17; 16:25; 19:71, 94–95, 97, 136, 169, 353, 375–376, 426, 428, 491, 534, 556, 562, 570–571, 574–577
of fracture planes 15:333–334, 337–341
Phymaturus 15:632, 634, 669, 674; 20:80, 90, 292
eye 2:26
palluma 20:82, 292, 305
Physalaemin 17:638, 641
Physical
environment 12:27, 291–295, 300
training 13:167
Physignathus 5:131, 141–143, 162, 178, 181, 183; 7:488–489; 8:662; 9:431; 13:34, 36–38, 161, 165; 15:343, 375; 16:249, 258; 17:487; 18:437; 20:103
adrenal 3:280
axial muscles 11:385
axial skeleton 1:258
chondrocranium 11:92
cocincinus 19:22, 79
dentition 1:160
eye 2:27
jaw muscles 4:477
lesueurii 19:407, 418; 21:7, 53, 190
nose 2:119, 129
urinogenital system 6:21, 26, 29–30
Physiological
abnormalities 5:24
adaptations 5:225
arrangements 5:387
capacities 5:4, 172
cassette recorders 5:91
changes under anesthesia 5:50
color changes (see Color change)
control mechanisms 5:380
disturbances 5:25
ecology(ists) 12:2, 258–259
evolution of vertebrates 5:127–128
factors 5:371
functions 5:128, 151
homogeneity 5:210
mechanisms 5:312, 365
modifications 5:168
observations 5:398
optima 5:128
parameters 5:27
process 5:70, 383
range 5:461, 464
rhythms 5:27
role 5:383
(salt) solutions 5:53–59, 64, 104
specializations 5:172
stimulator 5:83, 90
Physiology (see also Acid-base balance; Metabolism;
Respiratory gases and embryos; Reproduction;
Senses; Water balance of eggs
and embryos) 18:115, 158–159; 21:205
Phytase 3:46
Phytic acid 3:46, 52–53
Phytohemagglutinin 14:643
Phytosauria 9:66, 78–79, 81, 304
dentition 1:184
nose 2:152
shell 1:311
skull 4:245, 267
Pia 9:23
Picrofuchsin 3:251
Picro-indigocarmine 3:251; 6:226
Picrotoxin 8:475
Pig 7:600–601, 631; 8:633; 21:336
Pigeon (see also Columba) 5:256; 8:378, 590; 17:330
Pigment 19:499, 508, 516, 553–554, 572
cells 2:33, 65, 76, 154, 159160, 164, 181; 14:525; 15:359
epithelium(a) 2:16, 24, 32–33, 40–42, 48, 51, 53–54, 61, 63, 73; 18:158
granula(es) 2:33, 175; 6:70; 14:528
of iris 2:52, 71, 75
process 2:53–54, 62, 76
Pigmentation
body 14:101–107, 188, 196, 298, 407, 409, 450, 511
dermis 14:176, 182
eye 14:102–107, 401–404
integument 14:101, 587
iris 14:132, 294, 296, 401–402
pattern 14:332, 411, 531
plastron 14:294
retina 14:132, 173, 225, 290
scales 14:296–299
scutes 14:296, 299
skin 14:225, 510–511
variation 14:280, 450
Pigments (see also specific pigments) 18:304–311
carotenoids 18:305–306, 308, 343, 367, 398
metabolic cost 18:377
pteridines 18:305–306, 343, 398
purines 18:305–306, 323
vision 18:394
Pila
accessoria 2:7, 9, 11; 9:6–7; 11:15, 20, 22, 24, 43, 52, 93, 98, 110, 112; 20:10, 26–27
antotica 2:7–8; 4:250–252; 9:5–7, 9, 11–12, 126; 11:12, 15, 20–24, 30–32, 43–44, 46, 52–55, 58, 62, 65–66, 68, 70, 74, 90, 93, 95, 97–98, 105–106, 109, 115–117, 119, 124, 132, 137, 158, 188, 190–191, 200, 205–206, 209–212, 217, 223–224, 226, 229–231, 233, 237–238, 241, 243; 20:10, 26–27, 29, 31, 126, 365; 21:518
antotica spuria 11:242
metoptica 4:250–251, 255; 9:6, 10; 11:12, 15, 20–23, 32, 43–46, 52–55, 58, 66, 68, 74, 76, 93, 98, 103, 115–117, 119, 121, 124, 130–131, 158, 168, 199–200, 206, 209–210, 217, 224, 229–231, 233–134, 241, 243; 20:10, 26–27, 204, 231, 238; 21:518
prootica (see Pila antotica)
supraglandularis 11:209–210, 212
Pilar process of prefrontal 4:138
Pilocarpine 8:91, 605; 10:25, 43; 14:218
Piloerection 8:478
Pilzenförmige Wulst (see Mushroom body)
Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow) 18:492
Pine oil 5:23
Pineal (see also Epiphysis; Epiphysis cells) 2:279; 3:222–224, 226; 6:121; 9:47, 56, 245–247, 250, 253–273, 275–282, 285–290, 302, 304–306, 314, 323–325, 329, 335–337, 349–353, 356–357, 359–361, 364–365, 367, 369–371, 374, 376, 378, 383, 385, 390; 14:126–127, 130, 308, 433, 514
body 15:14
complex (see also Parietal eye) 12:223, 225, 227–229, 231, 235, 256; 20:6
development 9:250
evolution 9:290
foramen 4:222; 11:22, 60, 62, 71, 82, 107, 125, 134, 155, 219
gland (see Pineal complex)
gland (organ) 18:48, 94, 318
and thermoregulation 18:266–267
biochemical rhythms 18:234–242
effects of pinealectomy 18:246–247, 266–267, 272, 277
embryology and anatomy 18:233
in vitro rhythmicity 18:232, 239
innervation 18:234
multioscillator 18:242
neurophysiology 18:233–234
photoreception 18:233–234, 239, 242
reproduction 18:272
innervation 9:323
organ 12:226–227, 229–231
recess 9:246–247, 259
stalk 9:259, 261, 263
tract 12:227
vesicle 9:263
Pinealectomy 9:387; 12:225–228, 230; 13:216–217
Pinealocyte 9:310–313, 316–322, 348, 350–351, 357–359
Pinocytosis 6:45, 48, 101; 19:494–495
oocyte 14:64
primordial germ cell 14:44
Pinocytotic vesicle(s) 11:315; 17:464
in apical ridge cells 15:65
Pipping 14:78–79, 89, 91, 165–167, 171, 193, 195, 230, 232
definition 14:281
failure 14:305
process 14:361–362
stage 14:101–108, 177, 182, 188–190, 198, 205, 237, 299, 314
Pisces (see Fishes)
Piscivorous habits 1:121, 185, 191
hydrophiines 20:549
Pisciform 1:93, 109; 4:18–20, 41, 45–46, 49–51, 94; 15:86; 21:111, 115–117, 119, 121, 123–126, 282, 289, 299–300, 314
Pistosaurus 9:297
Pit
membrane 2:280–285, 287–289, 291, 293, 306
organ(s) 2:277–314; 9:407; 10:169, 225–226; 17:368, 370, 372, 379, 385, 436; 20:495–496, 509–510, 517
Pitangus 16:188
Pitfall traps (see Capture methods)
Pithed mammals 5:158
Pithing 5:40
Pitocin 12:247
Pitressin 5:464; 6:117; 12:247
Pits on palate for replacement teeth 1:191–192
Pituicytes 3:138–139, 141–142
Pituitary (see also Hypophysis) 3:135–199, 202, 210, 212, 222–224; 6:2, 44, 78, 80, 84, 91, 101–103, 114–121; 8:646, 667; 15:588; 17:589; 19:515–516
and regeneration 15:383
anterior 17:601–602, 609, 616
development 14:128–130, 305, 420, 434, 445, 515, 681–716
embryology 3:159–163
extract 3:213
fenestra 11:11–12, 20, 41–42, 74, 93, 98–99, 115–117, 137–138, 140, 144, 153–154, 158, 160, 163, 166, 170, 173, 179, 194, 206–207, 209, 211, 219, 223–224, 230, 236; 20:10, 360–361, 473
fossa 2:8–9, 75; 11:11, 13, 15, 23–25, 41, 52, 54, 62, 66, 76, 81, 110, 112, 127, 154, 158, 168, 217, 224, 229, 237, 245; 20:399, 427; 21:518
gland 11:7, 11–12, 22–23, 32, 124, 187, 212, 237, 240, 245; 12:247, 254; 13:92
gland (hypophysis) (see Gland, pituitary)
hormones 14:220, 346, 681
pars intermedia 17:602
posterior lobe 17:537, 590, 601
powder 5:198
region 20:25–27, 30, 205
stalk 3:143, 147, 159, 181, 183, 196
-thyroid axis 13:216–217, 220
thyroid feedback 14:545
vascularization 3:163–165
vein 11:21, 115–116, 121, 124; 21:515–516, 518
vein foramen 21:517–519, 532–533
Pituitrin 6:117; 8:646, 667
Pituophis 5:3, 44–46, 134, 147–149, 167, 178–181, 194, 249, 260, 264, 266, 367, 373, 377–379, 453, 456–457, 466, 474, 488, 491; 7:204, 207, 217, 219, 222, 225, 227, 389–391, 393, 399, 502, 617, 625; 8:591, 602, 611, 629, 663, 693; 9:373; 12:34, 40, 45, 129, 288, 335, 339, 465; 13:78, 82, 105, 111, 115–117, 122–123, 128–131, 161, 163, 166, 183; 15:8; 16:11, 18, 23, 39, 48–49, 52, 68, 120, 123–124, 126, 130, 134, 147, 197, 286, 295, 305, 482–483, 519, 531, 534, 546, 566, 568; 17:162; 19:116, 118, 145, 156–157, 212, 232; 20:552, 558–559; 21:577
blood cell numbers 3:98, 104
blood chemistry 3:5, 51
catenifer 18:442; 19:127, 167, 212; 20:554, 642
deppei 19:212
ear 2:269, 272
lineaticollis 19:212
lymphatics 6:351
melanoleucus 19:49, 52–55, 57, 81, 117, 119, 127, 212, 356; 20:642
melanoleucus deserticola 18:130
melanoleucus melanoleucus 18:161–162
pit organs 2:295
sayi 19:109, 127, 212
Pitvipers 20:488, 494
pK 19:342–344
Placenta 5:12; 6:101, 103; 13:257, 274–275; 19:473
blood flow 15:540
chorio-allantoic 15:531, 534, 539–546, 548– 549, 555–556, 558–564, 575, 593–594
chorio-vitelline (see Placenta, yolk sac)
definition of 15:531
epithelochorial 15:559
evolution of 15:559, 609
gas exchange 15:529, 561–566, 575
membranes of 15:536–540
omphalo (see also Placenta, yolk sac) 15:540– 549, 552, 559, 562, 564, 575, 594
oviducal 6:1
syndesmochorial 15:559
yolk sac 15:529–530, 534, 540, 563–564, 593
Placental relationship 15:48, 607
Placental transmission 15:540
amino acids 15:568, 570–573, 575–578, 587, 594
carbon dioxide 15:561
electrolytes 15:569–571, 594
nutrients 15:529, 561, 564, 592, 607
oxygen 15:561–562
protein 15:594
radioactive material 15:569–574, 576–578, 587
steroids 15:575, 594
tritiated water 15:570
urea 15:565, 568
water 15:529, 561, 563, 565, 571, 585
Placentation 14:18
Placochelyidae, dentition 1:192
Placodont 9:67, 122, 138, 297, 298, 304
Placodontia 7:6
axial skeleton 1:207
dentition 1:192
Placodontidae, dentition 1:192
Placodus 9:67, 122–124, 297–298, 304
dentition 1:123–124
Placoid scale 14:586
Placosaurus 15:331
Plagiopholis 16:147; 19:212, 236
nuchalis 19:212
styani 19:212; 21:503
Plagiosauria, origin and evolution 1:23
Plane-polarized light 12:224
Planocephalosaurus 20:65, 250, 273
robinsonae 20:291
Plantar
aponeurosis 4:62, 71, 76–77, 87–89; 21:202, 353, 364, 373, 378, 391
flexion 21:184
head of M. flexor digitorum longus 21:324, 421
sesamoid 21:166
Plantigrade foot posture 21:44, 47
Plants 12:357, 361, 415, 452
ribosomal crystals in 14:69
Planum
antorbitale 4:250; 9:10, 16; 11:15–19, 22, 45–46, 48–55, 57, 65–66, 72, 76–78, 82, 88–89, 93–94, 96, 98, 103–104, 109–110, 115–117, 119–120, 124, 127, 138–140, 142, 155, 158, 160, 162–163, 166–167, 169–171, 173, 176, 178–182, 195, 197, 202, 208–209, 212, 231–234, 240
semilunatum 2:206–207
supraseptale 2:6–7; 4:250–251, 254–255; 9:3, 6, 33; 11:12, 15–16, 18, 20–22, 24, 32, 42–46, 50, 5255, 62, 66–68, 74–78, 83, 87, 90, 93–94, 96–98, 103, 105–106, 110, 114–117, 119, 121, 124, 130–132, 168, 192–195, 197, 199–201, 203, 206, 208–212, 217, 220–222, 224, 226–227, 229–231, 234, 236–237, 240–241, 245; 14:125–127, 172; 20:10, 16, 25–26, 361–362; 21:534
Plaque forming cells 14:631, 638, 644, 660–661
Plasma 5:10–11, 34, 66, 202, 239, 341, 344, 346, 348, 350, 355, 360, 383, 394–398, 400, 408, 414, 422, 447, 458, 460, 469, 475, 497; 8:566; 19:341–344, 346, 511, 514–515, 549–550, 554, 569
bicarbonate 19:343–344
calcium 5:36
cells 3:74, 87, 103, 123; 6:268; 14:601–603, 612, 616, 624, 627–628, 631–632, 634, 661
collection 8:566
components 5:67
concentrations 5:60, 347
digestion 8:570
electrolyte concentrations 5:458
electrophoretic pattern 5:36
filtration 19:463, 467–468
lactate dehydrogenase activity 5:210
LDH 5:209
lemma (see Plasma membrane)
membrane 2:35–36, 180; 5:413, 425, 435; 6:45–47, 74; 19:493, 495–496, 507–508
osmolality 5:451, 456–458, 474; 19:316
osmoreceptors 5:429
osmotic pressure 5:53
pH 5:257, 353; 19:333, 341, 343–344
proteins 5:69, 358, 458; 12:340; 19:347
prothrombin 8:340, 440
sodium 5:61, 436
sodium chloride concentrations 5:470
solutes 12:326–333, 348, 486
ultrafiltrate 5:482
urate concentrations 5:493
urea concentrations 5:489–490
volume (PV) 5:66, 68–69, 255, 366; 12:336–342, 350; 13:88, 90
Plasmacytoma 14:665–666
Plasmalemma, of eggs 14:118–119
Plasmalogens (see Phosphatidal cholines)
Plasma-thromboplastic factor 8:492
Plasmodium, blood cell morphology 3:75, 88
Plasmolemma 6:241, 289
Plastral hinge 1:329–330
Plastron (see also Shell) 1:312, 314–315, 318–321, 325, 327, 329–331, 333–334; 3:2; 4:12, 14, 26, 28, 30–31, 53, 61, 65, 71, 75–76, 91–95, 174; 5:41, 62, 65, 94, 234–235, 284, 380, 395; 6:358; 11:371; 14 :151, 153–155, 157–158, 165, 279
development 14:292–294, 299
ossification 14:158, 176, 312–314
Plate ending 17:467, 472
Plateau 12:22, 41
Platecarpus 9:75–77, 296
dentition 1:171–172
Platelets 8:491–492, 496, 498, 500, 522, 526
Platemys 10:203, 221; 14:102, 158, 178–180, 194, 215, 220–221, 226; 16:134; 19:19, 77
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:154
internal relief of gut 6:161, 166, 172, 174, 219
limbs 4:14
shell 1:328
Plateosaurus 9:67, 78, 98
bone 1:74
eye 2:80
Plates (see Dermal armor)
Platinum 8:174
Platurus 8:73
fasciatus 20:623
Platybasic 20:10, 239–240
condition (see Platytrabic condition)
Platychelys, shell 1:333
Platycoely 1:300
Platycraniellus 9:299
Platydactylus 5:132; 15:239
epiphyses and sesamoids (see also Gekko) 1:101, 104
Platyhelminthes 10:248
Platynota 8:147, 659; 15:333, 341–342; 19:2, 30, 32, 37, 70–75; 20:196, 252–253, 258, 266, 272–273; 21:564
chondrocranium 11:108–114, 149, 156
jaw muscles 4:405
origin and evolution (see also Varanoidea) 1:6
Platyplectrurus 19:218; 20:403, 408–409, 411
ear 2:271
jaw muscles 4:480
madurensis 8:695; 19:186; 20:402–403, 412–413, 601
pancreas 3:323
trilineatus 8:695
Platypeltis (see Trionyx)
Platypsaris 16:13
Platypus, lymph nodes 14:632
Platysaurus 7:495; 10:203, 228; 15:614, 629; 16:138; 20:152, 154–156
axial muscles 11:357
capensis 20:299
dentition 1:168
ear 2:246
eye 2:27, 31
imperator 20:299
intermedius 20:299, 307
mitchelli 20:152
nose 2:120
Platysternidae 12:136; 14:80; 16:392, 412, 438
shell 1:334
Platysterninae
axial skeleton 1:215, 225
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 153
limbs 4:14, 20, 53
nose 2:184
Platysternon 7:463, 465; 14:16, 92; 16:25–26, 133–134, 392, 438
eye 2:68–69
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104– 105, 107–108,113–114, 126, 153, 156
limbs 4:4, 67, 70, 76, 82, 89
megacephalum 18:315
nose 2:114
Platytrabecular skull 9:8
Platytrabic 21:533
braincase 20:360–362, 588
condition 11:11, 41, 114, 116, 131–132, 144, 200–202, 206
Platytraby 17:216
Plectrurus 16:151, 232; 19:218; 20:403, 416, 601; 21:474, 476
aureus 19:186
canaricus 20:404, 601
ear 2:271
perroteti(i) 19:186; 20:405, 407, 413, 601
Pleiosaur(s) 9:67, 119, 121, 297–298; 13:5
Pleomorphy 19:541, 574, 577–578
Plesiochelyidae, shell 1:334, 336
Pleisomorphic 18:10
Plesiomorphy 19:2, 31, 33, 37, 66, 69
Plesiorhineura tsentasi 21:685
Plesiosauria
bone 1:92
dentition 1:121, 191–192
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:2–3
Plesiosaurus (Plesiosaurs) 5:437
dentition 1:191
eye 2:80
Plestiodon 21:7, 143, 220, 223, 226–228, 232, 235–236, 238, 240, 249, 252, 259, 265, 268, 275–276, 278
multivirgatus 21:61
reynoldsi 21:404
Plethodontidae 14:614; 19:65, 298
Pletholax 20:130–134, 136
gracilis 15:329; 20:135–136, 297, 307
nigriceps 20:132
Pleural
bone (see Costal bone)
cavity 5:235
membrane 19:59
plate (see also Costal bone) 4:24, 55, 65
shield 1:314–315, 329–330, 333–334
Pleurapophysis 1:208, 233, 238–239, 263–264, 266, 268, 280, 288, 294–295, 297
Pleurocentrum (see also Centrum) 4:249; 11:36–38, 192
Pleurodeles, effect of temperature on sex 15:281, 286
Pleurodira 19:19
axial muscles 11:362, 368–372, 424, 426
axial skeleton 1:210–211, 213, 215, 219–222, 224–225
blood cell morphology 3:75
blood chemistry 3:48, 50
chondrocranium 11:216, 225
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:105, 107, 116, 124, 160
internal relief of gut 6:161
limbs 4:2, 14, 20, 24–26, 28, 30–31, 34–35, 45, 49–50, 53, 55, 60, 62, 65–67, 71, 75–76, 79–80, 82, 84–85, 88–90, 94
origin and evolution 1:2, 8
pancreas 3:321–322
pituitary 3:136
shell 1:315, 333–334
Pleurodire 9:71, 74
Pleurodont teeth 20:17, 54, 76, 81, 89, 91, 94, 97–98, 102, 104, 109, 118, 120, 149, 158, 166, 173, 270, 276–277, 287, 377, 384
Pleurodonta 20:78–79, 258, 288
Pleurodonty 1:126–127, 136, 143, 150, 154, 157, 161, 163–164, 167–170, 271; 11:95, 135
Pleurohyale
I (see Cornu hyale)
II (see Cornu branchiale I)
III (see Cornu branchiale II)
Pleurokinensis 20:48, 53–54, 60, 269, 273, 280, 285–286, 288
Pleuroperitoneal cavity 21:72
Pleurosphenoid 11:23, 58, 95, 191, 216, 241–243, 245; 20:27
Pleurosternidae, shell 1:314, 321, 336
Pleurosaurus 9:297
Pleurosternum, shell 1:333
Plexiform
bone 1:50, 74–75
layer, external 18:445
layer, internal 18:441, 444–445, 447
networks 6:315
Plexus
brachial 10:9, 20, 30, 62
cardiac 10:8
limb 10:8, 11
lumbosacral 10:62
marginal 10:117
myenteric(us) 6:280, 284; 10:2, 24, 26
of dorsum of the foot 6:334
prevertebral 10:3
pulmonary 10:8
submucosus 6:269; 10:8
subpial 10:78, 118
Plica
cutanea 6:383
tubae 15:180
ventralis 10:239
Plica 7:140, 480; 12:44, 105–106; 20:84, 88, 90
axial muscles 11:357
ear 2:271
plica 20:305
umbra 20:305
Plicidentine 20:378
Pliocene 4:274
Pliocercus 7:502; 15:337–338; 16:147, 165, 185, 187, 190, 230, 259; 19:100, 229
axial skeleton 1:299
ear 2:272
elapoides 19:212
euryzonus 19:212; 20:651
Plioplatecarpus, chondrocranium 11:114, 149
Pliosauroidea, skull 4:245
Pliosaurus 9:298
eye 2:79–80
Plocederma 20:53, 63
stellio 20:294
vulgaris 20:294
Plotosaurus 21:574
Plotosid catfish 5:413
Plurisegmental innervation 11 :279
PMSF (see Phenylmethane-sulfonyl fluoride)
PMSG (see Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin)
pN 5:11
Pneumatization of skull 4:223–225, 244, 265, 377–378
Pneumococcus 8:372
Pneumography 5:95
Pneumotachography 19:338
Podarcis 12:34, 62, 110, 174, 184, 235, 462; 13:34, 39; 14:11, 29, 46, 48, 50–52, 56–57, 60, 66–69, 502, 514, 532, 588, 604, 606–607, 609, 613–615, 617–618, 620–623, 625, 629, 636, 712; 15:5, 7, 27, 29, 43, 48–49, 61–62, 70, 74, 80, 85, 151–152, 164, 170, 183, 212, 240, 243, 306–307, 320–322, 348, 350, 369–370, 374–375, 378–379, 385, 387–389, 617; 16:117, 141, 243, 248–249, 261, 463–465, 516; 17:99, 184–185, 209, 596, 622, 640; 20:63, 167, 170, 300; 21:34, 332–333, 337–338, 340, 342, 346, 349, 352, 355, 359
hispanica 18:443–444, 446, 450, 468
muralis 18:236, 238, 252, 254, 395, 454; 19:410, 418; 21:28, 49, 84, 137
sicula 18:46, 243–244, 252, 254, 261, 276, 447, 450; 19:13, 27, 60, 79; 20:44, 300, 307; 20:12, 300, 307
taurica 18:386; 20:300
Podocnemis 5:336, 349–350; 7:642–643, 655; 8:613, 672; 9:74–75; 10:203, 292, 296, 313; 13:34, 39; 14:124, 152, 156–157, 177, 183, 228; 16:112, 135, 393, 401, 403–404, 439, 552; 17:189, 193, 199
axial skeleton 1:219–220
blood chemistry 3:17, 42
bone 1:52
chondrocranium 11:225
ear 2:265, 270
erythrocephala 18:315
expansa 1:219–220; 2:108, 111; 4:104; 18:315
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104– 105, 107, 110, 113–118, 124–125, 154, 156, 162–163, 168–170, 172, 176, 178, 180–181
internal relief of gut 6:161–162, 172
madagascariensis 4:104; 9:74
nose 2:108, 111
pancreas 3:321, 325
unifilis 2:265; 4:104; 18:315
Podocyte 6:45–46
Podophis descouensi 20:595
Poecilia
clonal reproduction 15:492–494
meiosis 15:478
triploids 15:478
Poeciliopsis 13:260
clonal reproduction 15:493, 498, 505
meiosis 15:478
triploids 15:478, 507
Poecilopholis 19:221
cameronensis 19:195
Pogona 20:58, 92, 94, 96–98, 100–101, 103; 21:190, 192, 357
barbata 19:22, 79, 519, 525; 20:294, 306; 21:7, 190–191
henrylawsoni 19:517, 519–520, 525
vitticeps 19:350–352, 355, 377, 418; 21:7
Poikilothermic 8:590, 615, 665; 19:486
metazoans 5:156
reptiles 5:127
state 5:5
Poikilotherms 5:12, 128, 159, 163, 169, 187, 191, 209, 238, 259, 343, 350, 358, 360, 459, 469; 14:654, 664
Poikilothermy 12:4, 21–22, 170
Poison apparatus 4:288
Poland 2:322
Polar
cartilage 11:11, 167–168, 229–230; 21:514
lipids 18:153–155
region 17:469
Polarized light 1:49–50, 57; 2:85–86; 12:224; 18:137
Polarographic electrodes 5:79
Polemon 19:121, 221; 20:522–524, 526–532; 21:580, 585
acanthias 19:195; 20:620
barthi(i) 19:195; 20:620
bocourti 19:152, 195
christyi 19:152, 166, 195
collaris 19:123, 152, 195
fulvicollis 19:142, 195
gabonensis 19:141, 195; 20:620
gracilis 19:195
griseiceps 19:195
neuwiedi 19:123, 142, 195
notatus 19:142, 195; 20:620
robustus 19:195; 20:621
Polknorpel (see Polar cartilage)
Pollution 5:23
Polyanhydromanuronic acid sulfate 5:61
Polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls 19:517
Polychridae 21:12
Polychroides 16:257
Polychromatophily 3:75
Polychrotids 21:184
Polychrotinae(ine) 20:44, 50, 4, 87–90, 271, 304
Polychrus 7:140, 299, 480; 8:661; 12:102; 15:329; 16:116, 140, 249, 257, 464–465, 473–474, 514; 21:76, 87, 184
axial skeleton 1:261–262, 269
dentition 1:155–156
ear 2:271
eye 2:26, 30–31
jaw muscles 4:319, 477
marmoratus 20:304
Polycryptodira 19:19
Polydactly 15:129, 136
Polyestrus species 15:37–38, 40, 51–52
Polyglyphanodon 20:176
sternbergi 20:300
Polyglyphanodontine(onts) 20:174, 176, 273; 21:625
Polymorphism 15:490
Polyneuronal innervation 11:279, 286, 297, 325, 327, 332, 335
Polyodon, thymus 3:127
Polypeptide 8:7
chains 11:297
Polyphydonty 1:120, 136, 194
Polypterus 19:563
Polyribosome(s) 6:48, 75, 111
primordial germ cell 15:170
somitic cell 15:68
Polysaccharide(s) 3:238, 291; 6:36, 234, 252; 19:495
urodaeal epithelium 15:197
Polysomes 6:263
Polyspermy 14:112
Polystyrene 8:472
Polysynaptic
cells 2:38, 61, 84–85, 88, 92
pedicles 2:77–78, 85, 91
retina 2:92
rods (see Polysynaptic cells)
Polyvinal resin 6:317
Ponceau d’xylidine 3:329
Pons 10:201
Pontine flexure 14:129
Pontosaurus, epiphyses and sesamoids 1:108
Popliteal
anastomosis 6:338
fossa 21:150
plexus 6:392–395
Population (see also Deme) 13:58, 296
density(ies) 13:234; 14:209, 272; 18:178, 193
geographic variation of lizards 7:164–167, 171–173, 217–218
indices of 7:160–161, 203–204
intraspecific variation, lizards 7:169–171
intraspecific variation, snakes 7:216–217
long-term changes in 7:218
methods of estimating 7:158–163, 201–204, 228–229, 234–236
observed in crocodilians 7:229–231, 234–236
observed in lizards 7:163–173, 262–263
observed in rhynchocephalians 7:241
observed in snakes 7:204–218
problems of estimating 7:209–216
related to body weight 7:200–201
related to home range 7:168–169
related to interspecific interactions 7:171– 172, 241–142
dynamics 7:157–264
future goals in reptiles 7:244–247
procedural problems 7:243–244
value of reptilian studies 7:244–247
energy budget 13:234, 261–262
regulation
density dependent 7:194–199, 288
density independent 7:194–195, 199–200
effect of social behavior 7:195–198, 288
in lizards 7:194–201, 288
size (see Life history methods)
Porcupine quills 14:529
Poromera fordii 20:307
Portal
blood vessel 17:601
fibrosis 19:517
vein 5:100
Porthidium 19:220
hyoprorum 19:192
lansbergii 19:192
nasutum 19:192; 20:616
ophryomegas 19:192; 20:616
Positive
goal 7:659
pressure pumping 5:229, 238
Postacetabular region 1:233
Postaxial centrale 21:121
Postbranchial body (see Ultimobranchial body)
Post-bronchial extension 19:175
Postcardinal vein 6:9, 456
Postcaval vein (see Posterior vena cava)
Postcentral shield (see Marginal shield)
Postcloacal bones 11:73
vertebrae 1:241, 288, 294–296
Postconcha 2:103, 145–150, 173–174
Postconchal cavity 2:145–147, 149–150, 174
Postembryonal changes in skull 4:253
Posterior
accessory process of columellar apparatus 11:33–34, 46–47, 54–55, 58, 76, 79, 93, 100, 196
accessory process of extrastapes 2:198–200, 233
ampulla 2:199, 204, 206, 217
ampullary crest 2:204
ampullary expansion 20:278
ampullary prominence 20:33, 183
ampullary swelling 20:11
auditory foramen 11:209, 211
basicapsular commissure 11:99; 20:11, 33
cerebral vein 11:27, 32
chamber of eye 2:52–53
clinoid process 21:518
cloacal canal 6:272–274, 297–300, 302
collector of anterior limb 6:322, 324
collector of posterior limb (see Dorsal collector
of posterior limb)
colliculi 17:296
commissure 12:227; 17:176, 191, 256, 314, 533, 535
concha 2:103, 116–118, 158, 166, 170–171; 11:234–235, 240
coracoid process 21:274, 277
dentigerous process 21:601–602, 610
division of vestibulocochlear nerve 2:204, 206, 208
gastric collector 6:349
hyoid horn (see also Cornu branchiale II) 11:363
hypothalamus 12:219
intestinal portal 14:117, 138, 288, 290, 292, 294, 438–439
labial foramen 21:614
limb, lymphatics of 6:391–396
lobe of adenohypophysis 3:159
mandibular foramen 20:413, 511
maxilla 20:478–481
maxillary process 11:12, 15, 17–19, 51, 54–55, 62, 66, 72, 76, 82, 88, 94, 98, 103, 106, 110, 117, 119–120, 137, 142, 145, 169–170, 173, 176, 178, 181–182, 194, 202
mylohyoid foramen 21:604
naris (see Choana; Nasopharyngeal duct)
nasal chamber (see Cavum nasi proprium)
nasal concha 11:117, 119–120, 122
nasal pouch (see Postconchal cavity)
nasal tube 5:101
necrotic zones 21:26
orbital cartilages 11:3, 21, 40–43, 74, 116, 195, 205–206, 210
osseous ampulla 2:202–203
parasphenoid 11:219, 224
peduncle of ovary 6:349
position (see M. adductor mandibulae posterior)
process of prootic 11:112
process of septomaxilla 11:59
rectus muscle 2:7–9, 11–12, 49–50, 67, 74–75
semicircular canal 2:202–203; 11:45, 110, 112, 117, 119, 140, 195
semicircular duct 2:206; 20:382, 578
thymic lobe 3:112, 117–118, 160–161
to the prefrontals 21:591
trigeminal foramen (see Foramen for mandibular
branch of trigeminal nerve)
turbinal (see Postconcha)
vertical semicircular duct 20:384
vena cava 6:30–31, 83, 96, 325, 352, 356–357, 421
vesicam oblongam 19:148
vestibulocochlear foramen 2:202, 216
vidian foramen 20:389–391, 399, 408, 427, 431–432, 434, 441–442, 445, 447, 453, 455, 463, 465–467, 471, 473, 477, 484, 497, 502–503, 507, 509, 511, 525, 527, 538, 540, 543, 562, 569
Posterodorsal (conchal)
process of septomaxilla 20:453
process of dentary 20:412
process of rib 1:253, 278; 11:392–393, 428
Posterolateral recess 2:145–146, 150
Posteromedical collector of leg 6:395
Postfrontal 4:105, 108–109, 111–113, 116–117, 139, 170, 202, 209, 278, 290–291, 293, 297, 305, 320–321, 324, 329–330, 341, 346, 349, 374, 386, 388, 395–397, 401, 404, 406, 440, 442, 451; 11:24, 60, 63, 68, 70, 73, 81, 85, 91, 95, 100, 106, 111, 119, 155, 164, 175, 184, 209, 214, 220, 231, 233; 20:14, 16–17, 19, 42, 56, 68, 74, 76, 84, 86, 91, 99–100, 104, 115–116, 121–122, 132, 137, 144, 149, 154, 158, 166–168, 170, 173, 178, 186, 189–190, 194, 202, 209, 217, 221, 225, 237–238, 240, 244, 254, 259–260, 275, 278–282, 284, 287, 356, 382, 398, 408, 432, 491; 21:583, 587–588, 590–591
bone 2:9, 48, 66
process (see Postorbital process)
Postganglionic cell 10:2, 8–9
fiber 10:5, 8–9, 11
Postjunctional folds 11:270
Post-optic descending processes of the frontals 21:538, 541
Postorbital 4:204–205, 209–211, 213–222, 228, 232–234, 236, 244, 247–251, 254–257, 293, 296–297, 301, 342, 63, 374, 387, 439, 453–455, 459; 11:60, 63, 71, 85, 101, 106–107, 111, 119, 125, 134, 153, 155, 164, 175, 184, 237, 244; 20:14, 16–17, 19, 21, 42, 68, 74, 76, 78, 84, 86, 91, 96–101, 103–104, 108, 110, 115–118, 121, 130, 132, 136–137, 140, 144, 149, 151, 154, 157–158, 166–167, 170, 173, 175, 178, 184–185, 190, 194, 198, 202, 209–210, 217, 221, 225, 238, 240–241, 244, 248, 260–261, 268, 275, 280–281, 284, 288, 356–357, 365, 369, 371, 373, 379– 380, 382–383, 392, 415–416, 418, 420, 431–432, 434, 439–441, 445, 447, 450, 453, 455, 457–458, 463–467, 472–473, 478–479, 485–486, 491–492, 497, 499, 501–509, 511–513, 522–523, 526–527, 539–541, 543, 559, 562–564, 566–571, 576; 21:512, 587, 589–592
arch 11:63–64, 91, 95, 100, 104, 111, 114, 134
bar 4:203, 205, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221, 233–234, 236, 244, 255, 277, 296, 312, 329, 335, 363, 397, 402; 20:44, 56–57, 110, 118, 128, 143, 165, 170, 178, 180, 208, 218–219, 224, 227–228, 233, 235, 240, 251, 254, 261, 590
bone 2:9, 48, 73, 81; 8:105; 20:363, 437, 456, 491, 519, 549, 561–563, 565, 567, 588–589
braincase 20:363, 437, 456, 491, 519, 549, 561–563, 565, 567, 588–589
ligament 21:588
-parietal bone 8:106
process 4:374, 452, 458; 20:519
process of frontal 20:382
process of parietal 20:398, 416, 420, 459, 470, 502, 540, 542, 563, 565, 570, 578
region of maxilla 20:435, 573
Postorbitofrontal 20:19, 42, 44, 54, 56, 106, 110, 120–121, 128, 131–132, 136, 143–144, 149, 160, 162–163, 166, 178, 180–181, 185, 190, 210, 213, 217, 219–221, 230, 234, 244, 259–261, 282, 287
Postorbitomaxillary ligament 20:508
Postotic fenestra 11:219
Postparietal(s) 1:15; 4:227, 253, 278; 11:244; 20:48, 257, 285, 287, 374; 21:507
process 20:16–17, 20, 67–68, 86, 119–120, 128, 131, 142, 160, 167–168, 176, 180, 189, 194, 196, 200, 202, 206, 212, 217, 220–221, 229, 236, 255–256, 262, 275, 284
Postsacral vertebrae 21:354
Poststernal rib 1:236–237, 262
Postsynaptic (α-bungarotoxin) faction 8:449
dyad 2:39
site 8:455–464, 513
Post-temporal
arch 4:297, 309
fenestra 4:202, 205, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221, 223–224, 226, 233, 255, 266, 317–318, 415, 434; 20:14, 106, 108, 147, 194, 247; 21:503
fossa 4:334, 388, 467; 11:112
passage 4:233
Post-terminal segment of uriniferous tubule 6:34–36, 38
Post-tetanic potentiation 10:311; 11:285
Post-turbinal sinus 2:145–147, 149–151, 174
Posture in mammals 5:159, 190
Postvestibular ridge 2:105–107, 110, 112, 117, 122, 124, 126–127, 133–134, 144, 170, 177
Postzygapophyses(is) 1:202, 207, 210–211, 213, 219, 222, 227, 229, 231, 236, 245, 250, 284–286, 288; 11:362–363, 371, 373, 376, 380, 396–398
Potamophis, urinogenital system 6:97
Potassium 3:4–7, 13–14, 16, 45; 5:11, 54, 68, 102, 366, 370, 383, 387–388, 390–392, 394, 399, 405, 413–414, 422, 427–430, 441, 477–479, 491, 494–495; 12:327–335, 341–349, 351–357, 363–366, 368–370, 375–379, 383–385, 427; 13:85–87
acetate 5:428
bicarbonate 5:429
bichromate 3:298, 303
chloride 5:56–58; 12:384
dichromate 6:284
excretion 5:478–480
iodate 3:303–304
iodine 3:215
ion 8:168–173
permanganate solution 5:55
reabsorption 5:480
secretion 12:366, 368, 371
succinate 5:428
thicyanate 5:69
urate 5:10, 494
Potency assays (see Antivenin, potency assays)
Potential difference (PD) 8:645–646
Povidone-iodine scrubs 5:98
solutions 5:98
Power 11:308–309
input (see Metabolism)
Praescutata 19:223
viperina 19:199; 20:546, 629
Prairie dog burrows 13:106
Prasinohaema 15:639, 643, 670, 675; 21:397
Preacetabular process 21:138–139, 143–144
Preadaption (see Protoadaptation)
Pre-amplifiers 5:84, 89–90
Preanal
area 18:166
organs 14:537, 572–574, 578, 580, 584–585, 588
pore 18:167
shields 15:481
Prearticular 4:104, 107, 112, 239, 391–393; 11:24, 59, 63–64, 73, 80, 106, 124, 146, 151, 156–157, 179, 187, 211–212, 214, 220, 244; 20:36–37, 46, 74, 103, 114–115, 166, 194, 196, 208–209, 216, 224, 226, 232, 235, 247, 249, 356, 423, 465, 519; 21:603–604, 606, 611, 614
crest 20:357, 401, 418, 433, 441, 445, 452, 460– 461, 465, 468, 471, 474, 481, 493, 507, 509, 513, 519–521, 531, 550, 569, 579–581
process of compound bone 20:418, 435, 487
Preaxial centrale 21:121
Precardiac
plexus 6:319, 325–326, 347, 354, 378–381, 389, 396–397, 434, 446
sinus 6:317–331, 333, 345, 348, 353–358, 362–363, 375, 377–379, 381–387, 398, 413, 429, 431, 433–434
Precartilage 14:159
Precaudal vertebrae 1:241, 248, 282, 290, 294, 296
Precentral shield (see Cervical shield)
Prechordal plate 14:122, 128, 684–685, 687, 713
Precipitate (usually precipitin) lines 8:346, 355, 359, 576
histochemistry 8:359
Precipitation 5:58, 398, 496
bands 8:357, 575, 578
of urates 12:370–371, 497
Precipitin reaction 3:52
Precision of temperature regulation (see also
Eurythermy; Stenothermy; Temperature
conformity) 12:49, 56
Precloacal
gland 18:166
vertebrae 1:203, 241–242, 249, 271–272, 274–280, 282–283, 293
Preconcha (see also Anterior concha) 2:103, 145–151, 173–174, 179
Preconchal recess 2:145–147, 149, 151, 173–174
Precondylar constriction 1:247, 284
Precostal bone 1:188–189
Predation (see also Caudal autotomy; Crocodilians;
Eggs; Embryos; Injuries; Lizards;
Mimicry; Nests; Parental care; Snakes;
Turtles) 5:24; 12:5, 7, 29–30, 46, 54, 65, 144, 146, 306; 13:132, 234, 304–305; 14:530; 15:611, 614, 616–617, 622, 651, 666, 672, 676–679; 16:4–14, 16–17, 60, 397, 476, 499; 18:118, 120, 149, 157, 159, 161–164, 170, 177, 300–301, 303, 323, 333, 344, 372–373, 377, 381, 385–387, 391, 394, 399
antipredatory mechanism 18:198–199, 387
avoidance 18:115, 300, 347, 382
context 16:15–16
definition 16:4
detection 18:182
deterrent 18:192
evidence of (see also Caudal autotomy; Injuries) 16:11–12, 239–242
odors 18:470, 475–476
of nest sites 14:10, 20, 199, 201, 230, 272, 358
recognition 18:424–426, 470
defense postures 18:475
innate sense 18:475
snake 18:476
risks to predators 16:53–54, 164–170, 216, 291, 307, 309, 315, 352
sexual differences 16:21
unsuccessful (see also Caudal autotomy) 16:52
Predator
deterrent 8:5–6
escape 21:57
pressure 5:315
prey ratios 5:191
Predators of reptiles
amphibians 16:8–9, 39
arthropods 16:7–8, 39
assemblages of 16:7, 60
birds 16:6–7, 10, 13–14, 25, 31, 37, 39, 41, 53
characteristics of 16:13, 15
detection by prey 16:15–16, 18
experiments 16:12, 15–16, 49, 67
fishes 16:8, 25, 51
generalizations 16:12–14
humans 16:60–61, 418–419
mammals 16:6–7, 10–11, 13–15, 25, 27, 30–31, 33, 37, 39, 41, 51–53, 57, 60
reptiles 16:6–7, 9–10, 13–14, 25, 31, 33–34, 37, 39, 41–42
regional patterns 16:5–7, 12
stimuli 16:13, 15
Predentine 1:142, 144, 146
Predictive movements 12:142
Predorsal bundle 10:136, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 155, 157–158, 163–164, 176, 191; 17:262
Prefacial commissure 9:12; 11:4, 12, 15, 26, 32, 54, 116, 138–140, 145, 150, 173, 186, 189, 194, 207, 211, 217; 20:11, 31
Preferred
body temperature 5:9, 127, 161–163, 165–166, 178, 180–181, 185, 188, 208, 311, 397, 399
levels 5:128, 179, 317
temperature 5:5, 24, 28, 316, 459; 12:22, 168, 218
thermal levels 5:180, 198, 210
Preformed water 12:325, 353–355, 466
Prefrontal 4:138–139, 204–205, 209–213, 216–221, 225, 231–232, 247, 250–251, 254–256, 265, 269, 272, 274–275, 374, 439; 11:17, 49–50, 60, 63, 68, 72, 81, 84–85, 95, 106, 110–111, 119, 122, 124, 133, 143, 152–153, 155, 163, 165, 170, 175, 179, 181, 209, 212, 218, 224, 231, 235, 240; 20:14–16, 18, 24, 42, 44, 54, 67–69, 76, 78, 82, 84, 91, 94, 101, 104, 106–108, 110, 115, 118, 120–121, 128, 130–132, 136, 140–142, 144, 152, 154–155, 157, 160–161, 168–169, 178, 184, 188–190, 200, 202, 211–213, 217, 220–221, 225, 229–230, 234, 237, 240, 242, 244, 247–248, 252, 254, 258–259, 281–282, 284, 356–357, 368–373, 375–376, 379–380, 382–383, 386–387, 389, 391–392, 394, 398–400, 405, 407–410, 415–417, 421–422, 424–425, 427–429, 431–434, 436, 439, 441, 445, 447–448, 453, 455, 457–459, 461–465, 467–468, 471–473, 476–477, 479–480, 484–485, 491–492, 494, 496–498, 501–507, 509–514, 516–517, 523–524, 526–527, 531, 533, 536, 538–544, 546, 548, 558–560, 562–571, 573–576, 584, 589–590; 21:539, 556–563, 565, 575, 581–586, 588, 592
bone 2:9–10, 48–49, 66–67, 73, 81
fontanelle (fenestra) 20:41, 44, 46, 106, 108, 110, 115
-frontal attachment 21:586
-frontal joint 20:426, 433, 438, 504, 506, 510, 516, 540, 542, 570
lateral lamina 20:559–560
-maxillary joint 20:417, 506, 510–511, 542, 572, 574
medial lamina 20:510
ossification 14:126, 312
-palatine joint 20:466
pillar 4:231–232, 235, 252, 274
process of of frontal 20:472, 485, 511
-septomaxilla contact 20:387
Prefronto-maxillary ligament 20:479
Prefrontomandibular ligament 20:392
Prefrontomaxillary ligament 20:417
Preganglionic cell 10:78
fiber(s) 8:654; 10:3, 5, 7–9, 29, 41, 45, 117
Preglottal keel 19:116–117
Pregnancy
and corporal lutea 15:579, 585
duration of 15:585
effects of 3:104
thyroid effects on 3:219, 222
Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin 13:218–219
Pregnant mare’s serum 6:116
Pregnenolone 6:76, 84; 15:588
Prehensile
limbs 15:86
tail 1:295, 297
Prehension 1:124
Premandibular arch 11:30
Premaxilla 1:12, 119–120, 124, 139, 148–149, 152–153, 156–157, 159–164, 166–169, 171, 173, 179–180, 182, 184–192; 2:118, 146; 4:124, 139, 202, 204, 209–210, 212–213, 216–218, 220, 225, 229–230, 234, 241–243, 247–248, 250–251, 253–256, 258, 272–274, 280, 374; 11:17, 22, 39, 59–60, 68, 70, 79, 81–82, 85, 88, 97, 106, 119, 122–123, 126, 129, 133, 135, 143, 151–153, 161, 167–169, 175, 178, 181, 208–209, 212, 218, 224, 231, 233, 235, 240, 244; 20:14–15, 17–18, 23, 40–41, 44, 46, 54, 65, 67, 69, 74, 76, 78, 81, 91, 94, 96–97, 104, 108–110, 115, 118, 120, 122, 131–132, 134, 136, 142, 145, 149, 152–153, 158, 160–161, 166, 168, 170, 173, 178, 185, 188–189, 194–195, 200, 205, 211–212, 214, 217, 220–221, 225, 228, 230–231, 234, 236–237, 240, 243–244, 248, 252, 257, 275, 278–279, 283, 288, 355, 357, 367, 369, 371–372, 375, 379–381, 386–389, 391–392, 397–399, 401–405, 407, 409–410, 412, 414–415, 417–419, 421, 424–425, 427, 431–432, 434–437, 439, 441, 445–448, 453–456, 461–463, 465–467, 469, 473, 476–477, 479, 483, 490, 497, 499–503, 505–507, 509, 511, 513, 522–523, 527, 529, 533, 536, 538–541, 543, 552–553, 557, 559–560, 562, 564, 566, 568–569, 571; 21:571, 579–581
Premaxillary
dentition 14:457
gland 8:50, 67, 113
-maxillary suture 1:137
teeth 20:432, 437, 589; 21:580
Premaxillomaxillary ligament 20:389, 392, 417
Premeiotic restitution 15:478
Prenasal process (see Rostral process)
Preneural
bone 1:332–334
region 1:324
Preoccipital
arches 11:10, 12, 14, 42, 205–207, 213; 20:10–11, 28, 33
rib 11:222
Preocular
scale 2:281
scute 21:561
Preoptic
area (see also Brain study) 9:235, 341; 18:35, 42, 48, 97–101, 445
area of brain 5:306, 311
descending process of the frontal 21:538
medial 18:98
recess organ 10:258, 265
region (see Hypothalamus)
Preorbital
bump 4:212
crest 4:212
Pre-ovipositional arrest 14:15, 183–185
Preparation of solutions 5:55
Preplastral bone 4:13
Presacral vertebrae 1:202–204, 209, 232, 235–236, 241–243, 248–249, 266–267, 281, 300–301
Preskeletal axis 21:19
Presphenoid 4:138; 11:23, 242
bone 2:67
Prespleen 19:575
Pressor reflex 12:246–247
Pressure
blood 19:438, 449
changes 5:96
diastolic 19:451
gradients 5:75
hydrostatic 19:352
hydraulic 19:436
intraaortic 19:430
pulmonary 19:440, 442, 453
sensor 5:78
systolic 19:397–398, 440
transducor 5:77, 79
Presternal
plate 21:268
rib 11:384
Presternum 21:62–63, 65, 68, 73, 86–88, 96, 234, 236, 238–240
Presynaptic (β-bungarotoxin) fraction 8:449
site 8:465–467
Pretectal geniculate complex 9:225
Pretectum 9:178, 221–222, 226–228, 238, 241; 10:263, 268, 291; 17:310, 323
Preterminal swelling 2:307
Preventative medicine 5:25
Prevertebral lymphatic duct 6:456
Prevomer(s) (see also Vomer) 11:61; 20:23
Prey 5:172; 18:124, 134, 139
capture 21:57
effects of anosmia 18:494
chemicals
chemical analysis 18:492–494
earthworms, cuticle collagen 18:493
earthworms, electric shock-induced secretions 18:493
earthworms, glycoproteins 18:493
preference 18:484–486
responses to, absence of 18:468–469
responses to, innate 18:468, 483–486
detection 18:115, 182, 300, 424–425, 467–468, 483–492
vibratory cues 18:468
visual cues 18:469, 488
localization 18:467
odors 18:158, 163, 468–470, 483–494
responses to, factors affecting 18:486–487
trailing 18:487
preference, genetics of 18:484
preference, innate 18:484–485
recognition, and vomeronasal organ 18:496
transport 20:493, 550, 577, 585–588, 590, 592
Prezygapophysis 1:202, 207, 211, 213, 222, 227, 229, 236, 245, 249–250, 171, 274, 276, 279, 284–285; 11:362–363, 376, 384, 387, 389, 391, 393, 398–400, 414, 421, 428, 431
Prim network analysis (see Statistical analyses)
Primaderma 20:218, 220, 225
nessovi 20:302
Primary
afferent fiber 10:82–84, 137, 166
anterior vidian foramen 20:416, 427, 432, 484
bony armor (see Thecal shell)
canal (see Primary vascular canal)
center of ossification 1:81, 83
coracoid fenestra 21:73–74, 78, 82, 271, 274
germ cell(s) 6:50, 53, 79, 81, 107–113, 120
girdle 21:278, 282
nasal chamber (see Cavum nasi proprium)
osteone 1:61, 75
palate 2:102, 113, 123, 138, 141142, 168, 170, 172–173
perilymphatic foramen 21:488
vascular canal 1:46–47, 50, 53, 55, 62, 72–74, 76
vidian canal 21:520, 532, 535–536
Primate(s) 9:166, 248; 10:308; 14:7
Primers, definition (see also Priming mechanisms) 7:406
Priming mechanisms
copulation and female receptivity 7:431
definition 7:424
hormones and aggression 7:431–433
hormones and receptivity 7:431
social contact 7:427–430
social distance 7:430
social familiarity 7:427–430
social status 7:424
Primitive
condition 19:127, 141, 161
groove 14:27, 386
plate 14:113
streak 14:381, 386, 398, 500–501, 505–506, 512–513; 15:3, 9, 188–189
“Primordeal fossa” 21:613
Primordial
cranium (see Chondrocranium)
germ cells (see also Primary germ cell) 14:29, 43–50, 149, 307, 311, 441, 505–506; 15:158, 170–171, 247, 254, 256, 258, 260, 269
ameboid movement 14:43, 45, 58
annulate lamellae 15:159, 171
liposomes 15:170
location 15:21, 24
migration 14:43–46, 48–50, 307, 311, 515; 15:3, 154
nucleolus 15:170
origin 14:46–48
polyribosomes 15:170
rough endoplasmic reticulum 15:170
yolk granules 15:170
Principal
cavity (see Cavum nasi proprium)
cells 5:414–415, 418, 424–425, 433, 438–439
cells of pituitary 3:148, 155
components analysis (see Statistical analyses)
lymphatic of the neck (see Paratracheal trunk)
lymphatic trunks (see Main lymphatic trunk)
nasal chamber (see Cavum nasi proprium)
Principle of conservation of mass 16:554
Principles approach 5:1
Priodonophis 16:204
Prionodactylus 12:115
Priscagama 20:78, 101
gobiensis 20:293
Prismatic cells 6:233, 236
Pristichampsidae, skull 4:268
Pristichampsus, skull 4:270, 272
Pristurus 7:292, 468; 12:123–124; 16:245, 250, 260; 20:15, 20, 118, 120, 126, 128, 274, 296
carteri 20:296
eye 2:23, 26
Pro-atlas 21:543
Pro-ischiadic bar 21:136
Proablepharus 21:397
Proactive inhibition 7:634
Proamnion 14:168, 285, 386, 503; 15:18
Proatheris 19:219
superciliaris 19:192; 20:499, 618
Proatlas 1:204, 226–228, 235–236, 255, 288, 300–301; 4:249–250; 11:36–38, 56, 121, 144, 192, 213, 226, 238, 240; 14:495; 20:28, 30
arch 11:38–39, 121, 238, 241
Proaulacocephadon 9:299
Probability
learning 7:631–632
Crocodilia 7:631–632
Testudines 7:631
Probenecid 5:497
Probes 5:32
Problem box learning
comparison with other taxa 7:591
box learning, Testudines 7:590–591
Procaine 5:53; 8:473
hydrochloride 5:45, 47
Procartilage cells 15:356
Proccelerin 3:34
Proceptivity (see Sexual, female behavior)
Processus
alaris inferior 11:15–16, 19, 52, 54–55, 66, 72, 76, 88, 93, 98, 103, 106, 110, 117, 119, 138–141, 163, 166, 173, 176, 180–181, 202, 208; 20:364
alaris superior 11:15–16, 19, 55, 75, 88, 93, 110, 119, 122, 138–141, 152, 163, 166, 173, 208
anterior tecti 20:113
articularis of arytenoid cartilage 4:180–181
ascendens 20:12, 17, 23–24, 30, 50, 52, 67, 72, 76, 78, 83, 91, 101, 104, 113, 115–116, 119, 126, 128, 135–137, 142, 147, 149, 152, 160, 164, 166, 168, 177, 183, 185, 189, 192, 194, 200, 206, 220, 223, 229, 232, 234, 236, 240, 246, 255–256, 275–276, 278, 286–288
ascendens of arytenoid cartilage 4:181
asscendens of the suprooccipital 21:510
basioccipitalis 4:225
cultriformis (see also Basisphenoid rostrum) 20:30
descendens of parietal 21:504
dorsalis of columella 4:251
dorsalis of stapes 21:476
entoglossus (see also Lingual process of hyoid;
Processus lingualis) 4:310
epiglotticus 19:117–118
interfenestralis 21:484, 489, 492, 496, 499
internus 21:476–477, 484, 497, 502
lateralis anterior 4:156
lateralis intermedius 4:156
lateralis posterior 4:156, 158
lateralis pubis 21:34, 138, 144–146, 148
latissimus dorsi 21:100
lingualis 4:154, 156, 158–160, 170, 172–173, 179–181, 184, 250, 427, 430
muscularis of arytenoid cartilage 4:179–181
paroticus 11:15, 33–34, 46–47, 52, 54–55, 57, 66–67, 80, 93, 109–110, 118–119, 149, 192, 196
postoccipitalis 4:227
squamosus inferior 4:170, 174
styloideus 21:113
subcapsularis 4:249–250
tuberculiformis (see Pseudotuberculum)
vocalis of arytenoid cartilage 4:181
Procheneosaurus, nose 2:152
Procion yellow 10:77
Procoagulant factor 8:489, 500
fraction 8:333
Procoelocryptodira 19:19
Procoely 1:205–206, 210, 213, 215, 219, 222, 225–226, 243, 245–247, 255, 274, 283, 300–301
Procolophon 9:296
Procolophonia 9:296; 19:74
Procolophonidae 9:57, 65–66
dentition 1:121, 150
origin and evolution 1:9–11, 39
Procolophonoidea, origin and evolution 1:2
Procolpochelys, shell 1:324
Procoracoid (see also Acromion) 4:12–13, 15; 21:76, 83–84
Procricoid (see also Cricoid cartilage) 4:180
Proctodaeum (see also Posterior cloacal canal) 15:185, 191, 193, 200–201, 207–208, 219, 234, 245; 18:116, 118, 178
Proctoporus 20:186, 188–193; 21:299
?anatolorus 20:308
apodemus 20:301
axial skeleton 1:252
ear 2:271
striatus 20:301
unicolor 20:301, 308
ventrimaculatus 20:308
Proctotretus doellojuradoi 20:85, 292
Procurement 5:20, 25
Procynosuchus 9:299
Procyon 16:403–404
Production 13:234, 236, 238, 241, 246–249
Prodynorphin 17:614, 634
Proenkephalin 17:614, 622, 624, 634
Profundus branch of the trigeminal (see also
Nerve, opthalmic [V1]) 21:519
Proganochelydia
axial skeleton 1:210
origin and evolution 1:2, 9
shell 1:332
Proganochelyidae
axial skeleton 1:209, 217
shell 1:336
Proganochelys 14:155
axial skeleton 1:209, 212, 222
limbs 4:12
origin and evolution 1:4, 9
shell 1:332–333
Progesterone 6:76, 80, 84, 101–103; 12:231; 13:217, 219; 15:277, 579, 581, 585, 587–591, 594–595; 18:33–35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 54, 93, 339–340, 365–370, 373–376, 399
binding (see also Brain study, autoradiography) 18:35–36
R5020 18:93
Progestin receptors 15:592
Proglyphodonty 1:176–178
Proinvasin 1 8:247–248
Proischium 21:138, 141, 145
Prokinesis 20:49, 394, 501; 21:572, 574, 585
Prokinetic 21:573
joint 20:355, 361, 367–368, 370–371, 397, 405, 414, 428, 438, 450, 462, 466, 475, 477, 489, 498, 500, 523–524, 532, 535–536, 555–556, 584
Prolacerta 9:296; 15:338; 20:1, 4, 71, 249, 257, 259
broomi 20:290
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:4, 7
Prolacertidae, origin and evolution 1:7
Prolacertiforms 20:249–250
Prolacertiformes, origin and evolution 1:2
Prolactin 3:221; 6:44, 84, 115; 8:667; 12:258; 13:92, 220; 14:702; 15:383, 587–588; 17:656
Proline 3:40; 8:194, 196
Promegadonty 1:176, 178
Promesonephric duct (see Wolffian duct)
Prominentia coracoscapularis 21:78, 94
Pronation 21:111–114, 283
of the forelimb 4:20, 47
of the hindlimb 4:89
Pronator
accessorius 21:213
profundus 21:206, 213, 324
teres 21:213
Pronephric
chamber 6:8, 11–12
crest 6:18
duct (see also Wolffian duct) 14:148–149
-mesonephric duct (see Wolffian duct)
tubule 6:3, 5, 8–9, 11–13, 15–16, 18–19; 15:175
vesicle 6:55; 15:174
Pronephros 6:1–17, 19–21, 54–55, 120; 14:148, 175, 311, 440–441; 15:152, 179
Pronethalol 5:308
Proneural bone (see Nuchal bone)
Proniochelys, shell 1:328
Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) 17:614, 616–620; 18:316–317
Prootic 4:105, 108–109, 111, 113–115, 205, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221, 224–228, 236–238, 252, 257, 292, 300, 303–304, 307, 314, 318, 320–321, 323–324, 326–327, 334–335, 340–342, 345, 349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358–359, 362–363, 365, 367, 374–381, 383–386, 389, 391–392, 395–396, 402, 404–406, 409–411, 416–417, 420, 437, 440, 443, 469–471; 11:5, 22, 29, 58–60, 68, 81, 85, 90, 99, 106, 112, 124, 131–133, 148, 150, 153, 155, 185–186, 189–190, 216, 218, 224, 242–243; 20:14, 23, 27–28, 30–31, 33–34, 44, 46, 70, 72–73, 75, 89, 102, 104–105, 108, 113–116, 126–128, 135, 137, 148, 150, 154, 156, 162, 164, 172, 174, 180, 183, 185–186, 192–193, 195–196, 203, 206–207, 209, 214, 216–217, 222–223, 225, 229–232, 234, 236, 239–240, 243, 246, 248, 272, 282, 284, 355, 357, 361, 363, 365, 369, 371, 373–376, 379, 381, 387, 389–391, 398–399, 403–405, 409, 411, 415, 418, 421–422, 431, 434, 438–439, 442, 445, 447–448, 453, 455, 458, 463, 465–467, 471, 473, 477, 479, 484, 486, 497, 501–503, 505–509, 511, 513, 519, 523, 525–527, 529, 531, 533, 538–641, 543, 561, 564–566, 568–569, 571, 578, 589, 591; 21:512, 530, 543
bone 2:202, 227; 21:495, 536
incisure 21:480
notch 11:15, 21–22, 26, 30, 116, 131, 138–139, 163, 186, 188
Prootic-sphenoid 20:282
Pro-ovarian ciliary tract 6:93
Propagated action potential (see Action potential)
Propelanomodon 9:299
Properdin system 8:497
Prophase (see Meiosis)
Prophylactic measures 5:25–26
Propodials 21:39, 59
Proportional controller 12:214–216, 218–219
Proportionality
surface area 5:149
weight 5:149
Propranolol 5:237; 10:29–31; 18:318–319; 19:453
Proprioception 10:228, 292
Propylthiouracil 3:215
Prorubidgea 9:299
Prosaurolophus, eye 2:80
Prosauropod 9:67, 78, 98
Prosauropoda, dentition 1:187
Proscelotes 15:636
aenea 21:401
arnoldi 21:401–402
eggeli 21:402
Prosencephalon (see also Forebrain) 9:174, 221, 234, 236; 10:192–193, 201, 259; 14:128, 131, 287
Prosimian 9:160
Prosquamosal 20:20
Prostaglandin(s) 8:521–522; 12:229; 14:220; 18:48–49, 56, 158
arachidonic acid 18:155
behavioral effects 18:56
in brain 18:48
F2α 18:49–52, 158
hormonal role 18:50, 56
PGE1 18:49
PGE2 18:48–50
production 18:50
Prosthetic replacement 5:99
Prosymna 7:502; 8:658, 693; 16:120, 131, 147, 234; 19:225; 20:554, 558, 579
ambigua 19:153, 212; 20:642
angolensis 19:212
bivittata 19:212
meleagris 19:212
putnami 19:212
ruspolii 19:212
somalica 19:212
sundevalli 19:212; 20:642
Protamine 8:566
Protean defense (see Antipredator mechanisms)
Protease 8:2, 91, 94, 148, 165–166, 178, 188–189, 248, 309, 314–315, 320, 322–323, 329, 331–332, 362, 499, 502–505
activator 8:311
activity 8:315–316, 340
inhibitors 8:311
pH optimum 8:309, 311
specific activity 8:312
thermostability 8:311
Protected basking 12:124
Protein(s) 3:8–13, 23, 25–30, 32–33, 36, 45–50, 52–54, 156, 202, 239, 250, 295, 327–328, 331–333, 335; 5:36, 66, 69, 80, 170, 357, 433; 6:36, 43, 92, 101, 234, 237, 246–247, 252, 265, 268, 271–272, 280; 8:7, 45, 167–169; 12:287, 341, 353, 364; 13:73–74, 82, 90; 16:257; 18:123, 155, 168–170, 186, 192, 194, 199, 205; 19:46–47, 49, 342–343, 349, 494–495, 499
as energy source 14:377
blastocyte 15:565
carbohydrate-containing glycoprotein 8:45
catabolism 13:70, 79, 89
concentration 8:131, 167–169
conformation 5:358
electrophoretic patterns 14:332
enamel 14:431
from follicle cells 14:62
in eggs 14:315–316
in eggshells 14:375
ingestion 5:170
iodinated 3:213
ionization 19:342–343, 345
liver protein 13:90
metabolism 5:81; 14:240; 19:514–515
nitrogen 13:89–90
nitrogen content test 8:579
of epidermis 14:527–528
of scales 14:526
pK 19:342
plasma 3:9–13, 23, 25–30, 33, 36, 45–50, 52–54
solution 5:385
specific activities 5:206–208
synthesis 5:31; 8:131; 13:72; 19:498, 503
apical ridge 15:89, 92–95, 124
chorionic ectoderm 14:551–552
epidermal 14:527–528, 536, 539, 555–556, 565, 578
gonad development 15:157
limb bud mesoderm 15:124–125
liver 14:64
oocyte 14:69–70
primordial germ cell 14:46
in wound healing 14:570
transport 3:30–33, 52
yolk 15:566
Proteinase (see Protease)
Proteles 16:162
Proteolysis (see also Protease activity) 6:43
Proteolytic
activity 8:604, 666
enzymes, apical ridge 15:124
Proterochampsa
origin and evolution 1:4, 8
skull 4:280
Proterochersidae, shell 1:336
Proterochersis, shell 1:332–333
Proterodonty 1:177–178
Proteroglypha (see also Elapidae) 8:111, 563; 21:554, 564, 610
Proteroglyphous 20:488, 534
Proteroglyphy 1:177–178, 182
Proteromonas, blood cell morphology 3:88
Proterosuchia
dentition 1:184
skull 4:264
Proterosuchus 9:57, 78; 20:257
Prothrombin 3:34; 8:334, 338–339, 491–493, 496, 498; 13:92; 19:514
activating principle 8:333
time(s) 5:61; 8:439
Protoadaptation 8:7; 15:563, 665, 668, 672–673, 677–678
Protobothrops 19:220
flavoviridis 19:114 (as Trimeresurus), 168, 192; 20:616
jerdoni 19:192; 20:616
mucrosquamatus 19:124, 152, 192
Protoceratops 9:54, 61, 64, 114–115, 117; 12:289
eye 2:80
urinogenital system 6:114
Protoceratopsid 9:115
Protochepsydrops, origin and evolutiom 1:14–15
Protohaversian canal 1:313
Protoplacenta 5:12
Protopterus 19:535, 564
amphibius 19:37, 572
dolloi 19:572
urinogenital system 6:3
Protorosauria 1:190–191; 15:339, 394
Protorosauridae, dentition 1:190
Protorosaurus, dentition 1:190–191
Protorothyris, origin and evolution 1:4, 15–16, 27
Protosaurus (see Protorosaurus)
Protosphargis 9:72
Protostegidae, shell 1:321, 334, 336
Protosuchia
chondrocranium 11:246
eye 2:73
origin and evolution 1:2, 8
skull 4:264–267, 272–274, 276–279
Protosuchus, skull 4:276
Protothecodonty 1:121, 127, 129, 150–151, 163–164, 184, 190–191, 193
Protothyris 9:296
Proto-vertebrae 11:355
Protozoa (see also Parasitic disease; Pathology) 8:618, 620, 627; 19:517, 521
Protraction
of the forelimb 4:5, 9, 16, 24–26, 28, 31
of the hindlimb 4:65–66, 68, 70, 95
of the jaw 4:126–127, 146, 148–149
Protractor 21:535
laryngeus 21:595–596
pterygoideus 21:480–481, 528, 530, 534, 551
pterygoideus behind it 21:529
quadrati 21:524
quadrati foramen 21:525
Proventriculus 6:244
Provertebra 6:14
Provertebral cavity 6:6, 8, 14
Proximal
carpal row 21:136
centrale 1:30; 21:166
convoluted tubule (see Proximal segment of
uriniferous tubule)
segment of uriniferous tubule 6:22–23, 33–36, 45–48
tarsals 21:163, 172
tubules 5:467–469, 473, 492–494, 497–498
Proximate environmental cues 18:29, 55
Prussian blue 6:317
Psammobates 7:349, 463, 465; 12:361; 14:604; 16:113, 392, 439
blood cell morphology 3:83
blood cell numbers 3:95, 102
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:154, 180
Psammodromus 7:492; 8:686; 9:157, 332; 12:110; 14:606, 617, 628, 632; 15:306–307; 16:249; 20:44, 167, 170, 300
adrenal 3:280
algirus 20:300, 307; 21:49
blood cell morphology 3:76, 84–85
blood cell numbers 3:97
dentition 1:167
ear 2:245, 267, 271
eye 2:41
hispanicus 20:300, 307
internal relief of gut 6:177
pituitary 3:173
thymus 3:113
thyroid 3:207, 227
Psammodynastes 7:502; 15:647, 661, 671; 16:123, 147; 19:232; 20:534, 546–547, 573; 21:488, 500–501, 509, 554, 577, 592
ear 2:272
pictus 19:213; 20:648
pulverulentus 19:213; 20:572, 575, 648
Psammophiinae 19:225; 20:578, 645
Psammophiini 19:158, 171
Psammophilus 16:258–259; 21:396
Psammophis 8:41, 74, 94, 594, 663, 694; 12:407; 16:120, 147; 19:213, 226; 20:581; 21:600
aegypticus 19:127, 213
angolensis 19:213; 20:578, 645
axial muscles 11:357
biseriatus 19:213
blood cell numbers 3:103
bocagii 20:645
chondrocranium 11:136–159, 164, 168, 186
condanarus 19:168, 213
crucifer 19:213
ear 2:272
elegans 19:213; 20:646
jallae 19:213
jaw muscles 4:482
leightoni 19:153, 213
leithi 19:213
lineolatus 19:153, 213; 20:646
monilifer 19:213
nose 2:179
notostictus 19:153, 213; 20:646
phillippsii 19:153, 213
pulverulentus 20:646
punctulatus 19:213
rukwae 19:213
schokari 8:41, 94; 19:213, 554, 556, 579; 20:646
sibilans 8:41, 594, 663, 694; 19:112, 213; 20:646
subtaeniatus 19:153, 213; 20:646
tanganicus 19:213
trigrammus 19:213
Psammophylax 7:502; 8:43, 94; 15:648, 651, 662, 671, 675; 16:120, 147, 287, 307; 19:226
asimilis 20:652
ear 2:272
jaw muscles 4:482
rhombeatus 8:41; 19:213; 20:646
tritaeniatus 8:42; 19:213; 20:646
variabilis 19:213
Pseudablabes 19:227
agassizii 19:213
Pseudacontias, axial skeleton 1:242, 253, 267
Pseudacris 13:127
Pseudagkistrodon 21:509
rudis 21:503
Pseudanosteira, shell 1:326
Pseudapistocalamus, ear 2:272
Peudaspidini 19:225
Pseudaspis 7:502; 14:653; 15:651; 16:17, 149, 197, 287, 483–484, 520; 19:225; 20:565
cana 19:213; 20:634
eye 2:62
Pseudechini 19:222
Pseudechis 7:224, 388–389, 394, 505; 8:24, 167, 189, 193–196, 250, 257, 262, 293–296, 301, 309, 316, 323–326, 328, 335, 358, 369, 444, 456, 471, 486, 498, 519, 663, 695; 9:407, 435; 12:132; 13:31, 34, 308, 310–311; 15:46, 569, 651, 653–654, 662, 671, 675–676; 19:156–157, 222; 20:518, 542, 545
adrenal 3:281
australis 8:24, 250, 262, 293, 296, 313, 315, 325–326, 456; 19:198; 20:629
blood cell morphology 3:78, 84
chondrocranium 11:162, 185–186
colletti 8:24, 189, 196, 250, 262, 296, 301, 316, 323–324, 444
ear 2:272
guttatus 8:24; 19:198; 20:629
jaw muscles 4:483
mortonensis (?) 8:193
papuanus 8:24, 262, 369; 19:198
pituitary 3:150, 152
porphyriacus 8:24, 167, 250, 257, 262, 293–296, 309, 335, 358, 444, 456, 471, 486, 498, 519, 663, 695; 19:99–100, 109, 127, 146, 149, 151, 158–159, 198; 20:629
Pseudelaps 20:626
muelleri 20:626
Pseudemoia 21:397
Pseudemydura 14:212
Pseudemys (see also Chrysemys scripta; Trachemys) 5:8, 35, 39, 41, 45–46, 53, 60–61, 135–136, 152–154, 177–178, 180, 183, 187, 192, 194, 196–201, 203–206, 228, 238–243, 249, 264, 284–287, 301, 303–306, 310, 318–319, 321–325, 327, 336, 338, 342, 344, 347, 349–353, 358–360, 368, 373, 377, 379–380, 385–387, 389, 391, 393–396, 451–452, 455, 460, 466, 470, 473–474, 477, 480, 487, 490, 492; 8:602; 9:31–33, 164; 10:12, 15, 32, 167, 175, 178, 181, 191, 254, 262; 12:138–139, 190–192, 194, 223, 235, 238, 240–241, 247, 250–251, 288–289, 32, 350–352, 363, 429, 433, 459, 473; 13:8–8, 15–16, 18–19, 22–23, 33–36, 39, 65, 81, 84, 86, 89–92, 96, 98, 103, 120–121, 125–126, 129, 133, 161, 166, 181, 187–188, 209–210, 295–298, 304, 307, 310; 14:27, 62–63, 77–79, 90, 95–96, 105–106, 112–113, 118–120, 127–130, 159–160, 165–167, 179, 181, 195, 206–207, 209–210, 212–213, 219–220, 229, 231, 278, 529, 632, 656, 662, 688–691; 15:61, 89, 91, 264, 283; 16:17, 57, 68, 112, 135, 278, 301, 337, 341, 354, 356, 362, 365–367, 391, 393, 398, 400, 403–404, 411, 416, 419, 543–544, 552; 17:6, 8, 13–16, 20, 23–25, 28–32, 34–35, 37–38, 41–42, 45–46, 49, 51, 54–60, 66, 70–71, 74–75, 79, 81–82, 84–85, 89–90, 92, 94, 100, 102–106, 108, 110, 112, 137–139, 141, 143–146, 148–149, 151–152, 155–156, 159, 161–163, 185–187, 193, 204, 245, 253, 255–256, 259–263, 268, 270, 272–273, 277, 280–281, 286, 297, 299, 302–304, 308, 314, 318, 321, 324, 330, 339, 341–342, 456–457, 477, 497, 500–502, 505, 507–515, 520–526, 528, 530, 533–534, 537–540, 543, 546, 548, 550–551, 553, 556, 566, 606, 611, 624, 628, 642, 664–665; 18:245
adrenal 3:270, 275
axial skeleton 1:223
blood cell numbers 3:95, 99, 102
blood chemistry 3:4, 8, 13–14, 17–21, 23–26, 30, 32–35, 37–39, 42–45, 48–50
bone 1:52, 56, 60
concinna 18:327
concinna suwanniensis 18:197
ear 2:265, 270
eye 2:68, 72
floridana 18:327; 19:355, 428, 474
floridana peninsularis 18:465
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 114, 118, 121, 123, 153, 178
histology of gut 6:278
internal relief of gut 6:160, 162–163, 167–168, 175
limbs 4:1–2, 4, 12, 14–22, 24–27, 30–31, 34–35, 38–42, 45–53, 55–56, 58–62, 65–67, 70–71, 74–77, 79, 82–85, 87–90
lymphatics 6:317, 323, 333, 335, 345, 354, 357–358, 374–376, 388, 393, 404, 412–413, 417, 434, 448–449, 452
muscle tissue 11:272, 278–279, 283–286, 288, 290–292, 294, 296–297, 301–305, 310, 314, 317, 335–336, 338
nelsoni 18:195, 315, 331, 465
nose 2:104, 114
pancreas 3:320–322, 329, 333–335
parathyroid 3:237–238, 243
scripta 19:78, 417
shell 1:316, 318, 325
thymus 3:118, 124
thyroid 3:208, 214–215, 217, 224, 226
urinogenital system (see also Chrysemys) 6:32, 58–59, 64, 93, 97, 100, 106, 113
Pseudoboa 8:663; 16:231; 19:226; 21:531
coronata 19:213
ear 2:272
eye 2:54–56, 91
haasi 19:213
neuwiedii 19:213; 20:655
nigra 19:213
Pseudoboini 19:226
Pseudoboodon 19:225
gascae 19:213
lemniscatus 19:213
Pseudobronchi 19:26–27, 37, 70
Pseudocerastes 8:32; 15:658; 16:152, 198; 19:219
fieldi 8:32
jaw muscles 4:482
persica(us) 19:192; 20:619
pit organs 2:280, 297
Pseudoconcha (see Concha; Postconcha; Postvestibular
ridge)
Pseudocopulation 15:459–460
Pseudocordylus 15:629; 16:115; 20:152, 154–157
axial skeleton 1:258
capensis 20:299
dentition 1:168
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:101
microlepidotus 20:299, 307
Pseudocoronoid process 20:532
Pseudocruciate femorofibular ligaments 21:150
Pseudoemoia 12:113
Pseudoeryx 19:227
plicatilis 19:213; 20:526, 655
Pseudoficimia 19:232
frontalis 19:162, 167, 213
urinogenital system 6:107
Pseudofollicle 3:154, 157, 173, 188
Pseudogecko 21:95
Pseudohaje 7:505; 8:24, 663; 16:150; 19:146, 221
goldii 8:24, 663; 19:142, 197; 20:625
nigra 8:24; 19:197; 20:625
Pseudohermaphroditism 6:105–107
Pseudoheterodonty 4:241, 245–246
Pseudoisocyanin 3:329
Pseudolacerta 20:157
lamandini 20:298
“Pseudolamellar” bone 1:58
Pseudolaticauda 19:101
Pseudoleptodeira 19:229
latifasciata 19:213; 20:651
Pseudonaja 7:389, 394; 8:24, 251, 262, 295–296, 334, 369, 694; 12:132; 15:654; 16:150, 181, 205, 233, 287; 19:222
affinis 8:24; 19:198
guttata 8:24; 19:198
ingrami 8:24
modesta 8:24; 19:198
nuchalis 8:24; 19:198; 20:629
textilis 8:25, 251, 262, 295–296, 334, 369, 456, 493, 694; 19:152, 198; 20:629
Pseudonajini 19:222
Pseudoplectrurus 19:104, 218
canaricus 19:186
Pseudopod 6:112
Pseudopodia, primordial germ cell 14:44–45
Pseudopronation 21:112
Pseudopus
bone 1:46
eye 2:41
Pseudorabdion 19:213, 228
albonuchalis 19:213
collaris 19:153, 213; 20:631
ear 2:272
eiselti 19:213
longiceps 19:213; 20:631
mcnamarae 19:213
montanum 19:153, 213
oxycephalum 19:213
Pseudorhineura 21:685
minuta 21:685
Pseudosexual behavior (see also Courtship;
Mating) 18:13
pseudocopulation 18:28, 37–39, 91
Pseudosphinx 16:173
Pseudosuchia 9:79, 81
chondrocranium 11:246
dentition 1:184
skull 4:264
Pseudotemporalis 20:60; 21:481
Pseudotemporal tendon 4:132, 141, 146
Pseudotomodon 15:647; 19:227
trigonatus 19:164, 213
Pseudotrapelus 16:258
Pseudotuberculum 1:209, 252–253, 287
Pseudotyphlops 19:218; 20:403, 411
philippinus 19:162, 186; 20:395, 402, 405–406, 601
Pseudoxenodon 7:502; 16:148; 19:213, 236
bambusicola 19:213
inornatus 19:213
karlschmidti 19:213
macrops 19:213
nothus 19:213
stejnegeri 19:162, 213
Pseudoxenodontinae 20:551, 561; 21:577
Pseudoxyrhophini 19:225, 236
Pseudoxyrhopus 19:225; 20:573; 21:605
heterurus 20:642
oblectator 20:642
quinquelineatus 19:213
tritaeniatus 20:642
Pseustes 7:384, 502; 16:129, 134, 148; 19:127, 161, 213, 231
dentition 1:177
pit organs 2:295
poecilonotus 19:127, 213; 20:642
shropshirei 19:127, 213
sulphureus 18:160; 19:127, 142, 213; 20:642– 643
Psittacosaurus, eye 2:80
Psomophis 19:227
joberti 19:153, 213; 20:655
Psychrometers 16:559–562, 586
Psychophysics 17:159–166
Ptenopus 7:292–294, 469; 12:121, 123; 16:6, 16, 59, 115, 260; 20:118; 21:128, 141, 186, 397
carpi 21:397
ear 2:266, 271
eye 2:14, 22, 30
garulus 20:296; 21:57, 397
kochi 21:397
Pteranodon 9:88, 304
dentition 1:189
eye 2:80
Pterinosome(s) 9:408; 18:305–306
Pterodactyloidea, dentition 1:189
Pterodactylus 9:86–88
dentition 1:189
eye 2:79–80
Pterodactyloidea 9:85, 88, 304
Pterosaur 9:43, 53, 56–60, 66, 85, 167, 304
Pterosauria 7:6–7; 19:74–75
dentition 1:189
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:2
Pterygoid(s) 1:18, 25, 27, 30–31, 120, 129, 150, 165, 167–168, 170–171, 173, 179–181, 190, 193; 4:105, 115–117, 125, 132, 138–140, 145–147, 202–205, 209–214, 216–221, 223–225, 228–229, 231, 234–238, 246, 250–256, 258–259,265, 272–276, 290, 292, 305, 313, 316–317, 320–321, 326–327, 335–337, 340–341, 343, 345, 349–352, 355–356, 359, 362–363, 368, 371, 375, 377–378, 383–385, 391–392, 394–396, 407–408, 411, 413, 421, 436–439, 442–443, 457; 11:6, 11, 15, 22, 24, 32, 39, 56, 58–60, 62, 68, 70, 81, 85, 97, 100, 106, 112, 117, 119, 124–125, 127, 129–130, 135, 142, 146, 151–154, 163, 179, 187, 190, 195, 199, 209, 211–212, 214, 216, 218, 220, 224, 233, 237, 240, 243–245; 20:12, 14–15, 21, 23–25, 30, 41, 44, 46, 48–57, 59–61, 68–70, 75–76, 78, 88, 91, 94, 100–101, 104, 106, 112, 113–115, 124–125, 134, 137, 146, 150, 155, 163–164, 166–167, 171, 173, 180–182, 186, 191, 194, 196, 204, 214–215, 219, 222, 225, 228, 231, 234, 240, 244–246, 248, 263–264, 266–268, 276, 278–280, 283–284, 286–288, 356–357, 359, 361, 369–371, 575–576, 379, 383–384, 389, 391, 393, 399–400, 402, 405, 407, 409– 412, 415, 417–418, 421–422, 425, 427–429, 431, 434, 438–439, 441–447, 451–453, 455, 457, 459, 463–465, 467–469, 472–474, 478, 480–483, 485–487, 496–497, 499, 501–503, 505–507, 509, 511, 513–518, 523, 527–530, 532–533, 538–543, 545, 547–550, 562, 566, 568–569, 571, 573–578, 588–592, 596; 21:516, 529–530, 534, 545–546, 551–552, 565–567, 569–570
bone 2:9, 48, 74, 223; 14:421, 427; 19:117; 21:516, 520
bulla 4:214, 216–217, 236; 11:244
canal 4:117
cartilage 11:244
flange 20:25; 21:568–569
lamella of quadrate 4:292, 305–306, 313
lappet 20:42, 144, 149, 154, 162, 166, 173, 180, 185, 191, 194, 214, 217, 221, 238, 244, 248, 282, 288
movements 20:496
muscle 6:232
process 20:12, 263
process of palatine 20:442; 21:570
process of pterygoquadrate 11:12, 32, 41–42, 44–46, 56, 61–62, 74, 76, 78, 96, 106, 115–117, 119, 123, 145, 172, 192, 204, 206–207, 209, 216, 233, 238, 245
process of pterygoquadrate cartilage 20:364
process of sphenoid 11:62
teeth 20:400, 422, 440–441, 450, 459, 468, 472, 474, 482, 529, 548, 576–577; 21:568
tooth row 20:42, 46, 88, 104, 112, 146, 156, 158, 171, 173, 181, 185, 192, 194, 204, 209, 238, 240, 269
vein 11:105
walk 20:497, 588
Pterygoideus 21:513, 562, 565, 568, 572
superficialis 21:566, 613
-tendon aponeurosis 4:132, 139–141, 148, 187, 189–190, 239–240, 248
Pterygo-mandibular joint 4:148
-palatine bulla 4:236
-quadratal process 4:235
Pterygoid-quadrate joint 20:516
Pterygomaxillary ligament 20:400
Pterygoquadrate 11:4, 10, 12, 18, 30, 32, 42, 44–46, 56, 74, 82, 116, 137, 142, 145, 169, 172, 188, 190, 192, 203–204, 207, 214, 226, 237–238
cartilage 20:364
PTH (see Parathyroid hormone)
Ptilopody 14:7
Ptyas 7:277, 389, 393, 502; 8:41, 663, 694; 16:120, 123, 148, 287, 295, 305, 307; 19:146, 231
carinatus 19:166, 213
dhumnades 19:213
dipsas 19:213
ear 2:272
fuscus 19:213
korros 19:128, 213, 236; 20:643
luzonensis 19:153, 213
mucosus 8:41, 663, 694; 19:120, 123, 125, 127, 213, 415–416, 419; 20:643
nigromarginatus 19:214
nose 2:179
thyroid 3:221, 227
urinogenital system 6:30, 81
Ptychoglossus 20:45, 186, 190, 192, 301
festae 20:301
stenolepis 20:193, 301
Ptychophis 15:647
Ptychozoon 7:469; 8:633, 681; 14:28; 16:32, 51, 57, 138, 249; 21:132, 141, 223, 312, 397
dentition 1:162
ear 2:271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:101, 103
eye 2:26
internal relief of gut 6:177, 182, 190
jaw muscles 4:478
kuhli 18:386; 21:84
lionatus 21:7
lymphatics 6:453
Ptyodactylus 7:292–293, 469; 10:203, 228; 12:123; 14:28; 15:7; 16:116; 20:117, 126, 296; 21:141, 166, 338, 361, 397
chondrocranium 1:73–77, 80–81, 83
ear 2:271
eye 2:26, 31
guttatus 21:37
hasselquisti(i) 18:254; 20:296, 306; 21:122, 124
jaw muscles 4:478
Pubic
angle 21:145
apron 21:144–145, 358
cartilage 14:447
symphysis 4:53, 62, 74, 90; 21:144, 358
tubercle 21:142, 144–145, 358, 361
Pubis 1:8, 225; 4:52–55, 65, 70–71, 74, 95–96, 266; 6:336–337, 339, 394–395; 11:384; 14:15621:12–13, 15–16, 34, 136–141, 144–146, 191, 346
rudiment 15:119
Puboischiadic
formaen (see Thyroid fenestra)
ligament 4:52–53, 55, 62, 67–68, 70–71, 74–77, 79; 21:34, 322, 326, 360
plate 4:95
symphysis 21:19
Puboischiofemoralis
externus 21:323
internus 21:323
Puboischiotibialis 5:9; 21:206, 323, 335
Pubotibialis 21:323, 335
Puerto Rican gecko (see Hemidactylus)
Pugnacity (see Irritability)
Pulmonary
alveoli 6:431
arch 5:278, 280, 289–291, 324
arterial pressure 5:285–286, 291, 323–324
arterial resistance 5:281
arterial system 5:309
arterial trees 5:324
artery (arch or aorta) 3:203, 238, 240, 246, 249, 253, 256; 5:57, 245, 276, 278, 281–282, 285–286, 289–290, 305, 309–310, 324–325; 6:429, 431–434, 446; 19:11, 100, 126, 132–135, 138, 149, 154, 162, 165, 169, 329, 348, 378–379, 381, 384–391, 394–398, 400, 405–406, 408, 414, 427–431, 434, 437–440, 443, 445–447, 449–451, 453–454, 457, 460–461, 467, 469, 471
beds 5:276
blood flow 5:247–248, 285, 297, 301, 303–305; 19:323, 333, 449
blood pressure 19:442, 453
bulb 19:112–113
bypass 5:291, 324–325; 13:26; 19:376, 390–391, 439–440
capillary beds 5:277
capillary filtration 19:346–348
circuit 5:7–8, 276–277, 282–283, 286, 289, 291, 316, 323, 326
circulation 13:8, 18–22; 19:63, 389, 397, 431, 435–436, 439–440, 442–443, 451, 453–454, 456, 466, 469, 471
collectors 6:356, 411, 413, 429, 431–434
compartments 13:8
components 5:372
conditions in genera of snakes 19:219–236
design 19:348
diffusing capacity 19:59, 323–324
evaporation 5:374
function 19:297–356
gas exchange (see also Gas exchange) 5:240, 245, 249; 13:30; 19:298–300
gas tension 13:22
groove 19:113
ligament(s) 6:411; 19:39
losses 5:104
lymphatic net 6:429–434
lymphatics 6:322, 326, 357, 429–434
mechanisms 5:365
outflow 19:387
output 19:388
oxygen 5:259, 265; 19:304, 325
oxygen saturation 5:195
pressure 19:440, 442, 453
receptors 19:303–304, 320
research, future directions 19:353
resistance 5:276, 282, 287, 292, 304–306, 324
respiration 19:300
returns 5:278, 280–281
shunts 13:26
surface area 5:228
system 5:387
terminology 19:173–180
tract 5:371–372, 375
trunk 6:321, 330–331, 429; 19:387, 389, 393
valve 19:440, 443
vascular bed 5:286
vascular capacity 5:280–281
vascular resistance 5:8, 277, 304, 310, 316
vasculature 19:453–454
vein 5:245, 341; 6:331, 356, 429, 431; 19:11, 132, 149, 165, 169, 325, 378, 381, 390, 394, 406–410, 414–416, 431, 452–453
venous blood 19:300, 385
venous input 19:388–389
venous return(s) 5:275–277, 281–282, 284–285, 287; 19:387
ventilation 5:231
volume 13:6–9; 19:50, 67
water loss 5:372, 374–375, 378, 380
Pulp cavity 1:141–142, 144–145, 147, 149, 151, 175, 181
Pulpal sinus (see Digital collectors, lymphatic sac)
Pulse generator 5:90
Punishment 7:559
Pupil 2:5, 19–23, 30, 52, 65, 71, 75–76, 83, 89; 10:43–44
Pupillary
margin of iris 2:4, 6, 17, 21–23, 41, 51, 65, 70–71, 75–76
size 5:50
sphincter (see Iris sphincter muscle)
Purine metabolism 15:565
Purines 12:244
Purkinje cell 9:192–193
fibers 19:401–402
Pushups 18:383
Putamen 10:185, 276, 330
Putrefaction 8:6, 665
of food 13:118
Pycnosis 3:209, 309–310; 6:72–73
Pygal
bone (see also Suprapygal bone) 1:312–313, 320–321
plate 4:55
vertebrae 1:267; 21:354, 356–357
Pygopodidae(ids) 5:145; 7:9, 467; 8:489, 500; 9:335, 337–338; 12:99, 472; 15:326, 329; 333, 346, 367, 664, 667–668; 16:31–34, 69, 117, 205, 294, 454; 19:27; 20:116, 129, 360; 21:9, 12, 89
adrenal 3:280, 283
axial muscles 11:357, 380, 385–386
axial skeleton 1:209, 241–242, 246–247, 253, 259–260, 262, 266–267, 269
blood cell morphology 3:76, 78
chondrocranium 11:58, 67, 80, 83–85
dentition 1:163
ear 2:222, 240–244, 266, 271
eye 2:14–15, 20, 26, 29, 42, 83–84, 87–88, 90
histology of gut 6:229, 232, 298
internal relief of gut 6:177
jaw muscles 4:289, 315, 317, 350–351, 368, 370, 374, 402, 415–416, 418, 478
nose 2:120, 127, 132, 139–140, 143
parathyroid 3:255
pituitary 3:135, 145, 151, 154, 168, 193–194
taxonomic literature 2:320
thyroid 3:204–205
urinogenital system 6:26
Pygopodinae 20:126, 130, 133–134, 136, 252–253, 256, 259, 266, 270–272, 306
Pygopus 7:359, 470; 15:327, 329; 16:205, 534; 20:130–132, 134, 136; 21:142
axial muscles 11:357, 378, 382–383, 387–388
axial skeleton 1:242, 253, 259, 266–267, 269
chondrocranium 11:83
dentition 1:163
ear 2:242, 266, 271
eye 2:14, 26
internal relief of gut 6:177, 183
jaw muscles 4:350–351, 353–354, 407, 414, 417, 478
lepidopodus 19:27; 20:130–131, 135, 297, 307
nigriceps 20:130–131, 135, 297, 307
Pygoscelis 5:254
Pyloric
gizzard 8:608
glands 6:227, 229–231, 244, 255–256, 265–268, 270, 282, 301; 8:605
region of stomach 6:165, 179, 182, 191, 199–202, 214, 241, 243–244, 255–256, 265–269, 272, 301, 413–414
Pylorus 3:320–322; 5:254; 6:163, 165, 169–170, 175, 179, 181–182, 186, 191, 218, 220–221, 242–243, 269, 273–274, 279, 350, 413, 419, 446; 14:439; 19:150, 169
Pyramidal system 10:95
Pyramidalis muscle 2:67, 74, 82
Pyramus-et-Thisbetrabic 21:534
Pyranometer 12:283
Pyrhaemocyton
blood cell morphology 3:75, 88
blood cell numbers 3:100, 104
Pyribenzamine 8:473
Pyridine 3:41
Pyriform
cell(s) 6:82, 101
of granulosa 14:57–62, 64, 69
membrane (see Palatal membrane)
recess 4:320; 20:15, 180
Pyrogen test 8:580
Pyroglutamic acid (Pyrrolidonecarbolic acid,
Pyroglutamine) 8:194, 196
Pyronin 3:86; 14:606, 665
Pyrotheria, skull 4:281
Pyroxylin solution 5:99
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids 19:517
Pyruvate 3:18; 5:67, 207; 19:511–512
kinase 5:205, 208
UV 5:67
Pyruvic acid 13:72, 177
Pythocholic acid 8:625; 19:513–514
Python(s) 10:5; 21:556, 596–599, 601
Python (see also Liasis; Morelia) 5:20, 28, 33, 71, 82, 134, 148–149, 157, 164, 169–170, 173, 180, 190; 7:116, 227, 393–395, 498; 8:605, 625, 655, 663, 691; 9:30, 158, 368, 413, 426–427, 434; 10:59, 61–66, 68, 70–71, 73–76, 78, 80, 82–85, 88–90, 92–93, 97, 99–101, 133, 135– 137, 155, 157–159, 169, 172–176, 179–180, 182–187, 190, 192–193, 204, 325; 12:126, 198–202, 465; 13:167, 190; 14:11, 531–532; 15:3–4, 14–15, 26, 117–121, 123, 132, 212, 662, 672; 16:6, 54, 119, 143, 285–286, 289–291, 294, 300–301, 303, 529, 534, 538, 545–546, 568; 17:372–375, 379–382, 385– 388, 392–395, 397–400, 402–404, 406–408, 410–418, 420–426, 428–429, 431–436, 438, 497, 501, 504–507, 509–510, 513, 524, 540, 543, 551–552, 558, 560, 566; 19:98, 111, 160, 187, 234, 428; 20:435–436, 438; 21:499, 501, 512, 515–516, 519, 521–522, 529, 532, 534–535, 564, 568–570, 572–573, 580, 585, 587, 590, 593–594, 603–606
adrenal 3:281, 285
amethistina 20:605
axial muscles 11:357, 400, 407
axial skeleton 1:250, 286–288, 293
blood cell morphology 3:75
blood chemistry 3:3, 33
boeleni 20:605
chondrocranium 11:171–172
curtus 19:187; 20:605
dentition 1:173–175, 177, 179
ear 2:269, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:82, 106
eye 2:50, 52–53, 55–56
histology of gut 6:235, 269
internal relief of gut 6:193, 195–198, 203–204, 209–210, 221
jaw muscles 4:446–448, 481
lymphatics 6:412, 455
molurus 18:460; 19:118, 121, 123, 143, 147, 166, 187, 462, 475; 20:443, 605; 21:602
muscle tissue 11:278, 292, 323, 336
nose 2:120, 122–123, 136
pit organs 2:290–291, 301, 303–305, 308
regius 18:446; 19:187; 20:441, 605
reticulatus 19:51, 81, 118, 154, 160, 187, 382, 384, 413–415, 419, 554, 556, 579; 20:606
sebae 19:146, 152; 20:435–437, 442, 444, 606; 21:602
spilota 20:605
thymus 3:113
thyroid 3:209, 221–222, 224, 227
timorensis 19:187; 20:606
urinogenital system 6:37
Pythonid phylogeny 20:435
Pythonidae 19:33, 64, 116, 151–153, 186, 214, 234; 20:354, 420, 430, 432–433, 435–440, 442–443, 445, 448–450, 452, 456, 458–460, 464–466, 468–469, 472, 474, 476, 480, 482, 491, 538, 570, 591, 595, 604; 21:479, 483, 493, 496, 502, 516, 529–530, 545, 550, 555, 565, 575, 578–579, 582, 588, 590–592, 594, 606
Pythoninae (see also Boidae) 19:513; 20:430, 435, 477
blood chemistry 3:51
chondrocranium 11:175
dentition 1:211, 215
internal relief of gut 6:193
jaw muscles 4:422, 440
taxonomic literature 2:320
Pythonini 20:435
Pythonodipsas 19:225; 20:576
carinata 19:153, 214; 20:634
Pyxicephalus 16:9
Pyxis 7:349, 463
axial skeleton 1:211, 215
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:154
shell 1:329–330
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