Go to Main Index
R0 (see Net reproductive rate)
r (see Instantaneous rate of increase)
r-selection 7:194
r- and K selection (see also Life history traits) 13:242–243, 260–261, 303
R waves 5:89–90, 93
R5020 (see Progesterone)
Rabbit 7:600; 8:103, 244, 356, 359–360, 378–379, 381, 456, 474, 477, 479, 486, 522, 525–526, 631, 633
Rabdion 19:228
forsteni 19:214
Raccoon(s) 7:237; 14:10
Radial
collector (see Dorsal collector of anterior limb)
condyle 21:101–102, 105–110, 113, 116
epicondyle 4:16–18, 25, 33, 36, 38–41, 50
fibers 2:39, 46, 73, 77
fins 2:35, 44, 57–58, 73
lamella 2:22, 52, 75
nerve 2:294; 4:16
styloid process 21:113
tendon of M. pectoralis 4:33, 51, 94
Radiale 1:100; 4:18–20, 32; 15:79–80; 21:25, 111, 115, 117–126, 164, 282, 286–287, 291, 297–298, 318
-centrale 4:19–20, 46–47
Radiant energy
heat receptors (see Pit organs)
solar 12:283, 319–320
thermal 12:167, 232, 283–285, 291–293, 407
Radiation (see Thermal balance)
damage 19:517
Radioactive proline 1:77
Radioactively 19:328
Radioautography 3:47, 128, 224; 8:1
Radiocarbon 13:72
Radiocarpal joint 21:283
Radiographs 16:245
Radiography 1:92–93, 103, 135, 137, 139–141, 165, 185, 205, 271
Radioimmunoassay 17:590
Radioiodine 12:340
Radioiron citrate 5:68–69; 12:340
Radiotelemetry 5:28, 32, 90; 12:96, 117, 132, 135, 143, 493; 13:12; 18:135
Radioulnar
fossa 21:101–102
ligament 21:115, 125
Radius 1:82, 86, 93, 100, 103; 4:16–20, 23, 30, 32–35, 39, 41, 46–48, 51, 58, 92, 94; 15:74, 77, 86; 21:21, 25, 31, 44, 59, 105, 110–116, 118, 124–125, 132, 135, 280, 282–283, 286, 292, 296, 298–299, 302–303
ossification 14:313
-radiale joint 21:10
Rajoid chondrichthyan fishes 20:528
Rami
communicantes 10:3, 8
lienalis 19:536
Ramming 18:193, 426
“Ramphiophis” (see Rhamphiophis)
Ramphotyphlops 15:417, 429–430, 455, 656; 19:125, 140, 182, 235; 20:386, 599
acuticaudus 19:130, 181
affinis 19:181; 20:599
albiceps 19:181
angusticeps 19:181
australis 19:132, 181; 20:599
becki 19:136, 181
bituberculatus 19:181; 20:386, 390, 599
braminus 19:132, 181, 413, 419; 20:369, 388, 390, 599; 21:589
broomi 19:181
centralis 19:181
chamodracaena 19:181
cumingii 19:181
depressus 19:100, 181
diversus 19:181; 20:599
endoterus 19:181
erycinus 19:181
flaviventer (“flaviventris”) 19:100, 181; 20:599
grypus 19:182
guentheri 19:182
hamatus 19:182
leptosomus 19:182; 20:599
ligatus 19:132, 182
lineatus 19:182; 20:369, 371, 373, 390, 599; 21:543, 601, 608
minimus 19:182
multilineatus 19:182
nigrescens 19:192; 20:599
nigroterminatus 19:182
olivaceus 19:182
pinguis 19:182
polygrammicus 19:132, 182, 413, 419; 20:599
proximus 19:132, 182
silvia 19:182
subocularis 21:612
tovelli 19:182
unguirostris 19:182
waitii 19:182
wiedii 19:182
Ramus
accessorius nervi vagi (see Accessory, nerve)
ad labium 4:120–122
ad linguam 4:120–122, 144–145
ad mucosam 4:120–122, 144–145
ad M. intermandibularem oralem 4:120–122, 144–145
alveolaris 4:119–120, 138
alveolaris inferior (see Ramus alveolaris)
basilicus 6:390
cephalicus 6:390
communicans 2:12; 4:226
cutaneus 4:120–122, 144–145, 417, 424
cutaneus externus 4:120–122, 144
cutaneus recurrens 4:120–122, 144
hyomandibularis nervi facialis 4:166
intermandibularis caudalis 4:120–124, 143–145
intermandibularis medius 4:120–124, 144–145
intermandibularis oralis 4:120–124, 144–145
intramaxillaris (see Ramus alveolaris)
lateralis nasi of ethmoidal nerve 2:176
mandibularis nervi trigemini 4:103, 115, 120, 134, 136–138, 142, 144–145, 229, 241, 285–287, 303, 306–307, 319, 325, 345–346, 354, 364–365, 367, 369, 371, 378, 380–381, 390–391, 395–396, 402, 406–407, 411, 417, 424–425, 437–348, 443, 462, 468–469
maxillaris nervi trigemini 4:114–115, 120–122, 130, 137–138, 142, 144, 285–286, 295, 298, 302–304, 307, 323, 333–334, 345–346, 354, 357, 366–367, 369, 371–372, 376, 378, 380–381, 390–391, 396–396, 400–401, 403–404, 406, 410–411, 416, 424, 431, 434, 437–438, 444–445, 460, 466
ophthalmicus nervi trigemini 4:119, 229, 286, 320, 326, 385
paralingualis 4:122, 144–145
ventralis of cervical nerve 4:162, 173–175
Rana 5:342–344, 358; 8:2, 377, 458, 462, 464, 616; 10:78–79, 95, 173, 220, 278, 280–281; 13:127, 180; 14:7, 616; 16:9, 214; 17:13, 566, 568, 675; 19:21, 324, 568
blood cell morphology 3:86
catesbeiana 19:316
chromosomes 15:497
clamitans 18:485
clonal reproduction 15:414, 493, 495, 505
effect of temperature on sex 15:282
eye 2:35, 86
histology of gut 6:252
hypophysectomy 15:282
limb regeneration 15:362, 390
muscle tissue 11:273, 285, 287–290, 292, 298, 300–310, 312–314, 338
sylvatica 18:486
thyroidectomy 15:282
triploid species 15:507
urinogenital system 6:22, 45
Rankinia
adelaidensis 21:398
chapmani 21:398
diemensis 21:400
Raphe 17:612, 633, 651
Rat (see also Rattus) 7:241–242, 560, 600, 620, 622–623, 631; 8:104, 439, 452, 455–457, 464, 466, 468, 473, 480, 487, 504–505, 518, 522–523, 525, 590, 593, 633; 9:156; 10:93, 95, 276; 12:401–402
Rate
constants 11:314
controller 12:214–215, 217
of tooth replacement 1:141, 154, 167
-temperature curve 5:29–30
Rates, birth and death (see Life history traits)
Rathke’s gland 18:191–192, 195
Rathke’s pouch 3:159–161; 14:128, 400–401, 420, 515
Ratites 14:7
Rattlesnake(s) (see also Crotalus; Sistrurus) 8:96, 98, 348–349; 12:251
antipredator mechanisms 16:45–48, 69, 130, 214
evolution of rattle 16:46–48, 59, 214
mimicry of 16:197, 199
uses of rattle 16:46–48
Rattus (see also Rat)
blood chemistry 3:23, 32
muscle tissue 11:285, 301, 306, 318
norvegicus 19:51, 53, 58
urinogenital system 6:32, 45, 80, 118
Ravetto, method 8:48
Razi Institute 8:561
Re-acclimation 5:31
Reactive movements 12:142
Real-time 5:90
Rear maxillary fang 20:575
Rear-fanged 20:488, 534, 547
Reassuring limb contact 5:41
Recapitulation 15:367
Receptive field 9:409; 10:298–299, 301, 312, 316; 17:84–96, 149, 152, 154, 205, 280, 298, 344, 380, 402, 423, 426–429, 432–434
Receptivity (see Sexual, female behavior,
receptivity)
Receptor 18:54
alpha adrenergic 10:31–32, 37; 18:317–319, 344–345
beta adrenergic 10:18, 29, 31–32, 37, 40; 18:317–319, 344–345, 347
D1 17:157
D2 17:157–158
delta 17:612, 622
estrogen 18:33, 36–37, 41–43, 54
infrared 17:368, 370
joint 17:454, 486–487
mu 17:616, 622
muscarinic 10:25, 43–44
muscarinic binding 18:446
nicotinic 10:44
potential (see also Generator potential) 11:330
progesterone 18:35
testosterone 18:37
Recess
in nasal bone for olfactory process of frontal 20:405
of nasopharyngeal duct 2:105–107, 113
Recessus
cavi tympani 2:230–232; 11:215, 219, 226
inferior (see Ventral recess)
intraconchale (see Subconchal recess)
medialis (see Dorsal recess)
oticus externus 4:204, 210, 213, 216, 218, 233, 244, 266, 277
piriformis 3:113
scalae tympani 2:197, 202–203, 220, 222, 226–227, 230–231, 233, 242, 244, 246–247, 251–252, 255–256, 259, 261; 9:16; 11:26– 29, 45, 55, 57, 66–67, 69, 76, 99, 105, 112, 121, 138, 140, 145–146, 159, 168, 173–174, 195, 197, 204, 213–214, 222, 226, 233, 238, 241; 20:9, 11, 28, 32, 34, 112, 115–116, 126, 135, 156, 164, 183, 186, 195, 231, 246, 249, 255, 270–271, 390, 416, 439, 485; 21:485–486, 493
superior (see Dorsal recess)
superior anterior (see Dorsal recess)
superior posterior (see Olfactory region)
supracribosus 9:10
Reciprocal relationship 10:318
Recognition
individual 18:468
kinship 18:474
mate 18:424
sexual 18:468
Recombination 15:480, 504, 507
Recording
bioelectric 5:84, 86
equipment and accessories 5:89
Recovery from activity 5:187
Rectal
collectors 6:424
intubation 5:47
plexus 6:406
salt glands 5:413–414, 439
temperature 5:51
Recto-urethral sinus 6:338, 437
Rectum 6:88, 93, 175, 209, 277, 332, 338, 344, 346, 349, 407, 421–422, 424–425, 437
Rectus
abdominis 21:61, 267, 269
abdominis muscle 6:334
capitis ventralis 21:490, 492, 499
superficialis 18:165
Recurved teeth 1:124, 152, 163, 166, 168–171, 173, 179, 186, 191, 193
Red blood cell(s) (see also Erythrocytes) 2:282; 5:255, 266; 14:162
organic phosphates 5:251
Red rod 2:84
Reducing substance 3:19 5-α Reductase 18:92
Reduction 8:226
of eye 2:83–84, 87, 89
of inner ear 2:235
of limbs 1:204, 240, 253, 265–266, 271, 281
of middle ear 2:223, 242
of nasal apparatus 2:128, 133, 135–136, 142, 159
of numbers of vertebrae 1:204
of semicircular canals 2:226
of shell 1:328
Reed-Muench method 8:581
Reference venom 8:571, 573, 581
Reflectance (see Temperature regulation, color
change)
Reflecting platelets 18:305–307
Reflex intersegmental 10:96
Reflexes, embryonic 14:195
Refractory
period 13:100, 208, 213–214, 217, 220–221
zone 12:218
Refringent body (see also Paraboloid) 2:60, 85–86, 90–91
Regaud’s fluid 3:279, 282–283, 285, 287, 299, 301; 6:226, 252
Regeneration (see also Caudal regeneration) 14:3, 14, 530, 537, 567; 19:491, 493, 568
and hyperinnervation 15:363, 389, 391
and nutrition 15:382
antler 15:303
capacity 15:374–382, 384–388, 393
carapace 15:394
caudal 15:350–386
definition of 15:303
embryonic 15:384–386
in fossil reptiles 15:394
integumentary appendages 14:571
jaw 15:303, 392
lens 15:392
limb(s) 14:558; 15:303, 362–363, 386–392
of limbs 3:259
of nerves 15:367
of shell 1:323
of the tail 13:233, 299
partial 15:387
physiological 14:551
role of nerves 15:350, 360–365, 378, 389–391
scutes 15:394
tail 14:558, 563, 571, 583; 15:350–386
territories 15:373
testudinine shell 15:303, 393–394
Regenerative membrane 11:284
Regina 7:204, 222, 502; 12:129, 346, 359, 426–427; 13:308; 15:568, 652; 16:8, 21, 120, 148, 483, 519; 19:234; 20:554, 572
alleni 19:214; 20:648
blood chemistry 3:5, 49
grahami(i) 19:214; 20:648
regida 19:214; 20:648
septemvittata 18:270; 19:214; 20:648
Regional
development 9:177
heterothermy 12:179–189, 187, 192–193, 197–199, 248
Regression
calculations 5:152, 156
equations 5:137, 140, 154, 159, 163; 14:394–395
line 5:137, 157, 174, 260
Regulation 5:12
Regulator
-effector systems 12 :216
functions 5:13
Regulatory capacities 5:128
systems 5:498
Regurgitation 8:591, 593, 647
Rehydration 5:400, 474
Reinforcement
air 7:619
conditioned 7:615
continuous 7:615–616
delayed induced illness 7:588–589
escape 7:590, 595–596, 604, 609–610, 620
fixed interval 7:616
fixed ratio 7:616
food 7:566–567, 576–577, 585, 587, 601, 603, 607–608, 611, 613, 618–623, 626–629, 631, 633, 636, 641, 646–648, 652–653, 655–657, 659–661
mechanical 7:573, 580
shock 7:575–576, 580–586, 592–593, 603, 641, 654–655, 660
temperature 7:567–568, 604–607, 623–624, 630, 637, 663
variable interval 7:616
variable ratio 7:616
vibration 7:594
water 7:605, 607–608, 610, 624–627, 633, 654
Reissner’s fiber 9:246
and autotomy 15:324
regeneration 15:360
Rejection behavior 18:24–25, 28
Relative
alkalinity 5:340–341, 344, 349–350, 353, 355–356, 359–360
clutch mass (see Life history methods; Life
history traits)
humidity 16:558–559, 586
minute ventilation 5:352
ventilation 5:348–349
Relaxation times 11:268, 285, 288
Release call (see also Sexual, female behavior) 18:48
releasing mechanism 18:425
releasing stimuli 18:73
Releasers
definition 7:406
mechanisms in reptiles
auditory 7:419–420
color 7:406–409
designs for study 7:434–435
olfactory (see Pheromones)
tactile 7:420–424, 434
visual (see also Display) 7:406–417, 433,
use of head 7:416
Releasing mechanisms (see Releasers, mechanisms)
Relic populations 15:441
Remodelling of bone 1:45–80
Renal
advehentes (see Renal portal system)
arteriole 6:29–30
artery 3:273; 6:29–31, 113
beds 5:323
calculi 5:483
collectors 6:346, 434
effects 5:451, 461
excretion 5:10, 382, 385, 394, 489
failure 8:508–509; 19:521
function 5:413, 423, 447, 450–452, 455, 459, 461, 470–471, 480, 492, 498; 8:440; 12:325
mechanisms 5:482
parenchyma 6:453, 455
pelvis 6:21
portal system 5:69, 100; 6:30–31, 352, 448, 450, 453–455; 14:147, 149
portal vein 3:274
pyramid 6:21
sex segment 18:53, 155, 157, 495
secretion 18:158
studies 5:42
tubular cell carcinoma 19:523
tubule(s) (see also Uriniferous tubule) 5:11, 385, 389–390, 401, 448–450, 465, 468, 470–471, 475, 478, 481–483, 486, 490, 494, 496; 17:595
vein 6:29–31, 434
Reniform process 11:109
Renin 8:527
-angiotensin system 5:394; 12:244
Renules 6:27
Reoxygenation 5:262
Repellant 18:118, 120, 123
Reperfusion 19:465
Repetitive variants 1:316–317, 325
Replacement
cells 8:68, 125
fangs 20:497, 499, 501, 503, 533
osteone (see Secondary osteone)
teeth 1:120, 129–130, 134, 136–139, 141–145, 147, 150, 164–169, 171–173, 176–177, 184–186, 189–191, 193
Repolarization pathway 5:93
Reporting temperatures 5:31
Reproduction (see also Hibernation and reproduction;
Eggs; Embryos; Life history
methods; Life history traits; Nests; Parental
care) 5:35; 12:27, 29–30, 144–145, 222, 230–232, 237, 241, 251–252, 286, 302, 306, 340, 431; 13:75, 78, 234–235, 246–248, 276, 295, 303; 18:158, 171, 177; 19:298, 455, 512
activity 18:140, 145, 171, 187
ages 16:353–356, 443
and for fat reserves 15:347
and tail loss 15:347
annual cycle 18:261, 267
atretic follicles 16:360
behavior 18:39, 57, 119, 139, 140, 143, 146–147, 170, 178, 467
brooding 18:181, 189–190, 204
maternal care 18:356
biennial 7:187, 225–226
caudal autotomy 16:250, 264–266
coloration 18:364
condition 18:181, 188, 344, 361–370
constraints, male preference 18:10
constraints, sexual selection 18:10
corpora lutea 16:359–361, 365–366
cost of 15:614–615
costs and benefits 16:398, 419
cues 18:140
effects on defensive mechanisms 16:21
energy requirements 15:347, 365
environmental effects 16:400, 402–403, 419
fertilization 16:312–313, 315
gonadal cycles 16:356–360, 395, 399–400, 418–419
investment 18:157
isolating mechanism 18:185, 188, 394
levels of complexity 18:10–11
maturity criteria 16:354–356
migration 16:401
mode (see Life history traits, mode of reproduction)
non-breeding season 18:131, 133
ovulation 16:359
parental care 16:303–305, 309–310
paternity 16:312
periodicity 16:367–368
physiology 18:158
refractoriness 18:157
reproductive isolation 18:331, 340, 383–384, 394, 397, 399
reproductive pattern
associated 18:14–15, 29, 55
constant 18:14–15, 29, 31
dissociated 18:14–15, 28–30, 55, 75, 82, 88, 93–97
reproductive success 18:28
secondary sex characters 16:354–356
senescence 16:353, 356, 498
stimuli
climatic 18:11
physical 18:11
social 18:11
synchrony 16:412
triennial 7:187, 225–226
Reproductive
behavior 14:199, 343
bimodality 15:633, 660–661
changes 5:36
conditions 5:9
cycle(s) (see also Reproduction) 12:222, 307; 13:93, 201–222; 14:9, 11, 21, 209, 336–349; 15:3, 37, 41–46, 50–52, 462
amphisbaenians 13:206
biennial 15:39
crocodilians 13:205–206, 209
endocrine and neural mechanisms 13:216– 222
endogenous rhythms 13:213–216
environmental factors 13:202, 207, 213
lizards 13:202–204, 207–208, 213–214, 216–217
snakes 13:204–205, 208–209
tropical vs. temperate zone forms 13:202– 206, 210–211, 213
tuatara 13:206
turtles 13:205, 209
effort 13:233, 235, 241–244, 248, 255–261
frequency 15:673, 677
isolation 15:511
patterns 5:12
period 5:36
physiology 5:39
strategies 5:12
Reptilase 8:333, 494–495
Reptile(s) 12:8, 10, 170, 228, 233–234, 239, 246, 251, 295, 307, 325, 340, 353, 385, 398–399, 466, 493; 13:129, 155–156, 159, 162, 182, 274–275
adaptation 18:17
as “higher vertebrates” 18:17
as model systems 18:8–10
captive breeding programs 18:10–11
cladistic schemes 18:9
cleidoic egg 18:17
costs 18:10–12
diversity 18:17
evolution, emergence onto land 18:18
mammal-like 18:425
model systems 18:4
multiple disparate conditions 18:9
patterns of change 18:17
practical benefits 18:10–12
reintroduction into the wild 18:10
use in behavior neuroscience 18:17–18
why study? 18:8–10
Reptilia 7:12–13, 15, 29–30
ancestry of living 1:3–11
definition 1:37–39
early environment 1:35–37
Lower Permian and Carboniferous 1:11–18
Middle and Upper Permian 1:10–11
origin 1:1–44
Reptilian
brain 18:17–18
nonmammalian brain 18:18
triune brain 18:17–18
grade 5:13
function 5:19
niche
and age structure 7:120
and generation time 7:120
and individual growth 7:120
and metabolism 7:115–117
and moisture sensitivity 7:117–118
and reproductive behavior 7:119–120
and sterotype 7:119
and temperature sensitivity 7:117
and trophic level 7:118–119
system 5:2
Reptiliomorph amphibians 19:68
Research
grade material 5:20
interdisciplinary approach 18:5
laboratory versus field 18:5
strategies 18:3–5
Resegmentation 15:311
Reserpine 10:250
Residual bodies 6:80
reproductive bodies 13:243
Resins 5:60
epoxy 5:99
Resistance 11:284, 287, 289; 19:323, 347, 352, 389, 436, 470
change 10:33
mechanical 19:17, 65
pulmonary vascular 19:456–458
to change 19:49
to duffusion 19:58, 323
to gas transfer 19:70
vascular 19:389, 392, 397–398, 440–444
Resonance 18:231, 272
experiments 18:271
Resorption
canals 1:46–47
cavity 1:164–165, 168
of bone 1:46, 101
of teeth 1:129, 132–133, 135–136, 139, 146–148, 158, 163, 168, 171, 173, 186, 190, 193
pit 1:136–137, 150, 167, 169
Resorptive surface 1:56
Resource overlap 7:39–40
partitioning 7:68–70, 85–87
among lizards 7:68–70, 85–86
among snakes 7:70, 86
among turtles 7:68, 86
utilization and competition 7:61–62, 73
Respiration (see also Ventilation) 1:311; 5:225, 228, 236, 238, 255, 266, 303, 305–306, 353, 365, 372, 378; 13:236
anaerobic 6:293
chorio-allantoic-pulmonary transition 14:362
cutaneous 14:527
embryonic 14:121, 169, 199, 221, 236–240, 315
Respiratory
adaptations 5:318, 335
arrest 5:52
arrhythmias 5:90
capillary net 19:12
chamber (see Vestibulum)
circulation 19:375
circuit 5:277
cycle 5:229, 231, 238, 247, 297, 304–305
cytochromes 19:497
depression 5:51
disturbance 8:449–451, 477, 480–481
enzymes 8:516
epithelium 2:108, 110, 112, 118, 131, 133, 135, 151, 154–156, 158–160, 164, 180, 182; 5:225; 6:432; 19:24, 28, 116, 147
evaporation 5:375, 379, 401, 407, 451, 456
exchange ratio 5:247; 19:344
gases 5:66, 277, 365
gases and embryos
factors influencing exchange 16:532–535, 558–559, 573–575
Fick equation 16:573
interactions 16:578
mechanistic models 16:573
metabolism 16:575–576, 581
nests (see Nests)
physiological effects 16:527, 577, 586
pores 16:528
soils 16:575
thermal dependence 16:577
-heart rate response 5:248, 303
measurements 5:228
metabolism 5:172
movements 4:4, 13, 182
muscle(s) 5:85, 229, 232–235; 19:306, 311
neuron 19:312
parenchymal layer 19:18, 55
pigments 5:3
properties of blood 5:226, 250, 254, 264–266
pump 5:284, 286, 291
quotient (RQ) 5:74, 79, 103, 129, 169, 172; 13:246
rate 5:229, 296, 378; 12:446–447, 472
receptors 5:358
response 5:243, 245
state 5:280, 288, 296, 303–304, 306
surface area 19:13, 49, 52–55, 57, 60, 323
surfaces 19:65, 70
system, development 14:436
system, lymphatics of 6:428–434
tracts 5:48, 370, 377
water loss 12:290–291, 325, 384, 445–449, 469, 472
Respirometer response 5:176
Respirometry 5:71
Respondent conditioning 7:558, 560, 562, 578–589
apparatus for 7:586
comparisons among vertebrates 7:589
definition of 7:558–559
for determining dark adaptation 7:581
for determining sensory abilities 7:581–582
“free animals” 7:582–585
in Sauria 7:585–587
in Serpentes 7:587–589
in Testudines 7:579–585
problem in using 7:560
secured animals 7:579–582
Response time
effect of reward 7:622, 629
waning 7:572–573
vs. motor fatigue 7:572
vs. sensory adaptation 7:573
Resting
animals 5:129, 151, 186, 210, 298, 319
heart rate 5:298, 300, 303
lizards 5:138–139, 294, 298
lung volume 5:228
metabolic rate 5:156, 158, 161, 169, 176, 179, 198, 208, 209
metabolism (see Aerobic metabolism, maintenance
levels)
oxygen 5:227, 250
potential 11:286
reptiles 5:90, 130–136, 151–152, 157, 172, 177, 180, 184, 250
ventilation 5:230
Restlessness 8:439
Restraint 5:39, 43, 360
Restraining reptiles 5:40–42
Restriction enzymes 15:440
Restrictor aperturae internae 21:489
Restus 20:209–210
rugosus 20:302
Rete
canal 6:49
cords 6:50–53, 69–70; 14:441; 15:155–156, 165, 171–172, 174
lamina 6:52
mirabile 2:75
ovarii 6:50, 52; 15:158, 163
testis 6:50, 65, 67, 70; 15:158, 160, 162, 173
tubules (see Rete cords)
Retention of sperm in oviduct 6:94–96
Reticular
formation 10:65, 122, 133, 167, 172, 181, 183, 193, 210, 224, 236, 327; 12:220, 242, 247, 255–257; 17:257, 262, 273, 325, 332, 333, 409, 422, 438, 529, 536, 546, 550, 552, 558, 610, 621, 664
ascending 10:185
lateral 10:180, 183
magnocellular 10:91, 192
mesencephalic 10:91, 192, 233; 17:262
paramedian pontine 17:334
rhombencephalic 10:91, 128, 192, 213
tissue 19:541, 567, 569
zone of adrenal cortex 3:295
Reticulin 19:548–551, 553–554, 556, 559, 562, 565
Reticulocytes 3:32, 45
Reticulocytosis 3:38; 8:488
Reticulo-endothelial system 3:74; 19:544, 577
Retina 2:1,3–6, 16, 18, 24–25, 32–48, 51, 53–63, 65–66, 72–73, 76–79, 84–86, 88, 90–92; 10:174, 289, 291; 11:17, 24, 143, 179; 14:495; 17:342; 18:325, 328
afferent 17:317–318
arbors 17:303
cones 18:325–327
oil droplets 18:325–328
rods 18:325
ganglion cell 17:293, 309, 692
Retinal
ganglion cell 10:289–290
structure 20:522
veins 2:53
Retinohypothalmic fiber 9:390
pathway (RH) (tract) 18:247
Retinotectal projection 10:289
Retinotropic organization 10:300
Retracted nares 20:196, 218
Retraction
of the forelimb 4:5, 8–9, 13, 16, 20, 30–31, 33–34
of the head 4:163
of the hindlimb 4:55, 67, 70, 72, 74–75, 78–79, 88, 95–96
of the jaw 4:126–127, 146, 148–149, 186
Retractor
bulbi 21:518, 552
bulbi muscle 2:7–9, 11–12, 14, 49, 63, 67, 74, 81–82, 87; 9:11
maxilla 21:508, 567
palatini 21:513
pit 20:246, 248
pterygoidei muscle 2:49
pterygoideus 21:530, 553
vomeris 21:513, 530, 553
Retraherence (see Hibernation)
Retroarticular
aponeurosis (see Pterygoideus-tendon aponeurosis)
process 1:93, 106; 2:195–196, 198, 224; 4:139, 182, 184, 186, 203–205, 210–211, 213, 215–219, 221, 239–240, 247–248, 251, 254, 258, 266, 279, 287, 309, 319, 335, 343, 359, 361, 392, 394, 419–420, 439–440; 11:45–46, 57, 137, 147–148, 151, 170, 218, 231, 233, 239; 20:8, 37, 47, 74–75, 90–91, 103–104, 115–116, 128, 130, 136–137, 149–150, 157–158, 165–166, 173–174, 184, 186, 194–196, 198, 208–209, 216, 218, 224, 226, 233, 235, 239, 241, 247, 249, 357, 377–379, 383, 385, 389, 400–401, 412–413, 417–418, 423, 460, 481, 487, 502, 505, 507, 519, 530, 541, 543, 562, 566, 569, 580, 592; 21:453, 611–613
Retrobulbar formation 10:309; 18:443
Retrocardiac sinus 6:355
Retrohypophyseal vein 3:165
Retromandibular sinus 6:321
Retroorbital space 3:3; 5:61
Reunient duct 2:204, 209, 217, 234, 238–239, 242, 246–250, 252, 256, 260
Reverse acceptor control 8:515
Review articles 8:163
Reward 7:559
Reynolds number 12:281–282; 19:436
Rhabderemias 16:141
Rhabdophis (see also other natricines) 7:207, 215, 217–218, 220, 224–225, 502; 8:41, 94, 694; 14:653; 16:52, 148, 231, 287, 304–305, 307; 17:605; 18:122; 19:104, 233, 236; 21:497
auriculatus 19:153, 214
barbouri 19:214
callichromus 19:214
celebicus (see also Amphiesma) 19:214
ceylonensis 20:646
chrysargoides 19:153, 214
chrysargus 19:153, 214
conspicillatus 19:199 (as Amphiesma), 214
himalayanus 19:214
lineatus 19:153, 214
murudensis 19:214
nigrocinctus 19:214
nuchalis 19:214
sarasinora (see also Amphiesma) 19:214
spilogaster 19:214
stolata 20:646
subminiata(us) 8:41; 19:151, 153, 214; 20:648
swinhonis 19:214
tigrina(us)(um) 8:41, 94; 18:47, 122; 19:115, 164, 214; 20:648
Rhabdops 16:148; 19:150, 214, 233; 21:542
bicolor 19:214; 21:541
olivaceus 19:214
Rhachidelus 19:226
brazili 19:166, 214
Rhachitomi, origin and evolution 1:11, 23, 27, 35–36, 38
Rhacodactylus 15:630, 662; 20:124, 296, 669; 19:25
axial skeleton 1:244, 259
dentition 1:162
eye 2:26
leachianus 19:12, 15–16, 44, 47, 79, 355
Rhadinaea 7:277; 16:148, 205, 259; 19:229
calligaster 19:214
decorata 19:214; 20:651
dentition 1:177
ear 2:272
flavilata 19:214
gaigeae 19:214
godmani 19:214
guentheri 20:651
hempsteadi 20:651
jaw muscles 4:449, 481
kinkelini 19:214
lachrymans 20:651
laureata 19:214
merremii 20:654
montechristi 19:214
occipitalis 20:651
poecilopogon 20:651
taeniata 19:214; 20:651
vermiculaticeps 20:651
Rhadinea (see Rhadinaea)
Rhadinophanes 19:229
monticola 19:153, 214; 20:651
Rhagiochrome cells 3:303
Rhamnophis 19:146, 232; 20:578
aethiopissa 19:214; 20:643
Rhamphiophis 7:502; 8:663; 16:120, 148, 197; 19:226
acutus 19:214; 20:646
oxyrhynchus 19:214; 20:558, 646
rostratus 20:558, 646
rubropunctatus 19:153, 214
Rhampholeon 7:471; 8:679; 15:492, 503, 514; 20:46, 105–106, 108, 110–111, 113–114, 295
brachyurus 20:110, 114, 295
chondrocranium 11:95–96, 99–101
ear 2:223, 271
kersteni 20:106, 108–110, 114, 295, 306
nchisiensis 20:108, 295
nose 2:119, 142
platyceps 20:108, 295
spectrum 20:106, 108–109, 112–113, 115, 295, 306
Rhamphorhynchoidea 9:85, 87–88
dentition 1:189
Rhamphorhynchus, eye 2:80
Rhamphrophis 8:83, 85–86, 90–91
Rhamphotyphlops 16:121, 151, 288
Rheodytes 13:39; 14:80, 177
leukops 18:315
Rheumatic fever 14:623
Rhinencephalon 10:308
Rhineura 8:690; 10:204; 12:125, 460; 15:625; 16:114, 136; 19:557; 21:140, 624, 633–635, 676, 678–679, 683, 685, 689, 695, 699, 706
amblyceps 21:683–684
attenuatus 21:683
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:209, 271–273, 275–278
blood chemistry 3:28
chondrocranium 11:126, 132, 135
ear 2:225, 268, 271
eye 2:24–25
floridana 21:626, 634, 679–680, 682–684, 707, 732
hatcheri 21:623, 626–627, 632, 683–684
hibbardi 21:683–684
marslandensis 21:683–684
minuata 21:685
minutus 21:626, 685
muscle tissue 11:283, 336
nose 2:120, 122, 127, 140, 143
sepultura 21:683–684
steinbergi 21:626, 683–684
wilsoni 21:683, 685
Rhineuridae 8:689–690; 15:337; 16:114, 136; 21:624, 676, 679, 729
chondrocranium 11:126
Rhineurinae 21:624, 676, 687
Rhineuroidea 21:624
Rhinobothryum 19:229
bovallii 19:214
lentiginosum 19:214
Rhinocheilus 7:227, 502; 12:129; 16:14, 120, 122, 148, 230; 19:232
blood chemistry 3:5, 10, 51
ear 2:272
eye 2:63
lecontei 19:143, 145, 214; 20:552–554, 643
Rhinoclemmys 7:463; 14:78–79, 85, 89, 107, 120, 171, 180, 187, 190–191, 212, 215–216, 220–221, 230; 16:112, 135, 202, 341, 391, 409, 412, 437
limbs 4:4, 70
pulcherrima incisa 18:467
Rhinoderma, mooth brooding 15:529
Rhinokinesis 20:394, 501, 559
Rhinokinetic joint 20:436, 490, 554
Rhinoleptus 19:218
koniagui 19:185
Rhinophis 7:498; 8:695; 16:122, 151; 19:96, 186, 218; 20:403, 411, 601; 21:549, 590–591
axial skeleton 1:289, 291–292, 296
blythii 19:186; 20:601
chondrocranium 11:178–180, 182–183, 202
dentition 1:179
drummondhayi 19:186; 20:601
ear 2:227, 268, 271
eye 2:50–51, 54
homolepis 19:186
internal relief of gut 6:209
jaw muscles 4:480
melanogaster 20:602
muscle tissue 11:283, 336
nose 2:120, 126, 179, 182
oxyrhynchus 19:159, 186
philippinus 19:152, 186; 20:602
sanguineus 20:402, 404–405, 602
trevelyanus 19:186
Rhinoplocephalini 19:222
Rhinoplocephalus 8:25; 15:654; 19:198, 222
bicolor 8:25; 19:198
boschmai 19:198
gouldii 19:131
nigrescens 19:166, 198
nigrostriatus 19:152, 198
pallidiceps 19:198
Rhinotyphlops 16:39, 151, 288; 19:132, 147, 182, 235
acutus 19:100, 182, 413–414 (as Typhlops), 419
anomalus 19:182
ataeniatus 19:182
boylei 19:182
crossii 19:182
debilis 19:182
gracilis 19:182
graueri 19:182
kibarae 19:182
lalandei 19:182; 20:387, 599
lumbriciformis 19:182
newtoni 19:182
pallidus 19:138, 182
praeocularis 19:139, 182
rufescens 19:182
schinzi 19:182
schlegelii 19:122, 129, 131–132, 140, 182; 20:386, 394, 599
scorteccii 19:182
simoni 19:182
somalicus 19:182
stejnegeri 19:182
sudanensis 19:182
unitaeniatus 19:182
Rhipeosaurus, origin and evolution 1:11
Rhipidistia, origin and evolution 1:20, 25, 30
Rhodesia 2:324
Rhodona, ear 2:271
Rhodopsin 2:45, 61, 72, 76, 84, 90–91; 17:6
Rhodospirillum 8:292
Rhombencephalon (see also Hindbrain) 9:16, 173–174, 183–184, 186, 191, 196, 221, 236–237, 240; 10:133, 139, 141, 147, 149, 151, 155, 157, 161, 163, 170, 173, 176, 179, 181, 192–193, 201, 223–224, 227, 232, 240; 14:128, 133; 15:14; 17:296, 498, 501, 506, 524, 528, 531
Rhomboidal sinus 4:224–225, 257
Rhoptropus 16:116
afer 12:123–124; 20:306; 21:396
boultoni 7:292
eye 2:22, 30
Rhynchocalamus 16:231; 19:230
melanocephalus 19:214
satunini 19:153, 214
Rhynchocephalia (see also Sphenodon; Tuatara) 5:2, 54, 135, 151–152, 209, 365, 369, 377, 383, 436, 451, 454, 457, 467–468, 475, 479, 481, 487–490; 7:6, 240–242, 399–400, 456, 571, 609; 8:589, 676–677; 9:9, 19, 22, 57, 66, 75, 248, 252, 283, 296, 370, 372; 10:134, 203; 14:10, 17, 27, 48, 495, 537, 603–604, 693– 694, 712; 15:3, 48, 334, 339–341; 19:21, 66, 379, 387, 390, 579; 20:1, 4, 14, 54, 64–65, 71, 250–252, 254, 258, 260, 262, 264, 269–270, 272–275, 277, 280, 285, 287; 21:9, 10
adrenal 3:269, 275
axial muscles 11:356, 376–380, 425, 427, 429
axial skeleton 1:204–205, 234–240, 243–245, 254, 301
blood cell morphology 3:76, 83
cardiac structure 19:405–406
chondrocranium 11:114–125, 192
dentition 1:152–153
ear 2:229–230, 236–237, 265, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:104–106
eye 2:63–66, 87, 90
histology of gut 6:227–229, 273
internal relief of gut 6:175–177
jaw muscles 4:285–313, 422, 467, 476–477
lung evolution 19:69–70
lymphatics 6:453
nose 2:103, 116–119, 170–171
origin and evolution 1:1–5, 7, 10, 39
parathyroid 3:245–248
pituitary 3:136, 140, 166, 193
spleen 19:550
thyroid 3:210, 227
urinogenital system 6:15, 66
Rhynchoedura 7:20; 12:123; 21:398
Rhynchoelaps 8:25–26
approximans 8:25
campbelli 8:25
ear 2:272
roperi 8:25
Rhynchophis 19:231
Rhynchosauridae 15:339
dentition 1:120, 127, 153
origin and evolution 1:2, 5
Rhythm generators 19:312, 314
of tooth replacement 1:137–138, 166
Rhythmic processes 5:34
Rhythmicity of discharge 2:287, 292, 309
Rhythms (see Cycles)
Rib(s) 1:10, 30, 32, 201–311, 313–314, 322–324, 328, 332, 337; 4:13, 52, 71, 251, 426; 5:62; 6:355, 361, 397, 454; 11:240, 355–356, 358–361, 366, 370–371, 375, 378–380, 382–384, 386–387, 390–391, 393–394, 400, 402, 405, 407–414, 417, 421, 423, 428, 430–431; 19:32, 38, 46, 67, 150, 155; 20:584, 586; 20:584, 586; 21:30, 59, 61, 69, 218, 236
development 14:154, 294, 405, 435, 514
facet 11:37
numbers of (see also Anteroventral process of
rib; Intercostal segment of rib; Intermediate
segment of rib; Posterodorsal process
of rib; Sternocostal segment of rib; Vertebrocostal
segment of rib) 1:260–262
relation to carapace 14:151–152, 156–157
single headed 14:495
Riboflavin 3:3, 33
Ribonuclease (see Endonuclease)
Ribonucleic acid (see RNA)
Ribonuclear protein 6:263
Ribonucleins 3:295
Ribonucleoprotein 8:83
Ribosome(s) 2:33; 3:121–122, 125, 318, 327; 6:48, 75, 79, 111, 241, 263–264, 284, 289; 14:61; 19:498–499, 503
apical ridge cell 15:65
crystalization 14:43, 66–69
somatic cell 15:68
synthesis 14:68
testicular cell 15:157
Rictal
fold 4:295, 329, 397, 432; 21:614
plate 4:293, 295–296, 387, 409, 415
Rictis oris 18:180
Riechfeld (see Nasal placode)
Riechgrübchen (see Nasal pit)
Riechgrube (see Nasal pit)
Riechplakode (see Nasal placode)
Riechplatte (see Nasal placode)
Right atrium 3:112
bulboventricular sulcus 19:410
Righting reflex 5:50
Rima glottidis 4:179–180, 193
Rimorphin 17:635
Ringer’s solution 5:54
Ringvein 2:6, 51, 53, 90
Ringwulst (see Annular pad)
Riopa 7:263
axial skeleton 1:251, 270
bowringi 20:146, 298
ear 2:271
guentheri 19:418
jaw muscles 4:478
RISA 5:69
Ristella 9:339; 21:400
Ritualization, definition 7:446
Ritualized behavior, evolution 7:446–447
Rivanol 3:27, 30, 32, 35
Rivulus, effect of temperature on sex 15:281–282
RNA 3:289, 304–305; 6:80, 92, 112, 229, 237, 246, 252, 265, 271, 275, 280, 294; 8:131, 137, 472; 12:341; 19:497–499, 503, 514
and limb development. 15:89
apical ridge 15:74, 89–90, 94
cytoplasmic 14:117
distribution in embryos 14:117–118
from folic cells 14:62
nuclear 14:117
oocyte 14:56
primordial germ cell 14:46
synthesis 14:55, 70
apical ridge 15:92–93, 95, 124
limb bud mesoderm 15:108, 124–125
RNAase (see Endonuclease)
Roaches 5:27
Roccal 5:98
Rod(s) 2:34, 54–55, 58, 61–62, 65, 72–73, 76–77, 79, 84–87, 91–92; 17:86, 91, 138, 157, 215
Rodent(s) 9:160; 12:353, 496–497; 13:182, 189, 238–240; 14:7, 585
burrows 5:245
regeneration 15:303
Rodentia, muscle tissue 11:279, 289
Rolling 18:163
Romania 2:322
Romeria 9:296
origin and evolution 1:15
Romeriidae 19:74
origin and evolution 1:11, 14–16, 18, 20, 25, 27, 30
Romeriscus, origin and evolution 1:18–19, 36
Roof plate 9:179
Root effect 19:316
(of teeth) 1:118, 188
Rosette 17:515
Rostral
cartilage 11:223–224
gland 8:67; 20:436, 446
pit 2:289, 292
process 11:86, 88–89, 108, 110, 120, 163, 166–167, 169, 173, 176–180, 200, 223, 232–233, 235
scale 2:289, 302–304; 20:446, 554
Rostralium 21:571–572, 574, 577, 585
Rostrum 14:13
of the sphenoid 21:530, 533
(or cultriform process) of the sphenoid 21:528
Rotameter flowmeter 5:103
Rotation 21:43, 48
of the hindlimb 4:58–59, 68
Rough endoplasmic reticulum 6:259
Rouleaux formation 8:488
Round window (see Cochlear window)
Route defense 7:282, 284–285, 290
factors affecting 7:314–315
RQ (see also Respiratory quotient) 12:444, 447–448, 487; 13:246
Rubbing (see also Pheromone) 18:163
Rudimentary limbs 15:3, 100–134
Ruffini endings 11:333
Rugae of stomach 6:163, 165, 179–181, 196–197, 202, 213–214, 218–219
Ruminants 8:631
Runaway selection 18:356
Russelophiidae 20:597
Rutiodon 9:66, 79
Ryanodine 11:290
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