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T3 (see Triiodothyronine)
T4 (see Tetraiodothyronine)
T-1824 5:68–69
T-cell zone 19:540
T-component 5:293
T-cycle experiments 18:271–272
lighting protocols 18:272
protocol 18:271
T-junction 17:467
T-lymphocytes (T-cells) 14:601–602, 627–628, 637, 642–644, 661, 664
T-system 17:464
T-tubles (see Tubular system)
T-wave 5:87, 90–92, 294
Tables of development (see also Normal tables) 15:3, 5–9
Tabular (see also Squamosal; Supratemporal) 1:15, 18, 20, 22, 27, 30, 38; 11:63, 80, 156, 184; 20:19–20, 48, 122, 257, 272, 287, 377; 21:473, 477, 484, 491, 497, 503, 597, 509
bone 21:506
Tachycardia 5:8, 37, 51, 283, 310–311, 316, 322; 8:439, 482; 10:13; 12:242; 13:19; 19:452, 455
Tachydromus (see Takydromus)
Tachyglossus 21:331
Tachygyia 21:398
Tachykinin 17:638–639, 641, 652
Tachymeniini 19:227
Tachymenis 8:41; 15:647, 671, 675; 16:148; 19:227
chilensis 19:215; 20:656
ear 2:272
peruviana 8:41; 19:215
Tachymetabolism 12:21
Tachyphylaxis 8:469, 473; 10:34
Tactile stimulation 18:132, 170–171, 182
Tadjikistan 2:322
Taenia
intertrabecularis 11:223–224
marginalis 4:250–251, 254–255; 9:6–8; 11:12, 15, 20, 22, 24, 28, 32, 43–45, 50, 52, 54, 65–69, 76, 90, 93–94, 97, 103, 105–106, 110, 112, 115, 117, 119, 121, 124, 131, 209–210, 223–224, 226, 229–231, 233–234; 20:10, 16, 26, 31, 55, 89, 101, 361–362; 21:510
medialis 4:250–251, 255; 11:15, 20, 22–23, 43–44, 52, 54–55, 65–66, 68, 70, 76, 90, 93, 98, 105–106, 110, 112, 115, 117, 119, 229, 231, 233–234; 20:10, 26, 231, 362
parietalis media (see also Taenia medialis) 9:2, 6, 10
Taeniophallus 19:167, 229
brevirostris 19:215
Taeniopygia guttata castanotis 18:31
Tagging (see Marking methods)
Tail(s) (see also Mating; Rattlesnakes) 3:2; 5:40– 42, 50, 61–63, 101, 200, 204; 21:50, 54
abnormalities 14:454
adhesive pads 16:249
amputation 5:62; 14:15, 558, 566; 15:321–322, 359, 383, 385–386
and locomotion 15:346
as weapon 15:342–343
autotomy (see Caudal autotomy)
bifid 15:371, 373
-break 15:330, 349, 374, 376
break frequencies 7:181
break frequency (see Caudal autotomy, frequency)
caudal luring 16:47–48, 212–214, 259
caudal plugs 16:40
coloration 16:207–208, 210, 212, 252–254, 263–264, 267
defensive uses 16:247, 251–253, 256
development 14:13, 26, 398–404, 419, 446–449
displays 16:20, 23, 29, 31–32, 35–39, 41–48, 52–54, 130, 186, 188–189, 197, 200, 202, 205–206, 210–212, 249–250, 252–254
diversion 16:54, 253–254, 263
explanted 15:385
fat 15:315–317, 328, 346–347
fat deposits 16:250, 260, 262
gliding 16:249
harvested by predators 16:251
injuries 16:37, 47, 55, 67, 208, 239–243
lashing 16:28–29, 31, 35–36, 256
lipid 16:250, 253
locomotor/balance functions 16:248–249, 255–260
longitudinal septa 15:317–321
loss 13:233, 299
lymphatics of 6:402–406
muscles (see also Muscle, caudal) 15:315, 317, 325–326, 331, 336
nutritional role 15:346–347
prehensile 15:331, 342, 344–345, 643
regeneration (see also Caudal regeneration) 14:558, 563, 566, 571, 583; 16:11–12, 22, 28, 208
reinforcement 16:54, 60
scales 15:328
search copulatory attempt 18:146
secretions 16:20, 32–33, 56, 251
segmentation 15:315–317
size 16:192–253
social importance 16:249–250
spines 16:39, 129, 247, 251
trifid 15:370–371
unpalatable 16:256
vertebral fusion 16:244–245
vibrating 18:146
waving 16:252–254
wipe 18:174
withdrawal 5:50
Taiwan 2:323
Takydromus 7:176, 179, 189, 492; 13:74, 76–77, 308–309, 311; 15:323; 16:117, 249, 464–465, 474, 516; 20:167–168, 170
ear 2:271
khasiensis 20:308
septentrionalis 20:308
thyroid 3:218, 227
urinogenital system 6:32, 38, 42, 99
wolteri 20:169, 308
Talpa 17:213
wogura 19:569
Talpid mutant 15:107
TAME (see Tosylarginine methyl ester)
Tameness 16:12
Tantalophis 19:229
discolor 19:166, 215; 21:524
Tantilla 5:3; 7:225, 503; 12:129, 131, 465; 15:647; 16:120–121, 148; 19:215, 233; 21:497
coronata 20:644
ear 2:269, 272
gracilis 18:120, 139; 19:215; 20:644
hobartsmithi 20:644
melanocephala 19:215; 20:644
nigriceps 19:215
schistosa 19:215
semicincta 19:215
taeniata 19:215
urinogenital system 6:90
vermiformis 19:215
wilcoxi 19:215
Tantillita 19:233
lintoni 19:215
Tanycyte 9:259
Tanystropheus 15:338–339
dentition 1:190
Tanzania 2:324
Tape recorder 5:91
Tapedum lucidum 2:76–77, 85
Taphrometopon (“Taphrometon”) lineolatum 7:207
Tapinocephalia 9:304
Tapioca 8:566
Tarbophis 7:503
eye 2:62
fallax 20:644
obtusus 20:644
Tarbosaurus 9:93, 98
Tarentola 5:132, 193–194; 7:292, 294, 469; 8:52, 57, 681; 9:20, 151–152, 143, 157, 251, 430, 433; 10:203; 12:462, 471; 14:712; 15:80–84, 115–116, 326, 328; 16:350; 17:208, 596; 20:117, 119, 126, 296; 21:27–28, 122, 132–134, 185, 187, 285, 307–308, 312, 368, 370, 388–389, 393–394
adrenal 3:279, 283
annularis 18:254; 19:24, 79; 20:306; 21:7, 50, 176, 287–288, 396, 400
blood cell morphology 3:75, 88
blood cell numbers 3:97, 104
chondrocranium 11:73, 77–78
delalandii 21:7, 396
dentition 1:162
ear 2:271
ephippiata 20:306
eye 2:13–14, 21–22, 26, 46
histology of gut 6:237, 278, 288
internal relief of gut 6:177
jaw muscles 4:350–351, 355, 378
mauritanica 18:438; 19:506, 525; 21:7, 56
muscle tissue 11:274, 336
nose 2:120
pituitary 3:167
thyroid 3:207, 227
urinogenital system 6:21, 23, 37, 78, 96, 98
Taricha 18:484
Tarsal
facet 21:168, 171
lymphatic ring (see Tarsal plexus)
plate (see Tarsus, of eyelids)
plexus 6:392–394
Tarsale 4 21:4, 120, 189, 365 5 21:185
proximale 21:164, 369
Tarsals 1:15, 38; 15:79–81, 86; 21:26, 29, 119–120, 122, 136, 162–164, 166, 169, 173, 182–183, 395
Tarsometatarsal joint 4:59
Tarsometatarsus 21:136, 173–174, 182, 186, 191
Tarsus 4:58–59, 85, 88–89; 6:394
of lower eyelid 2:9–10, 13, 63, 67, 74
of upper eyelid 2:74
ossification 14:313
Tartar formation 8:7
Taste 8:2; 18:178
bud(s) 6:232; 14:428; 18:178
papilla 8:2
Tattooing (see Marking methods)
Taurine 12:256, 342; 13:95
conjugates 19:514
Taurocholate 8:624
Taxidea 16:14
Taxonomic characters
constraints (see Caudal autotomy; Life history
traits, constraints)
indicator 18:123
literature 2:315–333
of hybrids 15:472
patterns (see Phylogeny)
Taxonomy 19:32, 95, 103, 161, 165, 168, 170
Tayassu 16:5, 187
TBE 5:45
TCT (see Thyrocalcitonin)
Tears 5:415, 422
Techmarscincus 21:398
Tectal ablation 10:299, 313–315
stimulation 10:310
Tectorial body 2:244
membrane 2:210,212–213, 215, 217, 236–239, 243, 245–250, 254–255, 258, 260
Tectoseptal process 14:404–405, 420, 422, 427
Tectum 12:227; 17:414, 420, 422, 600, 630
mesencephalic (see also Optic tectum) 9:31, 176, 193, 221
posterius 4:249; 9:3; 11:12, 29, 53, 121, 166, 197, 213, 226, 238; 20:30
synoticum 4:249–250, 252; 9:3; 11:3, 12, 15, 28–29, 52–53, 56, 76, 100, 117, 121, 138, 140–141, 144–146, 151, 159–160, 166, 170, 173–174, 179, 197–198, 204, 209, 211, 214, 218, 222, 224–226, 231, 238, 242; 20:11, 30, 361
Teeth (see also Dentition) 1:12, 15, 18, 20, 117– 200; 4:202–203, 212, 229–230, 239–244, 246, 253, 267, 270, 280, 330, 374, 421, 436, 453, 457; 11:17, 31, 39, 59, 61–64, 95, 104, 113, 122, 125–126, 129, 135, 143, 151–152, 154, 162, 164, 170, 175, 178–179, 184, 187, 235; 20:6–7, 24–25, 44, 61–62, 65, 67, 69, 80–81, 83, 91, 101, 150–151, 153, 155, 221, 226, 370, 377, 428–429, 437, 450, 459, 480, 487, 531, 571, 573, 577
development (see Teeth, embryology)
embryology 1:117, 129–147
form 1:121–124
histology 1:117, 143–147
implantation 1:126–129, 190
morphology 1:118–129
phylogeny 1:117
terminology 1:118–119
Tefrosia, parthenogenesis 15:493
Tegmental areas 18:42
Tegmentum 9:178, 183–184, 187–189, 193, 195, 197, 328
medullary 10:233, 236, 258
mesencephalic 10:113, 176–178, 187, 193, 223, 232, 253, 263, 266–267, 269–270, 272, 276– 278, 282, 292, 301, 310, 320, 322; 17:411
midbrain 17:546
vasculosum 2:260
Teiidae (teiids) 5:145, 172, 192, 423; 7:9, 51, 167, 179, 263, 277–282, 318, 366–367, 374–375, 377–378, 416–417, 420, 489–491; 8:46, 624, 662, 688; 9:161, 163, 235, 251, 332, 338–339, 427; 10:62, 221–222, 241; 12:5, 99, 115–116, 379, 472; 14:29, 641; 15:44, 325, 334, 343, 416, 423–428, 488, 663–664, 667–668; 16:35, 118, 123, 141–142, 257, 284, 296, 454–455, 465, 473, 486, 492, 517–518, 535, 543; 19:21, 38–39, 41, 66, 409, 523; 20:40, 43, 45, 57, 78, 94.37, 159, 161, 166, 168, 172, 174–177, 179, 181–186, 188–194, 214, 252–258, 261–262, 264, 266–267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 282, 284, 308; 21:15, 52, 80, 89, 96, 108, 117, 123, 142, 153, 190, 232–233, 235, 250, 272, 279, 285, 289, 398, 400, 581
adrenal 3:280
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:241–243, 247, 251–253, 255, 258–260, 262–264, 266, 269–270
blood cell morphology 3:77–81
blood chemistry 3:38, 31
chondrocranium 11:61, 71, 89
dentition 1:134, 163–166, 168
ear 2:240–241, 243, 267, 271
eye 2:20, 27, 30–31, 87
histology of gut 6:229, 299
internal relief of gut 6:177, 220
jaw muscles 4:289, 316, 351–358, 388, 415–416, 418, 478
nose 2:120, 132, 139–140, 143, 178–179
pituitary 3:145–146, 151, 154, 156, 173–174, 195
thyroid 3:204–205
urinogenital system 6:27, 73
Teiioidea 20:75, 172, 174; 21:16
Teius 15:325; 20:45, 174, 176–178, 181–182, 184; 21:135, 184, 285, 294, 299, 301, 400
adrenal 3:280
chondrocranium 11:71–72
nose 2:120, 132
teyou 20:178, 301, 308
Tela
choroidea 9:21, 184, 222
submucosa 6:279
Telemetric methods 5:28, 190
Telencephalon 9:23, 55, 70, 173–174, 177, 221, 233–237, 241; 10:91, 134–135, 174, 176, 178, 188, 259, 261, 265, 278–281, 290–291, 294, 299, 303, 309–310, 316–318, 325; 12:216, 219; 14:128–130, 135; 15:12; 18:41–42, 440; 21:513, 533
Teleogryllus commodus 18:52
Teleosauridae, skull 4:249, 266–267
Teleosaurus, skull 4:268
Teleost(s) 8:2; 9:156, 160; 10:279, 323–324, 326; 14:7, 624; 19:310, 316, 324, 537, 543, 564, 566–567, 577
fish 5:408
regeneration 15:303
viviparity 15:529
Teleostei
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:114
thyroid 3:201
urinogenital system 6:3, 22, 32
Telescoping 20:385–386, 388, 391, 518
Telescopus 7:503; 8:91, 94, 663; 16:21, 121, 129, 148, 197–198, 233–234; 17:12; 19:200
beetzii 19:215
dhara 19:154, 215; 20:644
eye 2:54, 62
fallax 8:94, 663; 19:154, 158, 215; 20:644
histology of gut 6:278
nigriceps 19:215
rhinopoma 19:215; 20:644
semiannulatus 19:215; 20:644
tessellatus 19:215
variegatus 19:154, 215
Telmasaurus 20:226
grangeri 20:303
Teloderm 14:512
Temperate
species 14:180–181, 208–210
zone (see Life history traits, distribution; Life
history traits, latitude; Parental care,
latitude)
Temperature (see also Acclimation; Cold
temperature; High temperature; Nest
temperature; Parental care, shivering
thermogenesis; Thermal dependence) 3:1, 13–14, 16, 19–21, 25, 35–36, 38, 42–43, 45, 53, 215–218, 220, 225; 5:9, 24, 27–30, 32–36, 38, 51, 53, 56–59, 73, 75, 81–83, 94, 128–129, 138, 147, 149, 152, 156, 159–161, 163–166, 168–169, 172, 174, 176, 179–180, 182, 186–187, 190–192, 198, 208–209, 239– 240, 251, 256, 258, 260–263, 280, 283, 294, 296, 298–299, 301, 303, 306, 312, 316, 335, 338–343, 345, 348, 352–358, 360, 370–371, 375–377, 397, 401, 403, 456, 458–460, 469, 471–472, 479; 8:175–176, 666; 12:236, 239, 241, 243, 251, 284, 290, 303, 326, 340–341, 350–353, 355, 431, 448–449, 497; 13:31, 38, 55, 61–64, 70, 80, 83, 96, 99, 207–209, 212, 215, 218, 297–298; 18:31–32, 55, 126, 136, 183, 301, 319, 321; 19:48, 52, 56, 59–60, 62, 64, 299–300, 305–307, 314, 317, 319, 321, 335, 341–347, 349–350, 352–353, 460, 501, 511–512
acclimation 5:30–31, 33
active body 7:10, 107
and abnormalities 15:48
and antibody synthesis 14:639
and autotomy 15:322, 349–350
and captive breeding 14:208–209
and crystallization of ribosomes 14:69
and development 14:13–14, 20, 94, 99–111, 178, 185, 189–192, 197–198, 227–229, 239, 241, 272–273, 279–280, 317, 353, 359, 376, 394–395, 397, 442, 683; 15:5, 25–27, 30, 48–50, 285, 609, 613, 617–618
and developmental arrest 14:183
and digestion 14:208
and energy expenditure 14:19
and gonad function 15:285
and hatching 14:316
and immune response 14:208, 602, 638–641, 643, 645, 647–648, 650–651, 653–654, 666
and nesting 14:343
and ovulation 15:49, 609
and regeneration 15:358, 381
and reproduction 15:285
and reproductive cycle 14:340, 342–343
and scale formation 15:358
and sex determination 14:7, 150, 208, 273–274, 280, 336, 355, 440, 442, 444–445
and sex ratio 15:27–28, 264–265, 272–273, 278–280, 285
and sexual differentiation 15:151, 264–287
and skin shedding 14:543, 545, 548, 552–553, 557–558
and somite formation 14:395
and spermatogenesis 14:209; 15:37
and tissue rejection 14:15
and viviparity 15:620, 622, 624
body 14:21, 208; 15:4, 349–350, 611, 613, 617–618; 16:15, 20–21, 29, 261–262, 499
coefficient 5:160, 298
compensation 18:239, 252, 255, 258–259
conformity 12:22, 44, 46, 52
control 12:168, 172
-dependent sex determination 13:209
dependence 5:174
effects
acid/base (see Acid-base balance
antipredator behaviors 16:21, 29
caudal autotomy 16:261
constant temperature studies 16:545, 547
life history 16:398, 402–403, 419
limits of tolerance 16:544–547
metabolism 16:546–547, 550
on genotype 15:286
sex determination (see Sex determination,
differentiation)
size of hatchlings 16:567–569, 578–580
incubation 15:25
induced abnormalities 14:201, 359, 452, 454–456
nest 15:25, 273–274, 278, 283, 608, 618
of environment 2:277–279, 286, 292, 296–297
perceptions 5:5
pivotal 14:208–209, 272
range 5:28–30, 75, 180, 302, 338, 358, 459
receptors (see Pit organs)
diffuse 2:278–280
regulation 10:250; 12:2, 23, 26, 46–48, 63, 168, 170–171, 226, 231, 233, 236, 293, 307; 13:12, 216, 304
behavioral 12:2, 25, 27, 48–49, 136, 167, 169–171, 214–232, 254, 275, 295; 13:10–13, 62–63, 297
cardiovascular adjustments 12:169–172, 176–179, 181, 186–187, 197–199, 236–252, 285–286, 296
color change 12 :4, 171–172, 180–182, 189–190, 202, 283, 295
definitions 12:17–23, 48, 168
endogenous heat production 12:140–141, 169, 171, 182–184, 187, 189, 192, 194–197, 199–202, 304; 13:12, 167
evaporative cooling 12:134, 169, 171–172, 178–179, 188, 193, 225, 252–253
insulation 12:169, 172; 13:12
mechanisms 12:48–49, 135, 142, 168–172, 213, 282
methods of study 12:93–96, 222, 233
rate of change 12:135, 174–176, 186, 190–192, 198, 236–252, 276, 295
sensors 12:170–171, 184–185, 189, 194, 202, 215, 219, 220, 242, 253
selection (see Temperature regulation, behavioral)
sensitive period 14:444–445
telemetry 5:32
tension 5:9
Temporal
artery 2:7, 10, 12, 63, 75; 4:314, 334–335, 400, 401, 403
bar 1:7
branch of ciliary artery 2:23, 52
branch of hyaloid artery 2:53
(direction of eye) 2:2
emargination 11:227, 246
fascia 4:108–109, 111–112, 165, 294, 296–297, 329, 332, 335, 354
fenestra(ae) (see also Supratemporal fenestra) 11:4, 226, 246; 21:543
fossa 4:104, 110, 114, 124, 138, 145, 201–202, 205, 209, 214, 217, 219, 221–222, 236–237, 255, 335, 341, 350, 362, 470; 11:216; 21:512
fovea (see Fovea temporalis)
muscles 2:9, 67, 75
opening 1:1, 3, 8–9, 14, 108
passage 4:222, 229, 237
pouch 18:173
region 1:12, 35
resolution 17:142
ridge 4:401–402, 471
vein 4:334–335, 399–401, 403, 471
Temporomaxillary joint 4:112
Tempero-orbital artery 4:233
Temujinia ellisoni 20:86, 293
Tendinous framework of epaxial muscles 11:372– 374, 377, 380, 387, 391, 396, 402, 414
Tendinous inscriptions 11:376, 382–383, 391, 430
Tendon 1:112; 9:434, 437
epiphysis 1:257
markings 1:94
of nicitating membrane 2:7–8, 10–11, 63, 74, 82
of pyramidalis muscle 2:67
organ 17:454
Tenebrio molitor 18:468
Tension 11:268, 288, 299–300, 302–304, 306, 308, 310–313, 333
Tensor and levator of the palatal velum 21:505
Tentacular diverticula 19:22
Tenth cranial nerve (see Vagus nerve)
Tentorium cerebelli 9:21
Tenuidactylus caspius 21:265
Teratogenic effects 8:512–513
Teratogens
and limb development 15:134–139
effects of 14:452–454, 456, 459–460
Teratolepis 15:328; 16:138, 200, 260; 19:234
fasciata 19:381, 418
fruhstorferi 19:216
Teratological scalation 1:316
Teratoscincus 7:469; 12:123; 15:329, 367; 16:31–32, 52, 58, 126, 128, 131, 139, 241, 252; 20:120, 122, 127, 296; 21:223
dentition 1:161
ear 2:199, 266, 271
eye 2:13–14, 22, 26
jaw muscles 4:478
roborowskii 21:45
scincus 21:265
Teretrurus 10:204, 230, 239; 19:218
rhodogaster 19:186; 20:402, 601
sanguineus 19:186
Terminal
bar 6:47–48
bars 2:33, 36
bouton 2:38
network 6:280, 284–286, 289, 292
phalanx 21:188
segment of uriniferous tubule 6:22, 35–36, 38
shield 1:297
sinus 14:162–164
web (see Terminal network)
Termitaria (termite mounds) 15:4; 16:542
Termites 8:658; 20:352, 386, 396
Terrapene 5:35, 136, 152, 173, 175, 177, 180, 183, 197, 194, 200, 202–203, 205, 255, 257, 373, 377, 379, 391; 7:144, 347–350, 416, 463, 465, 575, 596–597, 600, 615, 638; 8:599, 602, 607, 612, 657–658, 672; 9:32, 373; 10:292–293, 325; 12:137, 139–140, 191–194, 288, 327, 350–352, 409, 419, 429, 459, 473; 13:63, 75, 81, 84, 86, 89–92, 114, 119–121, 125–126, 128–129, 161, 166, 181, 184, 187–188, 309; 14:78–79, 81, 101, 105, 119, 139, 170, 180–181, 206, 208, 212, 217, 221, 231, 233, 235–236, 635, 665; 15:61, 89, 264, 394; 16:9, 11, 20–21, 26–27, 57, 112, 135, 339, 341, 345, 348, 356, 359, 362–363, 365–367, 381–394, 405, 409–410, 412, 437, 538, 544, 552, 568, 583; 17:137, 151, 515
adrenal 3:275
axial skeleton 1:212
blood cell morphology 3:75
blood cell numbers 3:95, 98–100
blood chemistry 3:4, 8, 13, 15, 25, 28, 38, 42–43, 45, 50
carolina 18:236, 267, 269, 315, 327, 331, 452; 19:489–491, 493, 497, 509–510, 525
carolina triunguis 18:237, 240
ear 2:258, 265, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:89, 108
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 119, 123, 153, 156,176
internal relief of gut 6:160, 162–163, 167–168, 175–176
limbs 4:3–4, 6, 11, 20, 53, 55, 60, 76, 89–90
ornata 18:250, 315; 19:60, 78, 459, 474
shell 1:316, 319, 323, 325, 329
thymus 3:120
thyroid 3:214, 217, 226
urinogenital system 6:83, 91, 94–95, 97, 99, 116
Terrapins (see Testudinidae)
Terrestrial
Australasian palatine draggers 20:534
diets 5:392
environment 5:2, 370, 451; 8:43
habits 1:22–23, 35, 299; 4:1, 6, 8–9, 20, 60, 91–92, 95
Hydrophiinae 20:546, 549, 552
respiration 5:277
species 5:230, 235, 250, 258, 260, 318–319, 365–366, 380, 385, 388–389, 413, 427, 436, 438–439, 488
Terrestriality 5:4, 13
Territorial behavior 3:224
Territoriality 5:24
definition 7:267
related to home range 7:54–55
related to mate acquisition 7:53–55
related to variation in food supply 7:55
related to visibility (see also Social behavior) 7:54
Territory 18:173, 175, 178
markers 18:200, 424
territoriality 18:28, 119, 131, 147, 156, 169, 175, 177, 187–188, 200, 426
Tertiäre Choane (see Choana)
Tertiary (see Cenozoic)
Test animals (see Cat; Chicken; Cow; Dog; Frog;
Guinea pig; Leech; Lobster; Monkey;
Mouse; Rabbit; Rat; Squid; Toad)
Testes 5:232; 16:355–358
development 15:154, 156–161, 166–170, 183, 241, 254, 260, 269
DS-3B-HSDH activity 15:243, 253
effect of estrogens 15:254, 261
embryonic 15:156–161, 180, 183, 242, 260
endocrine activity 15:260, 280–281
explant 15:245–246
growth 14:339
of hybrids 15:472–473, 475
regression 13:340
rudimentary 15:468
Testicular
artery 3:273
canal 6:49, 51, 106
collectors 6:442–443
formation 12:168
hormone 15:183
lymphatics net 6:442–443
net 3:266
regression 17:606
tubule (see Seminiferous tubule)
tubules 15:155, 157, 170, 254–255, 257, 259, 261, 266, 270, 276
Testis (see also Gonad) 3:218–219, 224, 270; 6:24–25, 28, 41–42, 44, 49–51, 55–83, 106, 119–122, 338, 342, 349–350, 417, 442–443; 18:167–168; 19:96, 155
castration 18:157, 167–168
Testosterone (see also Androgen) 3:219; 6:76, 80, 87, 104; 12:251; 13:217–218
and corpora lutea 15:580–581
and regeneration 15:384
and skin shedding 14:545, 572, 575
effect on mesonephros 15:250
effect on sexual development 15:247–253, 276, 592
in gonads 15:277
in gravid females 15:281
levels in plasma 14:339–341
paradoxical effect 15:250, 276
propionate (see also Androgen) 6:43, 55, 87; 18:168, 353, 365
transmission across placenta 15:575
Testudinae (see Testudinidae)
Testudinata (see Testudines)
Testudine(s)(ian) (see also Turtles) 5:19, 254, 292–293, 336, 342, 347, 349, 367–368, 373, 377, 379, 386, 393, 422, 449, 452, 466, 474, 487, 489–490; 7:6, 9, 68, 98, 143, 337–351, 456, 459–465, 557, 568–570, 573–576, 579–585, 590–591, 592, 595–603, 610–612, 616–623, 626–631, 633–636, 640–643, 646–656; 14:7, 9, 13, 16–17, 26, 32, 48, 278, 360, 450, 501, 512, 528–529, 536, 567, 585, 587, 604, 617, 640–643, 655–657, 661–663, 665, 684–694, 711–712; 19:2, 5–7, 11–12, 18–20, 29, 31, 34–37, 39, 41, 44, 65, 67, 74, 297, 303–304, 306, 308–310, 312, 314, 317–320, 330, 335, 344, 347, 351, 376–377, 379, 381, 387, 389, 397–398, 411, 451–452, 454–458, 460, 465, 467, 469, 471, 473–474, 485–489, 493, 495, 498, 501, 503, 506, 508, 511, 513, 515, 517, 521–522, 539, 577–578; 21:482, 503–504, 582
adrenal 3:264, 267, 269–270, 272–278, 284, 286, 288, 291–292, 294–295, 298, 305, 309, 312
axial muscles 11:356, 361–372, 374, 423, 428
axial skeleton 1:204–208, 209–225, 299–300
blood cell morphology 3:73, 75–76, 79, 81–85, 88
blood cell numbers 3:94–95, 98
blood chemistry 3:1–4, 8–9, 13, 15, 17–21, 23, 26–28, 30–35, 38–39, 44–46, 50, 52–53
bone 1:47, 51–61, 66–67, 74
cardiac shunting 19:441–449
cardiac structure 19:403–405, 426–429
chondrocranium 11:2, 4, 19–20, 37–38, 120, 123, 174, 191–193, 197, 201, 205–227, 236, 238–239, 241, 245–246
dentition 1:120, 147, 150
ear 2:230–232, 253–254, 256–259, 262–263, 265, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:84–90, 97, 101, 107–108
eye 2:2–3, 5, 32, 65–73, 76, 79, 82–86, 90
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:101– 199
histology of gut 6:226–232, 235–237, 243–244, 246–247, 265, 271–274, 277, 280, 301
internal relief of gut 6:160–175, 178, 182, 218–221
jaw muscles 4:289, 415, 417
limbs 4:1–100
lung evolution 19:68–69
lymphatics 6:316–318, 322, 331–332, 335–337, 342–343, 349, 354, 357, 367, 374–375, 388, 391, 393, 396, 404, 407, 410–413, 419, 421, 424, 427, 429, 436, 445–452
metabolism 5:152
muscle tissue 11:268, 272, 283–284, 286, 288, 291–292, 294–298, 300, 314–317, 327, 332, 334–338
nose 2:100–102, 104–115, 154, 156, 160–161, 164–170, 172–174, 177–178, 180–184
origin and evolution 1:1–4, 8–10, 20
pancreas 3:320, 322, 328–329, 331, 333
parathyroid 3:236–243
pituitary 3:135–137, 140, 143, 145–146, 148, 150–152, 154, 157–158, 160, 165, 188–190, 192–193, 195
sea turtle 19:19–20, 66, 68–69
shell 1:311–339
spleen 19:547–550
taxonomic literature 2:319, 321–324
terrapin 19:489
thymus 3:114–115, 117–118, 121, 124
thyroid 3:202, 207, 212–215, 217, 224, 226
tortoise 19:4, 66, 299, 318, 491, 493, 498
turtle 19:20, 46, 299, 320, 334, 385, 428–429, 444, 449, 452–453, 459–460, 472, 491
urinogenital system 6:6, 8, 11–12, 16–21, 27–33, 35–37, 43, 49, 52, 56, 58–59, 64, 70–71, 74, 78, 81, 85, 89, 91–93, 96–100, 105–107, 110–111, 114,116–118
Testudinidae 5:154, 192, 318, 327, 451; 7:340–344, 346–349, 447, 460–464, 570; 8:46, 49, 55, 59, 69, 144, 660, 659–661, 673–674; 9:306; 12:136–137, 287; 13:1; 14:27, 62, 80, 210, 215, 221, 665, 712; 15:264, 393, 581, 588, 607, 613, 615; 16:113, 135, 390, 392, 397, 399, 409–410, 438–439, 526, 551–552
axial muscles 11:356, 363, 366, 369
axial skeleton 1:213, 215
blood cell morphology 3:76
blood chemistry 3:28, 31, 45, 52
chondrocranium 11:205–220
ear 2:240–241, 265, 270
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 153–154
histology of gut 6:235
internal relief of gut 6:160
limbs 4:2, 10, 20, 53, 58, 67, 75–76, 85, 91, 100
muscle tissue 11:265, 284, 286, 289, 291, 299, 302–306, 308–309, 311, 325, 334
nose 2:114
parathyroid 3:237
pituitary 3:136, 158, 188–189
shell 1:315, 328, 335–336
Testudininae 19:19
adrenal 3:275
axial skeleton 1:211, 215, 222, 224–225
eye 2:67–68
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 154–156, 159, 163, 166, 172
limbs 4:14, 20, 35, 38, 42, 45–46, 49–50, 53, 55, 58–60, 66, 76–77, 82–83, 88, 90–92, 95, 100
nose 2:114–115
parathyroid 3:237, 240
pituitary 3:189, 192
shell 1:330, 336
Testudinoidea
axial skeleton 1:213, 215
eye 2:68
internal relief of gut 6:160
Testudo 5:45, 136, 153–154, 169, 173, 200–201, 203, 234–235, 257, 336, 349–350, 384–386, 394, 489; 7:349, 463–465, 584–585, 592, 612; 8:49, 53, 55, 64, 75, 144, 150, 591, 597–598, 600, 602–605, 607, 611–612, 618–620, 627, 629, 633, 637–641, 645–646, 653, 660, 673–674; 9:33, 151, 154, 164, 251, 253–254, 256–257, 260,262–263, 306–308, 310, 374–376, 417, 422–423, 433; 10:12, 25, 33, 41, 59, 61–63, 65, 67–68, 70, 73–74, 76, 78, 80, 82–85, 87, 89, 91–92, 97–98, 100–101, 133–134, 137, 139, 141, 143, 145, 167, 171–173, 176, 179, 182–187, 203, 221, 232, 254, 258–259, 313; 12:137, 234, 236, 241, 256, 329, 334, 350–351, 459, 473; 13:22, 61, 64, 66, 82, 86, 88–89, 95, 103; 14:9, 55, 77, 81, 93, 123–124, 127–130, 134, 136–137, 141–145, 149–152, 154, 157–158, 209, 212, 222, 612, 617, 625, 639, 645–647, 657, 660, 662–665, 684–685, 687, 712; 15:61, 152, 180, 183, 185–186, 195–202, 204, 211, 218, 228, 234–239, 245, 260–262, 264, 269, 274, 276–277, 282, 393; 16:11, 113, 135, 298, 347, 392, 404–405, 430–552; 17:71, 456–458, 461, 467, 477, 486, 508–509, 640; 19:18, 324, 331, 355, 399
adrenal 3:269, 275–278, 285, 292, 306–307
axial muscles 11:356, 362, 372
axial skeleton 1:210, 214
blood cell morphology 3:76, 84–85
blood cell numbers 3:95, 99, 102
blood chemistry 3:4, 8, 14, 17, 25–26, 29, 34, 39, 48
chondrocranium 11:205, 227
ear 2:265, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:85
eye 2:38, 68–69, 71–72
graeca 18:442, 454, 467; 19:19, 78, 303, 355, 388, 401, 403, 417, 442, 474, 497, 499, 503, 525
head muscles and visceral muscles 4:104–105, 107–108, 112, 117–119, 123, 126, 154, 156, 159, 163–165, 167, 171, 173, 175–176, 178, 180
hermanni 18:235–236, 431, 466, 494; 19:355
histology of gut 6:233–238, 243, 245–247, 249, 252, 254, 267–269, 278–279, 282–283, 291, 295, 301
horsfieldii 18:438, 453; 19:355
internal relief of gut 6:160, 165, 170, 174
kleinmanni 19:475
leithii 19:475
limbs 4:2–4, 24, 26–27, 29–30, 34–35, 38, 40–41, 47, 49–50, 67, 70, 73, 75–77, 79, 83–84, 88, 90, 95, 100
lymphatics 6:316–317, 335, 343, 354, 368, 374, 378, 388, 393, 404, 407, 410–411, 413, 416–417, 422, 425–429, 431, 435–439, 442–443, 445, 448, 452
muscle tissue 11:272–274, 279, 281, 284–288, 290–292, 295–298, 301–302, 304, 307, 309–310, 312–314, 317–318, 320, 322–325, 327–328, 332, 335–336, 338
nose 2:104, 106, 108–110, 113–114, 154, 158, 160, 177, 181
pancreas 3:329
parathyroid 3:237
shell 1:316, 330
tabulata 19:417
thymus 3:115, 128
thyroid 3:203, 207, 212, 217, 224, 226
urinogenital system (see also Geochelone; Psammobates) 6:19, 23, 28–29, 32, 55, 69, 74–76, 86, 91, 94, 98, 106, 117
Tetanic contraction 21:208
Tetanus 11:272, 304, 306, 314, 332
antitoxin 8:566
toxin 14:645, 654
Tetany 3:240, 250, 257, 259
Tetracaine 8:654
Tetracycline(s) 1:77; 16:348
Tetradactylus 20:156; 21:60, 122, 140, 165
africanus 21:122
axial muscles 11:357; 15:325
axial skeleton 1:242
ellenbergeri 20:299
Tetraiodothyronine 3:201–202, 212–215, 219–222, 224–226
Tetralepis fruhstorferi 20:631
Tetranitromethane 8:226
Tetraodontiformes 19:566
Tetraploid hybrids 15:460, 474–477, 505–506, 508
Tetrapods 5:87, 266, 383; 14:8, 15–16, 514, 525, 527, 663; 20:352, 440, 586
Tetrazolium 6:229, 298–299
Tetrodotoxin 8:469
Thailand 2:323
Thalamus 9:221, 223, 231, 241, 305, 369; 10:122, 168, 174–175, 191, 206, 260, 263, 266, 269, 282, 294, 299, 301, 309; 12:227; 17:325, 629
lateral zone 10:296
mediocentral zone 10:296
ventrocaudal zone 10:296
Thalassemydidae, shell 1:336
Thalassochelys (see Caretta)
Thalassia (turtle grass) 14:210
Thalassophina viperina 20:630
Thalassophis 8:29; 15:46; 19:224; 20:580
anomala(us) 8:29; 19:199; 20:630
ear 2:270, 272
Thalattosaurus 9:296
eye 2:80
skull 4:245
Thalattosuchia 9:81
eye 2:73, 75
skull 4:263–268, 274–279
Thalesius 19:101
Thalidomide 15:382, 455
Thamnodynastes 5:134; 15:647–648; 19:227; 21:509
adrenal 3:269
natterei 19:215
pallidus 19:215
strigatus 19:168, 215
strigilis 19:216
Thamnophiines 20:557, 560, 575–576, 582.
Thamnophiini 19:99, 234
Thamnophis 5:29, 31, 36, 44–46, 134–135, 148–149, 160–161, 164–165, 169, 183, 203, 209, 231, 266, 347, 448–450, 469, 491–492, 494, 497; 7:70, 91, 101, 119, 207–209, 213–214, 218, 220, 222–227, 390, 393, 395, 399, 417–418, 503, 576–578, 587–589, 598–599, 608–609, 617, 625, 668; 8:42, 377, 594, 602, 655, 694; 9:158, 173, 368; 10:325; 12:128–130, 199, 223, 293, 426, 465, 475; 13:31, 58, 60, 63, 67–71, 74–75, 78–80, 82–83, 88, 90, 97–101, 104–105, 107, 111, 113, 115, 117–120, 122–129, 131–133, 170, 181, 184, 191, 208, 216, 235, 309–310, 312; 14:30, 50, 545, 553–554, 632, 659, 695– 696, 698, 702, 796, 712; 15:8, 25, 45, 212, 250, 261, 531, 533–537, 540, 546, 548–549, 555, 562, 564–566, 569–571, 573, 575, 580–582, 585–587, 592, 652; 16:8, 15, 19, 21, 47, 49, 64, 68, 121, 123, 129, 148, 210, 482–483, 519–520; 17:10, 19, 59, 70–71, 100, 188, 193, 199, 201, 248, 259, 262, 264–266, 271, 273–276, 278–279, 282–287, 291–292, 294–297, 304, 306–308, 310–316, 318–320, 323, 326–327, 344, 431, 461, 505, 509, 626; 18:4, 30, 52, 97–99, 115, 124, 129, 140, 142–143, 145, 147, 149–150, 155, 157–158, 161–162, 204, 437, 446–449, 459–460, 476–477, 479–481, 487–488, 492, 494–496; 19:115, 118, 121, 149, 156–157, 216, 234, 350, 388, 419, 454, 475; 20:557–558, 573; 21:487, 595
adrenal 3:272, 281, 288, 294, 309–310, 317
blood cell numbers 3:98
blood chemistry 3:5–6, 11, 26, 33, 36–37, 44–45, 47–49
brachystoma 19:216; 20:648
butleri 18:52, 138, 140, 143, 150, 155, 477, 480–482; 19:216; 20:648
chondrocranium 11:136, 145
chrysocephalus 19:216; 20:648
collaris 19:216
couchi(i) 8:42; 18:139; 19:216; 20:648
cyrtopsis 18:141, 481; 19:216; 20:648
ear 2:227, 269, 272
elegans 18:139, 442, 484; 19:154, 216; 20:648
elegans terrestris 18:161, 476
elegans vagrans 18:161, 476
eques 19:154, 216; 20:648
eye 2:62
fulvus 19:216
godmani 19:216; 20:649
hammondi 19:216
histology of gut 6:279–280
internal relief of gut 6:193, 195, 197, 202, 207–208, 211
jaw muscles 4:481
marcianus 18:131, 141, 477, 481; 20:649
melanogaster 18:94, 152; 483; 19:216; 20:649
mendax 19:216
muscle tissue 11:269–270, 272, 274, 276, 278–279, 284–285, 287, 289–290, 300, 314, 320–321, 323, 327, 330–331, 336
nigronuchalis 20:649
nose 2:121, 134–135, 159–161, 164–165, 168, 171, 174, 179
ordinoides 18:438; 19:216, 350–351, 356; 20:567, 649
pancreas 3:321
parathyroid 3:248–249, 253–254
pit organs 2:295
pituitary 3:157, 165
proximus 18:140, 477, 479, 481, 496; 19:216; 20:649
pulchrilatus 19:216
radix 18:52, 129, 134, 140–141, 148, 156–158, 161, 257–258, 437, 442–443, 445, 456, 460, 475, 477–482, 486, 495; 19:114, 216; 20:649
radix haydeni 18:141, 162, 476, 480, 489
radix radix 18:141, 480
rufipunctatus 20:649
sauritus 18:52, 127; 19:216; 20:649
scalaris 19:216; 20:649
sirtalis 18:52, 118, 131–132, 136, 138, 140–141, 144, 150, 155–157, 161, 428, 431–432, 434, 437–440, 443–446, 458, 462, 477–482, 484–485, 487–488, 492; 19:99–100, 112, 116–117, 123, 125–127, 146–147, 151, 164, 167, 216, 356, 486, 503, 525; 20:568, 575, 578, 649
sirtalis parietalis 18:4, 14, 29, 32, 39–44, 46, 49–52, 54–56, 82–83, 89–90, 93–94, 97, 99, 101–102, 125–126, 134, 139–140, 149, 151–152, 155, 157, 276, 442, 454, 456, 481–483, 495
sirtalis sirtalis 18:128, 134, 139, 143, 145, 147–148, 161, 442, 475, 482, 486
sumichrasti 19:216; 20:649
thymus 3:124
thyroid 3:207, 212, 221, 227
urinogenital system 6:27, 29–30, 33–38, 41, 43–44, 49, 51, 59, 63, 67, 74, 79, 81–82, 89–90, 92, 94–97, 99–100, 102, 110, 116, 119
Thanatosis (see Antipredator mechanisms,
death feigning)
Theca (see also Tooth socket) 15:579–580
externa 6:97–99, 103; 14:56, 64
interna 6:83, 98–99, 103; 14:56, 64
Thecadactylus 7:469; 16:116, 139
ear 2:222, 239, 266, 271
eye 2:26, 31, 46
jaw muscles 4:478
laevis 20:306
Thecal
nuchal bone 1:329
shell 1:313, 320, 328–329, 331–332
Thecodontia 7:6; 9:43, 66, 304
chondrocranium 11:246
dentition 1:184
origin and evolution 1:2–3, 8, 10, 39
skull 4:265, 273, 280
Thecodontosaurus, epiphyses and sesamoids 1:92
Thecodonts 14:331
Thecodonty 1:124, 126–127, 129, 143, 171, 184, 187, 189, 191, 193
Thecophora, axial skeleton 1:210
Theelin 3:219
Thelgosematic coloration 16:215
Thelial process 4:53, 67, 95
Thelotornis 7:384, 387, 503; 8:42, 91, 93, 99, 440, 663; 15:646; 16:20, 121, 147, 214–215; 19:146, 216, 232
capensis 19:127, 216; 20:578, 644
chondrocranium 11:136, 157–159, 163, 168
ear 2:272
kirtlandi(i) 8:42, 91, 93–94, 440; 19:127–128, 154, 216; 20:578, 644
Theory 16:62–63, 237–238
of recapitulation 11:6
Therapsida 7:6; 9:54, 57, 59–61, 68, 114, 126–127, 131, 295, 297, 299, 301–302, 304; 19:71, 74; 20:257; 21:84
bone 1:47, 50, 75
dentition 1:119, 124, 193–194
eye 2:80
nose 2:153
origin and evolution 1:2, 4
skull 4:279
Therapsids 14:16
Therapeutic agents 5:25
Theriodontia 9:68, 127, 131–132, 134, 299, 304
eye 2:80
Theriosuchus, skull 4:266, 280
Thermal
acclimation 5:9, 105, 137, 163–165, 169; 12:232–236
adaptation 12:214, 232–254
adjustments 5:8
balance (see Nest temperature; Temperature,
body)
air temperature 16:539
air vapor pressure 16:538
body size (mass, area) 16:536, 538–539
coloration 16:49
conduction 16:535–536
convection 16:535–536
emissivity 16:538–539
factors affecting nest temperature 16:535– 542
heat balance equations 16:535–539
heat capacity 16:536
heat storage 16:535–536
metabolism (see also Parental care, shivering
thermogenesis) 16:535–537, 541–542, 546–547
radiation 16:535, 538–540, 542
sexual differentiation 16:551
soil temperatures 16:537, 539–541
Stefan-Boltzmann constant 16:539
temporal cycles 16 :539–541
thermoregulation 16:499
water interactions 16:565, 572–573, 577–587
capacitance 12:284
compartmentalization 12:145
conductance 5:188; 12:183, 196, 204, 232, 279, 281, 317–318
cycles 5:128
dependence 5:33, 159–161, 178, 184, 208–209; 13:38–39, 55, 67, 69, 96, 134, 165, 182, 186, 192–193
ecology 12:26, 38, 47, 58–73, 144–145, 232, 258, 302; 13:11
emissivity 12:284
environment 5:4, 14, 164, 316; 12:294, 300
equilibration 5:82
equilibrium 5:75, 78, 172
generalist 12:68
gradient 5:28, 314–315
inactivation 5:161
increments 5:189
independence 5:210
inertia 5:31–32
injury 5:314
lability 5:9
levels 5:127, 180
limits 5:33
loading 5:8, 34
niche (see Thermal ecology)
patterns 5:188
performance breadth 12:34, 39
definition 12:36
preferenda 5:9, 16, 165, 193, 210, 312; 8:665
radiation 5:14; 12:167, 232, 283–285, 291–293, 407
range 5:9, 160, 299
receptors 5:312
relations 5:24
responses 5:287
sensitivities 5:149
sensitivity (see also Q10) 12:45, 70
specialist 12:68
stimuli 2:278
tolerance(s) 5:164; 12:236
tolerance limits, definition 12:36
tolerance range, definition 12:36
transport 5:316
Thermistors 5:32
Thermobarometers 5:75
Thermobiology 5:161, 208
Thermoconformity (see Temperature conformity)
Thermocouple(s) 5:32; 11:272
Thermode 5:310
induced temperature 5:306
Thermoelectric temperature measurement 5:32
Thermogenesis (see also Parental care, shivering
thermogenesis; Temperature regulation,
endogenous heat production) 11:266; 15:4
Thermogenic capacities 5:188, 190
Thermoperiod 13:207
Thermophilic 8:615
lizards 5:9, 185, 209
response 5:24
Thermophis 19:231
baileyi 19:216
Thermoreceptor 9:409, 414; 10:35
Thermoregulation (see also Temperature;
Temperature regulation) 5:3–5, 29, 127, 190–191, 283, 312, 316, 398; 7:8, 10–11, 49; 8:635, 665; 9:128, 339, 383; 14:208, 530; 15:609, 612, 666, 676–677; 18:99, 256, 259–260, 263–268, 279, 300, 302, 386–387, 389–391; 19:155, 455, 460–462, 469, 474, 501
adaptations 18:238
and melatonin 18:267
and parietal eye 18:264–268
and pineal 18:266–267
behavioral 2:277–279
behaviors 18:232, 259
circadian aspects 18:259–268
physiological 2:278, 280
rhythms 18:249, 259
seasonal changes 18:260–262
Thermoregulator
behavior 5:127, 317
panting 5:360
requirement 5:245
responses 5:28, 82
Thermoregulatory shuttling (see Shuttling)
Thermosensitive
period of gonadal development 15:270–274, 276–278, 285
sites 12:219
zones 5:311
Thermosensor-effector system 12:216
Thermostability 5:208, 297
Thermostatic capacities 5:5
Therocephalia 9:68, 132, 299
Theropoda 9:66, 89, 114, 304; 19:73–74
Theropsid 21:137
Thescelosaurus, dentition 1:188
Thescelus, shell 1:333
Theta rhythm 10:327
Thiamine deficiency 14:208
Thiamylal 5:45, 47, 51
Thiazin 6:270
Thigh 4:9, 96; 21:39, 54, 321, 328, 330–331, 338, 349, 351, 353, 356, 358, 364, 374
Thigmothermic species 15:617
Thigmothermy 12:20, 23, 126
Thimerosal 5:98
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) 18:122–123, 151, 153–155, 169, 203
Thio-alcohol n-butyl mercaptan 18:160
Thiocyanate 12:340
method 5:69
space 5:69
Thiopental sodium 5:45, 47
Thiourea 3:208, 215, 221–222; 15:282
Third
digit 21:180–181
distal carpal 21:10, 128
distal tarsal 21:165, 175–176
metacarpal 21:285
metatarsal 21:180, 387
tarsale 21:173, 175, 179
trochanter 21:152
ventricle 3:138; 9:256, 258, 261, 342
Thoracic
aperture 3:113
cavity 3:116
duct 6:317–331, 343, 345–358, 378, 381, 383– 387, 389, 396–400, 402, 411, 413, 415, 417, 419, 421, 424, 427–429, 432–434, 444–446, 453, 456, 458
impedance 5:236
rib 1:261–262; 21:228
sinus 6:320, 327, 348, 355, 383–385, 398, 410, 456
trunk (see Thoracic duct)
vertebrae 1:202–203, 205, 226, 301
Thoracolumnar region 10:2, 5
Thoracosaurus, skull 4:268
Thorax 5:95–96, 236; 20:584, 586; 21:40
[Thr]6 bradykinin 19:454
Thrasops 19:146, 161, 232
flavigularis 19:127, 216; 20:644
jacksoni 19:216; 20:644
occidentalis 19:216
Threatened populations 5:21
Three bar linkage 20:378
Threonine 3:23, 40, 42
Threshold
(critical, pivotal) temperature 15:265–269, 271–272, 282–283, 285–286
effect 5:30
Thrimaxodon 9:41, 61, 132–133, 299, 301
Throat 19:353
-fan (see Dewlap)
gland 18:202
muscles 4:287–288, 316, 325
Thrombin 3:34; 8:332, 491–494, 496
generation test 8:440
-like activity 8:332, 493
Thrombocytes 3:74, 82–83, 87, 89, 101, 103; 14:603, 612
Thrombocytopenia 8:489, 496, 505
Thrombo-embolism 8:484
Thrombolysis 8:495
Thromboplastin 8:335, 337–440, 491–492, 494; 13:92
Thrombosis 8:495; 19:521, 524
Thymectomy 3:111; 14:642, 644, 661
Thymic
bioassay 3:122
blood vessels 14:621, 625
capsule 3:113, 118, 120
corpuscles 3:118–120
cortex 3:119–120, 128
cyst(s) 3:119–120, 123, 126–127; 14:620
extract 3:222, 224
follicles 3:118
hormones 14:620
involution 3:128–129; 14:625–626, 628
lobules 3:118–119
lymphoic cells (see Thymocytes)
medulla 3:119–120, 128
parenchyma 3:119–122, 127
plexus 6:323
stroma (parenchyma) 14:618–620, 624
Thymidine 6:113
Thymocytes 3:118–123, 128–129; 14:140, 618– 620, 623, 625, 636, 642–643, 657, 661
Thymol 5:97
Thymus 3:111–133, 224, 235–236, 238, 245–246, 248–250, 252–254, 256; 6:328–329, 378, 386–387, 433, 458; 10:8–9; 11:28, 294; 19:540, 568
and immune system 14:616–626, 661
and parathyroids 14:446
development 14:305, 446, 635–636
embryology 3:116–118
fine structure 3:121–128
histology 3:118–121
implantation of 3:111
lobation of 3:113
morphology 3:112–116
transplants 14:140, 229
Thyreoglossal duct 3:210
Thyrocalcitonin 6:118
Thyroglobulin 3:202; 14:710
Thyro-glossal duct 14:139
Thyroid 3:112–116, 201–235, 238, 246, 249, 252– 253, 256; 10:8, 41; 12:230, 236, 257–258; 15:382–384, 570; 19:515
activity 5:34
atrophy of 3:202
biosynthesis of hormones 3:214–215
capsule 3:201, 207, 211
capsule colloid 3:201–202, 207–213, 219, 221, 223–225
capsule follicles 3:201–202, 207–213
capsule isthmus 3:203–204, 207
capsule secretion 5:207, 211
capsule stimulating hormone (see Thyrotrophic
hormone)
capsule vein 3:203
cartilage 4:176–177, 179–181, 191–193
embryology 3:210–212, 225
fenestra 4:52–54, 70–71, 74; 21:136–139, 144–146, 148, 191, 346, 358
of pelvic girdle 14:156
gland 5:36; 6:114–119, 317, 322–323, 325–328, 375, 381–382, 385–386, 433; 13:92–93, 216–217, 220; 17:601
gland colloid 14:139, 554
gland development 14:139, 174, 308, 445, 710
gland uptake I131 14:139
gross morphology 3:202–207
growth and differentiation and 3:222
histology and cytology 3:207–210, 216
hormone 5:30, 198; 18:316
and skin shedding 14:545, 554
metabolism and 3:219–220, 225
moulting and 3:220–222
plexus 6:323
reaction to pituitary 3:212–214
reproductive cycles and 3:217–219
seasonal cycles 3:215–219
sinus 6:317–318, 322, 324, 326–328, 345, 381–382, 385, 387, 410, 458
-stimulating hormone (TSH) 12:236; 17:590
uptake of labelled iodine 15:570
Thyroidectomy 3:212–213, 217, 220–224, 226; 5:198; 6:119; 12:230; 14:545, 548, 553–555, 557, 579; 15:384; 19:516
Thyrotropes 14:687, 702, 705, 710
Thyrotrophic
cells (see also Delta cell) 3:150–153, 156–157, 159, 161–163, 166, 168–174, 176–177, 179–189, 191, 193–194
hormone 3:202, 208, 212–213, 217, 220–224
Thyrotropic hormone 15:383
Thyrotropin 6:115; 12:257; 14 :709
-releasing hormone (TRH) 12:230; 17:590, 601; 18:46, 53, 446
Thyroxin 12:168, 173, 184, 236, 239; 15:282
Thyroxine (see also Tetraiodothryonine) 3:32; 6:118–119; 13:93, 220; 14:545; 17:601–602; 18:309, 318
Tibia 1:91, 93, 101, 108–109, 111; 4:57–59, 62–63, 67–68, 75–77, 79, 82–84, 87–89, 96; 21:22– 23, 42, 56, 136, 150–152, 156–162, 165, 167, 170, 191, 322, 350, 352–353, 361–362, 369–372, 374–375, 384–385
development 15:78, 80, 110, 114
rudiment 15:121
Tibial
collateral ligament 21:351, 363
condyle 4:55–56, 58
nerve 4:63, 84, 86
trunk 21:35
tuberosity 1:100
Tibiale 1:30; 21:163–164, 166
Tibialis anterior 21:324
Tibioastragalar
joint 21:10, 159–160, 170, 370
ligament 21:170
Tibiocentrointermediare 21:172
Tibiofibular ligament 21:156, 387
Tibiofibulare 21:172
Tibiomeniscal ligament 21:154
Ticks 5:27
Tidal
flow 19:155–156
ventilation 5:225
volume(s) 5:96; 229–230, 236, 241, 245, 248, 352, 375; 12:447–448; 13:18; 19:48–49, 59, 155–156, 301, 304, 306–309, 320, 322–323, 329, 337, 340
Tidemark (see Blue line)
Tie tendons 21:202, 263
Tiger snake (see Notechis)
Tight junction(s) 12:424, 427; 14:703; 19:494
apical ridge 15:93
Tilapia, mouth brooding 15:529, 543
Tiliqua (see also Trachydosaurus) 5:132, 141–142, 160, 178–179, 181, 183, 298, 317, 453, 456–457, 460, 475; 7:494; 8:598, 602–603, 606, 687; 9:251, 293, 332; 12:113–114, 176, 183, 185, 219, 247, 462; 13:34, 161, 164, 166; 15:122, 325, 532, 638, 671; 16:35, 123, 129, 132, 141, 205, 252, 256, 261; 17:31–32, 466, 470, 479, 485; 18:409; 20:45, 53, 58–60, 63, 138, 140, 142, 144, 146–148, 259, 298; 21:51, 96, 153, 155, 275, 278, 330, 337–338, 345, 352, 357, 360, 400
adelaidensis 20:142, 148, 298
adrenal 3:280
axial skeleton 1:255, 257, 260, 266, 270
blood cell morphology 3:77, 81
blood chemistry 3:23
dentition 1:166
ear 2:271
eye 2:27
gigas 20:307
internal relief of gut 6:117, 182
jaw muscles 4:354, 358–360, 478
muscle tissue 11:277–278, 285–287, 290, 302, 314, 319–322, 324–328, 330–333, 336
nigrolutea 19:351, 355
nose 2:120, 140
occipitalis 19:355; 20:307
parathyroid 3:254–255
pituitary 3:157, 174
rugosa 19:355, 402–403, 418, 453, 475, 516, 525, 550, 552, 579; 20:298; 21:7, 56, 400, 402
scincoides 18:316; 19:409–410, 418; 20:298, 307; 21:7
urinogenital system 6:45
Time 12:52–53, 58–61, 227, 300–303
constant 5:32; 11:287
-temperature profiles 13:246, 263–264
Timekeeper 12:224
Timing mechanisms 5:34
Timm method 18:446
Tissue
bath 5:59
contamination 5:62
culture 3:225; 8:509–511; 11:266
damage 5:86
fluids 5:62
metabolism 5:164, 356; 12:238–239
samples 5:52–53, 58
solutes 12:326, 333–336
tolerance 3:34
transplants 15:432
water content 12:326
Tissues 5:54, 64, 69, 75, 85, 89, 104, 154, 160, 165, 169, 175, 183, 191–193, 198–199, 206, 208, 235, 250, 259, 276, 299, 302, 314–315, 323, 335, 358, 360, 383, 387–388, 391, 398, 413–414, 416, 430, 439
Titanophoneus, eye 2:80
Titers 5:30
Titration 5:80
Toad(s) 7:595; 8:466, 594; 10:93
Toad-eating 20:495
Toe clipping (see Marking methods)
fringes 21:55, 57
Tokay gecko 20:48
Tolerance (see Embryos; Temperature effects;
Water effects on embryos)
anaerobic 5:207
anoxia 5:192
range 12:31, 34, 36
Toluca 15:647; 16:147; 19:233
conica 19:142, 216
lineata 19:164, 216
Toluene 5:97
Toluidine blue 3:238, 333; 6:227, 246, 248, 255–256, 291; 8:122
blue O stain 16:355
p-Toluolsulfonyl-DL-arginine methyl ester 8:330
Tomatoes 8:607
Tomistoma 7:239; 8:676; 9:82, 85; 14:335, 344, 419, 462
axial skeleton 1:228, 230
internal relief of gut 6:212–214, 217
skull 4:201, 203, 210–211, 222–223, 227, 229, 231–232, 234, 236–243, 245, 253, 259, 279
Tomodon 15:646–648; 16:123, 147, 199; 19:227; 20:546
adrenal 3:269
dentition 1:177
dorsatus 19:216
jaw muscles 4:481
lineatus 20:653
ocellatus 19:216
urinogenital system 6:97
vittatum 20:653
Tomuropeltis
axial skeleton 1:272, 276, 278–280
nose 2:122
Tongue 2:89, 139, 143–144, 281, 293–294, 296; 3:2, 116; 4:152, 154, 159, 172–173, 175–177, 182, 186, 188, 190, 310, 319, 430; 5:430, 432; 6:232–233, 375, 378, 382, 385, 407– 409; 8:59, 65; 9:16; 11:17, 35–36, 64, 95–96, 100, 110, 129, 133, 143, 215, 226, 235, 240; 18:124, 127, 132, 138, 160, 172–173, 182, 189–190; 20:54, 61, 78, 496, 583
development 14:423, 427–428, 515
extrusions 18:177, 181, 426, 463
flick 18:119, 124, 129–130, 138–139, 142–143, 145–147, 160–162, 164, 173, 177–178, 182–191, 204, 353, 355, 387, 426, 458–459, 463–465, 470, 487
and olfactory nerve lesions 18:496
and stress 18:464
and vomeronasal nerve lesions 18:496
characteristics 18:464
conspecifics 18:470, 478
preferred substrate 18:478
rate 18:464, 478, 487, 496
SICS 18:488–489
lick 18:163, 170–173, 175, 178–182, 191
lures 16:212, 215
malformation 14:456, 459
muscles 4:168–173, 189, 430
embryology 4:168–170
removal 18:496
sheath 5:431–434
snake, specializations 18:460
touch 18:168, 172–173, 175–177, 180–181, 186
types 18:464
valve 4:191
withdrawal 5:50
worms 5:27
Tonic
fibers (see also Fibers, tonic) 21:205, 209
immobility of prey 8:4
response 2:293–294
Tonofibril 9:415, 417, 422, 427, 436
Tonofilaments 3:121–123, 126
Tonotropic organization 10:294, 317
Tonus 5:236–237
effect 10:20
Tooth
bud 1:130–131, 142, 146–147
cleaning, conditioning 8:6–7
counts (see also Tooth numbers) 15:440, 485; 20:43, 97–98, 132, 142, 168, 190, 193
cusps 1:154–155, 158, 161, 164, 179; 8:631
development 14:414, 431–432, 526
eruption 14:413
family 1:143
field 1:130, 134, 151, 153, 193
germ 1:129, 132–133, 148, 150; 14:431
matrix 1:129, 134, 143, 147
numbers 1:155–156, 160–163, 166–169, 172, 185, 187, 189
pedestal 1:118
replacement 1:120, 127, 131, 133–141, 150– 154, 158, 161, 163–166, 170, 172–173, 176, 183–187, 190–193; 4:241; 15:304; 21:601
row 20:36, 74, 114
socket(s) 1:127, 129, 144, 147, 151, 184–186, 189–193; 21:601
Torpedo 8:463; 9:156; 17:609
Torpor (see also Hibernation) 5:168; 12:7; 21:208
Torsion 21:20, 26, 106–110, 112, 151
Torso 5:86, 93
Tortoise (see also Turtle) 5:59, 71, 104, 365, 451, 455, 457, 466, 474–475, 478, 489, 491
Torus
semicircularis 9:196, 219, 221; 10:143, 151, 168, 174, 191, 223, 227, 233, 236, 293–294, 297, 330; 17:296, 325, 632, 651
transiliens 4:147
Tosylarginine methyl ester 8:91, 320–321, 323, 329, 614
activity 8:340
inhibitor 8:323
Total
body water (TBW) 12:326–342
metabolism 13:15, 185–189
allometric relationships 13:186–188
and behavior 13:186, 188–189, 191
thermal dependence 13:186, 193
solid test 8:579
Touch
papilla 9:421, 423, 427, 430–431, 436
receptors 2:279, 293–294
Toxic
levels 5:50
materials 5:55
oxalates 5:60
Toxicity 9:94, 98, 438
individual variation 8:441
of mandibular gland 8:80
test 8:440
to humans 5:48
Toxicocalamini 19:223
Toxicocalamus 8:25; 19:127, 223; 20:545
buergeri 8:25
holopelturus 8:25; 19:198
longissimus 8:25
loriae 8:25; 19:198; 20:630
misimae 8:25
preussi 8:25; 19:198; 20:630
spilolepidotus 8:25
stanleyanus 8:25; 19:198; 20:630
Toxicodryas 19:104, 161, 230
blandingii 19:161, 216
pulverulentus 19:216
Toxin(s) (see also under specific names; Venoms) 8:1, 196, 342–372, 458, 464, 507, 571; 19:156, 508, 516–517, 524
amino acid composition 8:196, 213–224
chemical modification 8:224–226
definition 8:438
evolution 8:213, 222–224
geographical variation 8:213
labelling 8:227
synthesis 8:227–228
tertiary structure 8:226
valency 8:355
Toxochelyidae, shell 1:321, 328, 334, 336
Toxoid(s) 8:176, 355–356
Trabecula(e) (see also Parenchyma) 9:2–3, 5–6, 34; 11:3, 10–15, 19–20, 22–24, 30, 32, 39–42, 44, 50, 52–54, 62, 66, 68, 74–75, 93, 98, 106, 112, 114–117, 119, 124, 127–130, 132, 136–138, 140, 142–144, 150, 154–155, 158, 160–161, 163–164, 166–168, 170–173, 179–182, 185, 187, 189, 193–195, 200–202, 205–207, 209–212, 214, 216, 219–221, 223–224, 229–231, 236–237, 241–242; 19:6, 9, 15, 17, 20, 22, 33, 42–44, 46–47, 59, 63–64, 76, 96, 107–111, 126, 131, 133, 145–147, 149, 162, 168, 381, 394–395, 399, 402, 412, 427, 429, 491, 539–540, 547, 551–552, 554, 557–559, 569–570; 20:10, 164, 222, 238, 269, 360–362, 375, 395, 399, 490, 524, 553; 21:517, 530
communis (see also Intertrabecula) 2:6–7, 9, 13–14, 67; 11:11, 15, 20, 23–24, 42, 44, 50, 54–55, 74, 76, 83–85, 88, 90, 110, 115–116, 127–132, 137–138, 140–141, 161, 163, 166, 170, 173, 180–182, 194–195, 200–202, 217, 223–224, 229; 20:10, 125, 128, 245, 360–362, 491, 556; 21:538, 575, 577, 583
connective tissue 3:118
cranial 14:125–126
cranii 2:6, 8, 48; 4:249, 251; 20:9, 25, 27, 29–30, 78, 135, 137, 196, 205, 215, 217, 238, 240
of bone 1:88, 97, 146, 312
of lymphatic heart 6:447, 449–451, 454
of lymphatic sinuses 6:328
Trabeculae 21:528, 534, 537
Trabecular
bone 1:142, 145
cartilages 21:533
crest 11:110, 112
groove 11:153–154, 185
groove in parasphenoid 20:438, 464, 477–502
plate 11:11, 19, 41–42, 74–75, 114–116, 136, 138, 141, 143, 194
ridge of the frontal 21:577
structure of bone 11:241
Trachea(l) 3:112, 114–115, 202–204, 207, 211, 238, 246, 252, 256; 4:155, 158–159, 168, 174–175, 177, 179–180, 184, 188, 190–192; 6:234, 325–326, 329, 345, 354, 368, 375, 380–382, 384–386, 411, 428–429, 431–433; 8:121; 10:8, 29; 11:24, 28, 170, 187, 214, 368; 13:139, 141–142, 311, 436, 439; 19:6, 8–9, 21, 26–28, 32–33, 36, 97, 101–102, 104–105, 113–114, 116, 118–128, 132–135, 138, 141– 144, 148, 155, 159–160, 165–170, 175
artery 19:102–103, 131–132, 134
avascular air chambers 19:177
cannula 5:79
cartilages 6:428; 19:123, 126
complex 19:115–139
entry 19:102, 104, 110, 141–143, 159–160, 168–171
epithelium 19:20
foramina 19:136, 177
incubation 5:48–49, 51–52, 96
length of 19:102, 122–123
lung 19:33–34, 94, 96, 98, 100–101, 103–104, 106–107, 109, 111, 114–115, 120, 122, 125, 130–139, 141, 144, 148–149, 154–155, 163, 169–171, 176
membrane 19:104, 107, 111, 120–123, 125–129, 130–132, 136–138, 144, 155, 169
morphology 19:104–112, 120–139
mucus production 5:49
nonpulmonary 19:125
regions 19:125
ring(s) 4:177, 179–180, 192; 19:96, 100, 102–103, 107, 116–119, 123–126, 129, 136, 169, 175
sinus (see Median jugular trunk)
tips (free tips) 19:124, 176
tracheal parenchyma 19:103
trunk 6:385
vein 3:203
volume 19:107
Trachemys 19:20, 56, 66, 331, 402, 460, 473
decorata 18:315
decussata 18:315
scripta 18:4, 250, 260, 315, 325, 327, 330–331, 434, 438, 442, 445–446, 453, 455, 457, 465; 19:3, 17, 39, 49, 51–55, 57–61, 63, 78, 299, 303, 306, 309, 313, 323–324, 328, 330, 333, 335–336, 346, 353, 401, 417, 428, 433, 442–444, 447–450, 452–461, 465, 470–472, 475, 503, 525, 547, 578
scripta elegans 18:33, 197, 326, 442, 445
scripta troostii 18:195
Tracheo
-bronchial plexus (see also Tracheo-pulmonary
plexus) 6:411, 431–432
-pulmonary plexus (see Tracheo-bronchial
plexus)
Trachischium 16:148; 19:150, 216, 234; 21:497, 500–501
fuscum 19:216
guentheri 19:164, 216
monticola 19:216
tenuiceps 19:216
Trachodon
bone 1:46
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:109
eye 2:79–80
Trachyboa 15:117, 119, 121; 16:38, 54, 151; 19:189, 219; 20:460, 464, 468, 471, 474; 21:579
axial skeleton 1:290
boulengeri 19:189; 20:462, 471, 474, 609
chondrocranium 11:169
ear 2:269, 271
gularis 19:189; 20:468, 609
jaw muscles 4:430, 481
pit organs 2:301
urinogenital system 6:27
Trachydermochelys, bone 1:56, 72
Trachydosaurus (see also Tiliqua) 5:132, 141–143, 162, 166, 178, 181, 183, 236–237, 307–309, 366, 369, 373, 383–385, 389–391, 393, 397–398, 401–402, 421, 427, 457–459, 464, 471, 479; 7:494; 8:602, 605, 688; 10:14–15, 17–19, 22–23, 25, 30, 32–34, 36–37, 39; 12:113, 225, 240, 244, 246–247, 253, 256, 331, 335, 346, 377, 384–385, 462; 13:34, 137, 161, 165–166, 217; 14:626, 631–632, 639, 651, 659, 664; 15:122, 346, 530, 532, 581; 16:252, 256, 261; 21:275
axial skeleton 1:247–249, 256–257, 266, 269
blood chemistry 3:5, 13, 15, 34
chondrocranium 11:65
histology of gut 6:288
internal relief of gut 6:177, 179, 182, 186
jaw muscles 4:358–361, 478
parathyroid 3:254–255
rugosus 18:236, 238–239, 242; 20:298
urinogenital system 6:45, 117
Trachylepis 21:24, 229, 275, 294, 298–300, 302, 347, 360, 398
carinata 21:398
margaritifer 21:398, 401
Trachysaurus, dentition 1:128
Trackway 21:58
Tract
anterior optic 17:177
basal optic 10:145, 153, 159, 165; 17:177, 206
cerebellomotor 10:180, 192
cerebellospinal 10:93
cerebellotectal 17:536
cerebellotegmental 10:180, 192
cerebellothalamic 10:192
cerebellovestibular 10:180, 192
coeruleospinal 10:92
common descending of the trigeminal 17:386
contralateral medial vestibulospinal 17:556
corticobulbar 10:193
corticonuclear 17:498, 536–543, 560, 566–568
corticospinal 10:63, 91, 94–95, 123, 125, 193
corticovestibular 17:545, 553
descending trigeminal 17:391, 633, 651, 679
dorsal column 10:220
dorsal spinocerebellar 10:77, 139, 141, 147, 149, 151, 157, 163, 217; 17:409, 519
dorsolateral of Lissauer 17:633, 651, 663, 670, 672, 679, 682
fastigospinal 10:93
geniculocortical 10:320
habenulointerpeduncular 10:145, 153, 159, 165, 177, 192, 237
hypothalamospinal 10:93
interstitiospinal 10:89, 91, 93–94, 101
isthmocortical 10:269–270, 272, 274, 280–281
lateral descending, of the trigeminal nerve 17:386, 391–392, 396, 403
lateral vestibulospinal 10:139, 141, 147, 149, 157, 161, 163, 172, 191, 206–207, 212–217; 17:556
Lissauer’s 10:80, 120–121
mammillotegmental 10:153, 177
marginal optic 17:177, 180, 189, 301
medial vestibulospinal 10:172; 17:533, 556
medullohypothalamic 10:269–270, 274, 276
mesencephalic lentiform 17:190, 314
mesostriatal 10:269–271, 276, 278, 280, 282
monoaminergic 10:92
olivocerebellar 17:516, 525
propriospinal 10:63, 65, 85, 96–97, 119, 128
quintofrontal 10:190, 227; 17:413
reticulospinal 10:94, 139, 147, 149, 151, 155, 161, 163
rotondotelencephalic 10:320, 323
rubrospinal 10:63, 89–91, 93–96, 101, 147, 149, 151, 161, 163–164, 193; 17:558, 563
solitary 10:213
spinal lemniscus 10:167–168, 172, 179, 183, 189–190, 217, 220, 302
spinal trigeminal 10:139, 141, 147, 149, 155, 157, 161, 163, 169, 180, 183, 211–212, 226
spinobulbar 10:167
spinocerebellar 10:77, 117, 122, 167, 179, 192, 225; 17:419, 498, 516, 522–523
spinocervical 10:77–78
spinomesencephalic 10:167
spinoreticular 10:77, 117, 183, 189
spinorhombencephalic 10:167
spinotectal 10:117, 167
spinothalamic 10:77, 117, 167–168, 190
spinovestibular 10:172, 217, 220
strionigral 10:272
subthalamotelencephalic 10:322, 324
tectobulbar 10:143, 145, 151, 153, 157–159, 164–165, 176–177, 183, 187, 191, 193, 225, 227, 236
tectocerebellar 10:179
tectospinal 10:176, 236
tectothalamic 10:168, 176, 191, 294, 297, 319, 321
trigeminal lemniscus 10:190, 227
trigeminocerebellar 10:190
ventral spinocerebellar 10:141, 143, 151, 158, 164, 217
vestibulocerebellar 10:141, 149
vestibulospinal 10:63, 89–94, 96, 101, 141, 172, 193
Traction epiphysis 1:109
Trail (trailing) (see Pheromone)
Training 13:167
Tränenkanal (see Lachrymal duct)
Tränennasengang (see Lachrymal duct)
Tranquilization 5:43, 50, 126
Transamination 19:515
Transcapillary fluid flux 19:346
Transcortin 3:32–33
Transcutaneous water movements 5:382
Transducers 5:98
humidity 5:104
Transduction 2:288
Transepidermal water loss (see also Skin) 18:153
Transepithelial
ion exchanges 19:341
permeability 5:493, 495
transport of urate 5:493–494, 497
Transferrin 3:27, 31–32, 46–53; 19:515
Transfusion fluid 5:60
Transient-state energy balance 12:284
Transients 5:82
Translation 21:43, 46
Transmembrane recordings 5:87
pH gradient 5:257
Transmission of sound (see Middle ear)
Transmitter substance 10:3, 10, 12, 15, 22, 26, 39, 250
Transmitters 5:32, 98
Transmutation 17:198
Transosomes 14:62–64
Transpalatine (see Ediculus)
Transplant studies 16:389
Transplantation 14:15, 640–642
antigens 15:275
of blastema 14:15
of limb buds 14:158
of skin 14:583
Transport (see also Locomotion) 5:26; 12:370
Transportation 5:21
Trans-sulcal membrane 19:407
Transversalis muscle 2:5, 17–19, 22, 41, 52, 70, 75, 82
Transverse
anastomotic vein (see Anastomotic vein )
canal 4:205, 214, 217, 219, 221, 224–226, 255, 257, 278
coronary sulcus 19:406
cutaneous vessels 6:366, 387
ligament of atlas 1:273, 289
process 1:208, 217, 219, 230, 233, 238, 263, 268–270, 279–280, 301; 6:452, 454–455; 11:362, 367, 370
process of premaxilla 20:357, 402, 409, 419, 424, 429, 431, 437, 462, 469, 483, 499, 523, 529, 531, 536, 540, 553–554; 21:580
processes 21:61
and fracture planes 15:305–306, 308, 325, 329, 332–334, 338–340
pterygoid flange 1:30, 38
septum 6:351
sinus (see also Thyroid sinus) 6:318, 320, 375
vein 3:165
vessel of the wrist 6:390
Transversum (see Ectopterygoid)
Transversus branchialis 21:596–597
Trapelus (see also Agama) 20:96–97, 100, 294; 21:91, 302
agilis 20:102, 306
mutabilis 20:101, 306
pallidus 21:209
sanguinolenta 20:294
Trapezius 21:212
Trapezoid body 10:173
Trapping (see Capture methods)
Trasylol 8:166, 329–330
Trauma 5:40, 52
experimental 14:559–563
repair of 14:530
Traveling waves 21:45, 61, 241
Treadmill 5:84, 182; 19:337
Treatment of disease 5:25
Tree shrew 10:315
Trehalase 3:29
Trematoda, blood cell morphology 3:88
Trementine oil 6:317
Tretanorhinus 7:503; 16:121, 148; 19:229
mocquardi 19:216
nigroluteus 19:216
taeniatus 19:216
variabilis 19:216; 20:581
Tretioscincus 12:115; 21:400
bifasciatus 20:193, 301
Triacylglycerol 19:501
Triad 11:269, 274–276, 316; 17:36–37, 40, 81, 464
Trial and error conditioning 7:558
Triangular area 9:228; 10:296
Triassic 4:12, 264–267, 280
period 14:151–152, 495
reptiles 15:338–340
Triassochelys
dentition 1:150
shell (see also Proganochelys) 1:332, 333
Tribolonotus 12:113; 15:639, 644–645, 671; 16:141; 20:144, 147; 21:398
axial skeleton 1:270
ear 2:271
schmidti 20:307
Tribromoethanol 5:45
Tricaine methanesulfonate 5:45
Tricarboxylic acid 19:498, 512
acid cycle 3:46; 5:199
Triceps 21:30–32
complex 21:212
tendon 1:110
Triceratops 9:304
bone 1:72
Trichloracetic acid 3:30; 5:66
Trichloroethylene 18:150
Triconodont teeth 1:119, 161
Trichrome 3:277, 283, 290, 304; 8:59
Tricuspid teeth 1:150, 160, 163, 167, 191
Trigeminal 20:11, 31
connection 10:226
foramen (see also Foramen ovale) 11:85, 90, 112, 216, 219, 224, 242
formina 20:365, 375, 389, 394, 408, 458, 508, 527, 565–566, 591
ganglion 9:3, 6, 11, 25, 47–49, 58, 134; 11:15, 26, 30–32, 68, 106, 127, 129, 131–132, 160, 163, 186–190, 210, 217, 237, 243; 14:173
nerve (see also Nerve, trigeminal) 2:11, 41, 50, 74–755, 177, 180, 281–282, 289, 293–297; 4:101, 103, 118–124, 142–143, 162, 285– 287, 289, 307, 311, 313, 315, 319, 384, 394, 405, 417–418, 423, 438, 467; 8:105, 118; 11:12, 15, 21–23, 26, 32, 106, 144, 187–188, 210, 216, 243; 14:133; 18:424
notch 11:12, 98, 110, 112, 124, 138, 140; 20:31
system (see also Nerve, trigeminal; Nucleus,
trigeminal; Tract, trigeminal) 10:224, 227; 18:125
Triglyceride(s) 3:36; 18:155, 169–170, 194, 203
in oocytes 14:64
Trigonium
colli laterale 4:166
colli laterale anterior 4:170
colli laterale posterior 4:170
intermandibulare anterius 4:118
intermandibulare posterius 4:142, 167, 169, 187
Trihydroxycoprostanoic acid 19:513
Triiodothyronine 3:202, 215; 12:236; 18:309, 318
Trilobate teeth 1:154–155
Trilophosaurus 9:297
dentition 1:121–122, 124, 134, 191
Trimeresurus 7:204, 207, 506; 8:9, 37–38, 103, 167, 169, 176, 179–182, 185, 187–188, 238, 243–244, 246, 250–251, 259, 263, 271, 288, 297, 300, 306–308, 312–313, 317–318, 320, 322–323, 326, 328, 331, 337–338, 341, 347, 358–359, 370, 373–374, 447, 498–499, 502–507, 511, 664; 10:297; 15:46, 651, 657–659, 662, 671; 16:122, 127, 152, 172, 288; 17:370–371, 392, 399; 19:33, 81, 193
(as “Trigonocephalus”), 220; 20:517
albolabris 8:37, 447; 19:193; 20:498, 508, 616
axial skeleton 1:285
blood chemistry 3:51
cantori 8:37
chaseni 8:37
chondrocranium 11:164
covictus 8:37
cornutus 8:37
ear 2:270, 272
elegans 8:37, 103, 169, 307, 447; 18:460; 19:193
erythrurus 8:37
flavomaculatus 8:37
flavoviridis (see also Protobothrops) 8:37, 103, 169, 179–180, 182, 185, 187, 238, 243–244, 250, 259, 263, 297, 306–308, 312–313, 317, 320, 322–323, 326, 328, 331, 337, 341, 347, 358–359, 373–374, 447, 502–506, 511; 18:155; 19:114; 20:616
gracilis 8:37
gramineus 8:37, 180, 182, 187, 251, 297, 300, 326, 337, 370, 447, 506–507; 19:193
hageni 8:38
huttoni 8:38
internal relief of gut 6:211
jaw muscles 4:482
jerdonii 8:38; 20:616
kanburiensis 8:38
kaulbacki 8:38
labialis 8:38, 370
macrolepis 8:39
malabaricus 8:38, 447
mangshanensis 20:616
monticola 8:38; 20:615
mucrosquamatus 8:38, 188, 244, 263, 300, 313, 318, 326, 337–338, 341, 447; 20:616
okinavensis 8:38, 187, 244, 250, 263, 297, 307, 313, 318, 326, 328, 347, 447, 498, 499
pit organs 2:285, 287, 295–296
popeorum 8:38; 19:193
porphyreus 20:629
puniceus 8:38; 19:193; 20:616
purpureomaculatus 8:38, 338, 498; 19:193; 20:520, 616
schultzei 8:38
stejnegeri 8:38, 187, 244, 263, 271, 358; 19:124, 133, 193; 20:616
strigatus 8:38
sumatranus 8:38
tokarensis 8:38; 18:460
tonkinensis 8:38
trigonocephalus 8:38; 19:193
urinogenital system 6:94
wagleri 8:38, 186, 238, 243, 288, 358, 447, 664; 20:616
xiangchengensis 20:616
“Trimeresurus” rhombeatus 8:664
Trimerorhachis, origin and evolution 1:23
Trimetopon 19:229
barbouri 19:216
gracile 19:216
pliolepis 19:216
polylepis 19:216
slevini 19:216
Trimorphodon 16:14, 123, 149; 17:215; 19:231
biscutatus 19:154, 166, 216; 20:553, 572, 581, 644–645
ear 2:269, 272
eye 2:55, 63
tau 19:217
Trinacromerum, eye 2:80
Trioceros 20:105, 295
Trionychidae 5:154, 192, 197–198, 249, 327, 395; 7:349, 464; 8:46, 674; 9:251, 306; 12:136, 343; 13:7; 14:27, 81, 90, 107, 158, 171, 182–183, 198, 218–219, 229; 15:265; 16:113, 135, 393, 399, 413–414, 439, 526, 551; 19:19–20, 404
adrenal 3:275
axial muscles 11:356, 362–363, 366, 424
axial skeleton 1:213, 215
blood chemistry 3:28, 31, 44
chondrocranium 11:222–223
ear 2:265, 270
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:102, 104–105, 107–108, 110, 112, 117, 124–126, 154, 156–157, 163, 182
histology of gut 6:273
internal relief of gut 6:161, 220
limbs 4:2, 13–14, 17, 20, 24–28, 30–32, 34–35, 38, 40, 42, 45–47, 49–50, 53–54, 58, 60, 65–68, 71–72, 75–76, 79, 82, 84–85, 88, 90–93, 95, 100
nose 2:106, 114
parathyroid 3:237
shell 1:314, 320, 327–329, 334, 336
Trionychinae, internal relief of gut 6:161
Trionychoidea 68–69
axial skeleton 1:210, 217, 224
eye 2:67
internal relief of gut 6:161, 170
Trionyx (see also Apalone) 5:197, 201–205, 208, 249, 318–319, 366, 368, 373, 377, 380, 387, 389–391, 395–396; 7:349, 464–465, 569; 8:632, 654, 660–661, 674; 9:164, 251, 306, 418, 422–423; 10:203; 12:138, 258, 289, 327, 341, 343, 351, 368, 429; 13:35–39, 85–86, 89, 209, 307, 309–310; 14:27, 77, 79, 81, 84, 87–89, 92, 107, 110, 114, 119, 121, 138–139, 144, 148–149, 154, 158, 166, 168–169, 177, 181, 213–214, 222, 225, 227–231, 233, 235–236, 240, 278, 512, 529, 640; 15:265, 283, 286; 16:57, 113, 135, 340, 348, 354, 361–362, 393, 396, 403–404, 439, 537–538, 568; 17:500; 19:19, 78, 404, 417
adrenal 3:275, 289, 292, 295, 301, 305
axial muscles 11:356, 362, 364–368
axial skeleton 1:204, 211, 218
blood cell numbers 3:95
blood chemistry 3:4, 9, 14–15, 28, 42, 50
chondrocranium 11:222
ear 2:254, 256–258, 265, 270
eye 2:68, 72
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104– 105, 113, 117–118, 123, 125, 127, 154–158, 162–167, 170, 172–175, 178, 180–181
histology of gut 6:269, 274, 278–279
internal relief of gut 6:161–162, 165, 172–173, 175, 220
limbs 4:2–4, 6, 9–11, 14, 20–21, 24, 28, 30, 3234, 40–41, 47, 49–51, 56, 60, 65–66, 68, 72–74, 77–79, 84, 88–89, 100
lymphatics 6:367, 369, 374, 377, 404, 456
muscle tissue 11:283, 294, 336
muticus 18:251, 315
nose 2:104, 107–108, 110, 113–114, 178, 180–181
parathyroid 3:237
sinensis 18:95
spinifer(us) 18:4, 269, 315, 327, 442; 19:299, 354
thymus 3:121, 124
urinogenital system 6:5–6, 13, 16, 18, 28, 49, 58, 91, 96, 108
Triose phosphate isomerase 5:205
Tripanurgos 16:231; 19:226
compressus 19:217
urinogenital system 6:30
Triple cells 2:35, 43–44
Triploid species 14:642
Triploid zygote 15:414
Triploids 15:414–415, 418–419, 428, 432, 435, 437, 439–441, 447, 456, 458, 460–461, 464–466, 474–476, 478, 480, 483, 485–488, 490, 495–498, 502–503, 505–506, 508
Triploidy 15:433, 466, 473, 492, 495–497
Triquetrum 21:126
Trirachodon 9:133, 135, 299, 301
Trirhinopholis 7:503
Tritiated insulin 5:98
Tritiated water (HTO) 5:69–70, 104, 374; 12:336, 360–361, 484, 486–487; 13:239
Tritium 13:238–240
Tritubercular teeth 1:119
Triturating surface 1:189
Triturus 8:3; 14:7
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:90
urinogenital system 6:45
Tritylodont 9:132–134
Tritylodontoidea 9:299, 302
Trobitrabic chondrocranium 20:361
Trochanter 15:79; 21:191
major 4:55–58, 66–67, 72, 74, 76, 95–96
minor 4:55–58, 65, 67, 70, 76, 95
Trochlea 4:16–17; 21:102, 105
Trochlear
decussation 10:223
foramen 4:224, 229, 250, 257
nerve 2:7, 11, 49–50; 11:15, 21, 24, 41–42, 74, 90, 105, 115–116, 121, 124, 155, 160, 163, 187, 189, 195, 206, 210, 224, 229–231, 233, 236–237, 243; 14:133, 429
process 4:104–107, 114–117, 125–126, 131; 11:216
Trochosaurus 9:299
Trogonophidae(iidae) 7:497; 8:46, 662, 690; 15:44, 337, 372, 625, 664, 667, 669, 671; 16:136; 21:624–626, 634, 636, 729
adrenal 3:281
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:271–274, 280
blood cell morphology 3:77
chondrocranium 11:126
dentition 1:172
ear 2:224, 268, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:106
histology of gut 6:229
internal relief of gut 6:190
jaw muscles 4:480
nose 2:120
pancreas 3:324
pituitary 3:136, 146, 154, 180–181, 192, 195
thyroid 3:206, 207
Trogonophinae 21:624
Trogonophis 7:497; 8:71, 73, 690; 9:158; 10:204; 12:125, 460; 13:57, 206; 15:44, 373, 625– 626, 669; 16:37, 56, 136; 19:557; 21:623, 625, 630, 634, 636, 712–713, 716–721
adrenal 3:281
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:272–273, 275–276, 278
blood cell morphology 3:77, 82
chondrocranium 11:126–132, 134–135, 200–201
ear 2:268, 271
eye 2:24, 43, 46, 48
internal relief of gut 6:190–192
jaw muscles 4:411, 416, 480
nose 2:120, 127, 140, 143
pituitary 3:145, 180–181
thyroid 3:207, 227
urinogenital system 6:38, 59, 72, 79
wiegmanni 21:626, 640, 712–713, 717, 732
Trompe de Falloppe (see Ostium abdominale)
Trophic apparatus, related to food size 7:21
Trophonemata 15:529
Tropibasic 20:10, 239
condition (see Tropitrabic condition)
Tropical
reptiles 13:202–206, 210–211, 213, 274, 277, 280, 290, 295–296, 298
species 14:180–181, 210, 228, 397
Tropics (see Life history traits, distribution;
Life history traits, latitude; Parental
care, latitude)
Tropidechis 8:25; 15:654; 16:150; 19:222; 21:524
carinatus 8:25; 19:198; 20:630; 21:523
Tropidoclonion 7:503; 12:129, 131; 13:121; 16:121, 149, 482–483, 520; 19:234
lineatum 19:217; 20:649
Tropidodactylus, urinogenital system 6:84
Tropidodipsas 16:230; 19:100, 229
annulifera 19:217; 20:651
fasciata 19:217
fischeri 19:217
philippii 19:217
sartorii 19:217
Tropidodryas 19:227
serra 19:164, 217; 20:656
striaticeps 19:217; 20:656
Tropidolaemus 19:220
wagleri 19:152, 193; 20:508–509, 515, 517, 520–521, 616
Tropidonophis (see also other natricines) 19:100, 146, 233
aenigmaticus 19:217
dahli 19:217
dendrophiops 19:154–217
doriae 19:154, 199 (as Amphiesma), 217; 20:555, 649
elongatus 19:217
halmahericus 19:217
hypomelas 19:217; 20:649
mairii 19:154, 217; 20:649
mcdowelli 19:217
montanus 19:217; 20:581, 649
multiscutellatus 19:217
negrosensis 19:217
novaeguineae 19:217
parkeri 19:217
picturatus 19:199 (as Amphiesma), 217
punctiventris 19:217
statisticus 19:217
truncatus 19:217
Tropidonotus (see Natrix)
Tropidopheids 21:557
Tropidopheinae 21:565, 610
Tropidophiid condition 20:466
Tropidophiidae 15:646, 671; 16:38, 40; 19:100, 122, 130, 133, 145, 151–152, 158, 171, 189, 219; 353–354, 444, 460, 467, 469–470, 472, 474, 478, 482, 559, 574, 609; 21:565, 570
Tropidophiids 21:578
Tropidophiinae 19:171, 219
Tropidophinae, chondrocranium 11:174
Tropidophioidea 21:543, 555, 565, 575, 584
Tropidophis 7:498–499; 16:38, 40, 133, 151; 19:144, 189, 219; 20:460, 464, 468, 471, 474
axial muscles 11:398–399
axial skeleton 1:287, 290
blood cell numbers 3:98
canus 18:312; 19:189; 20:468, 470, 609
canus curtus 18:324
caymanensis 19:189
distinctus 20:609
ear 2:271
eye 2:51, 54–56
fasciata 20:647
feicki 18:312
greenwayi 18:312
haetianus 18:312; 19:189; 20:472
jaw muscles 4:430, 481
maculatus 19:189
melanurus 18:312–313; 19:189; 20:462, 468, 470–473, 475, 609; 21:566
nigriventris 19:189
pardalis 19:189; 20:474, 609
paucisquamis 19:189
pilsbryi 19:189
pit organs 2:301
semicinctus 19:189; 20:471, 474
taczanowskyi 19:189; 20:610
urinogenital system 6:27
wrighti 19:152, 189
Tropidophorus 15:638; 16:141; 20:144; 21:398
axial skeleton 1:270
ear 2:271
misaminius 20:139, 307
Tropiduridae 21:12, 67, 129
Tropidurinae(ine) 20:43–44, 79–80, 82–86, 88–90, 305
eye 2:31
Tropidurus 5:389, 453, 456–457, 466–468, 472–473, 475; 7:51, 139–140, 165, 191, 270, 275, 310, 483–484; 8:684; 12:102, 294, 488; 16:7, 18, 21–22, 50, 140, 515; 18:382; 20:12, 42, 45, 80–81, 84, 89–90, 293; 21:104, 294, 299, 302
albemarlensis 18:362
axial muscles 11:357
bivittatus 18:362
delanosis 18:175, 329, 339, 357–358, 362, 376, 382, 398; 20:305
duncanensis 18:362
ear 2:271
etheridgei 20:88, 293
grayi 20:305
habeli 18:362
jaw muscles 4:312, 319, 415, 477
nose 2:119
occipitalis 18:362
occipitalis koepckeorum 18:362
pacificus 18:362; 20:305
peruvianus 18:362
spinulosus 20:82, 293
stolzmani 18:362
torquatus 19:511; 21:130
umbra 20:82, 293
urinogenital system 6:45–46
Tropiocolotes 7:469; 8:64; 21:166, 397
chondrocranium 11:74–75, 77
studneri 21:95
tripolitanus 21:95, 124, 398
Tropitrabic 21:533
braincase 20:584
condition 11:11, 116, 128, 132, 144, 182, 193, 195, 200–201, 206, 225, 241
Troponin complex 11:292
Trot 21:51, 54
True hypapophysis (see Paraseptal apophysis)
interprotovertebral haemapophysis (see
Paraseptal apophysis)
nasal cavity (see Cavum nasi proprium)
rib 1:231
“True sallet” 2:245
Truncus arteriosus 5:308; 10:35
Trunk 20:363, 586
cervical 10:9
sympathetic 10:9
vertebrae (see Dorsal vertebrae)
Trypan blue 15:135, 575
Trypanosoma
blood cell morphology 3:88
blood cell numbers 3:104
Trypsin 3:41–42, 51; 8:472, 613–616, 666
inhibitor(s) 8:166, 207
Tryptamine 8:193
Tryptic peptides 11:291
Tryptophan(e) 3:40, 42; 6:43, 228, 248, 252, 264, 294; 18:155
Tseajaia, origin and evolution 1:27
TSH (see Thyrotrophic hormone)
Tsintaosaurus 9:101
Tuatara (see also Sphenodon) 16:9, 28, 58, 66, 114, 136, 308, 531–532; 20:1, 64
Tuba (see Infundibulum)
Tuber 5:170
basioccipitalis 4:267–268
calcanei 21:365, 386
Tuberal hypothalamus 18:98
Tuberculum
anterior of cartilago thyreocricoidea 4:192
of rib 1:201–202, 209, 212, 227, 229–230, 237, 252, 287, 301
Tubero-infundibular system 10:250
Tuberosity of processus interfenestralis 21:502
Tubi piccoli (see Epididymal tubule)
Tubocurarine 5:53; 11:329
D-Tubocurarine 8:455, 457, 460–461, 463, 465
Tubular
acidification 5:481
fluid 5:448, 469, 473, 477, 486, 492
function 5:465
glands 5:416, 423
glands of digestive tract 6:244, 296, 298–299
lumina 5:460, 479, 486, 493, 495, 497
permeability 5:474–475
reabsorption 5:467, 469, 489–490, 492, 498
regulation 5:467–468
secretion 5:481, 490, 498
system 11:267, 273–274, 288–289, 293–294, 296–297, 304, 313, 316
teeth 1:124, 173, 175–176, 178, 182–183
transport 5:450, 459, 465, 471, 477, 479–480, 482–486, 489, 491, 493–494, 496–498
Tubule cells 5:100, 417, 437, 448, 467, 478, 481, 486
contourne (see Proximal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
Tubules 5:416, 425, 432–435, 438, 468, 471–473, 492–493, 495
Tubulin 19:497
Tubulo-alveolar glands of digestive tract 6:233, 236, 238, 296
Tubulus contortus (see Proximal segment
of uriniferous tubule; Seminiferous
tubule)
Tubus medius (see Epididymal tubule)
Tuditanus, origin and evolution 1:20–21
Tuft cells 5:425, 427
Tumor(s) (see also Pathology) 8:510–512; 19:508, 516, 523
Tuna 5:191; 13:5
Tunica
albuginea 6:51, 56–58, 73, 442
apropria 6:236
muscularis 6:237, 268–270, 288, 290–291, 293, 413, 416
propria 6:268, 270, 279, 284, 288, 291, 413
septa 6:57–58
submucosa (see Submucosa of stomach)
vasculosa 6:73
Tupaia 19:574
Tupinambis 5:245, 283, 315; 7:140, 491, 598–599, 606, 608; 8:606, 633, 688; 9:251, 332; 10:59–66, 68–70, 72, 74–76, 78–80, 82–87, 89, 91–93, 97–98, 100–101, 111–116, 118, 121–122, 125, 127, 133–134, 137, 147, 149, 151, 153, 166–168, 171–173, 175–176, 178– 180, 184–187, 203, 216, 223, 229, 233, 237, 277, 296; 12:55, 116, 177, 242, 246–247, 408, 413; 15:325, 343; 16:122, 141, 256, 261, 284, 300, 304, 306–307; 17:184–185, 188–189, 191, 208–209, 245–246, 324, 530, 534, 544, 556, 558–559; 19:22, 324, 383, 469; 20:51, 58, 63, 174, 176, 178–179, 181, 184, 301, 389; 21:43, 53, 67, 80, 96, 145, 153, 159, 170, 185, 250, 278, 285, 294, 299, 301–302, 337, 351, 357, 374–375, 378–379, 381, 383, 388, 390, 392–393, 398
adrenal 3:269
axial skeleton 1:248, 251, 256, 264, 267
blood chemistry 3:5, 10, 28, 34
chondrocranium 11:71–72
dentition 1:163–164
ear 2:243, 267, 271
eye 2:20, 27
internal relief of gut 6:177, 179, 181–182, 187, 220
jaw muscles 4:351, 355–358, 388, 416–418, 478
merianae 19:3, 17, 27, 64, 80, 306–307, 355
muscle tissue 11:273, 336
nigropunctatus 19:42–44, 49, 51–57, 59, 61, 80, 322, 330, 332, 344, 355, 418, 475; 20:301, 308; 21:7, 43, 336
nose 2:120
punctatus 20:389
rufescens 18:468
teguixin 18:427, 442–444; 19:3, 17, 27, 42–44, 49, 51–57, 59, 61, 64, 80, 306, 322, 330, 332, 344, 355, 409, 418, 460, 471, 475; 20:175, 177, 301, 308; 21:7, 373
Turbinal (see Concha; Nasal concha)
Turbidity 8:96, 248
Turbulence 12:281–282
Turbulent flow 19:389, 436, 441
Turkey 2:322
Turkmenia 2:322
Turtle(s) (see also specific families and specific genera;
Testudines; Testudinae) 5:2, 7–8, 10, 14, 20, 23, 25–27, 30, 36–41, 44, 50–51, 55, 59–60, 62–66, 68, 71–72, 79, 81–82, 88–89, 91, 93, 95–96, 101–104, 135–136, 150–154, 156, 174, 180, 187, 191–197, 199, 206, 227–230, 232, 234, 238, 240–243, 245, 247–249, 251, 253, 255, 257–260, 264, 275, 277–278, 284–288, 301, 303, 305, 307–310, 316, 318–321, 323–324, 326–327, 335, 338, 341, 344, 346, 348–349, 352–353, 358, 360, 365–366, 371, 380, 383, 387, 391, 394–395, 406, 408, 414, 416–418, 420, 422–423, 433, 437, 439–440, 448, 451–452, 455–457, 460–461, 463, 465–466, 470–477, 480–481, 486, 488–490, 496; 8:59, 69, 377–378, 589, 596–597, 612, 622–623, 632, 670–674; 9:3, 5, 7–9, 11–12, 14–15, 18–19, 21, 23, 27, 31, 33–34, 42, 57, 65–66, 71, 138–139, 148, 151, 163–167, 248, 251, 256, 288–289, 296, 305–306, 323, 329, 372–374, 389, 407–408, 417, 424, 434; 10:3, 5–8, 10, 12, 14, 18, 20–21, 23–25, 27–29, 31, 33–34, 36–37, 39, 41, 44–45, 59–60, 62–63, 80, 84–85, 92, 96, 100, 133, 182, 191, 203, 206–207, 210, 212, 217–219, 221–222, 224–225, 227, 233, 235, 240–241, 252, 262–263, 265, 269, 274, 276–278, 280–282, 289, 291–294, 296–297, 300–301, 306–307, 310, 314, 316–318, 325, 327, 330; 12:33, 93, 136–142, 146, 172–173, 190–197, 223, 227, 238, 240–241, 250–251, 287, 303, 306, 317, 326, 340, 359, 362, 367, 379, 401–402, 404, 425, 427, 486, 493; 13:1–7, 11, 13–14, 16–19, 21, 23, 25, 28–29, 31–33, 35, 65, 72–75, 85, 98–99, 114, 119, 159, 177, 182, 205, 209–212, 218, 239–240, 246, 262, 276, 279–282, 290–294, 300, 303; 14:14–15, 18, 46, 48, 55, 62, 69, 75–241, 271, 348, 359–360, 374–376, 381, 395, 442, 445, 451, 460, 497, 536, 604, 608–609, 614, 617–618, 626, 637–639, 648, 711, 713–714; 21:293
antipredator mechanisms 16:9, 17, 20–21, 25–27, 58, 66–67, 122, 134–135, 244
aquatic 5:83, 233, 235
box (see Terrapene)
capture methods 16:337–339
diet 16:397–398
eggs and embryos 16:525–528, 531, 538, 544, 562–563, 565–569, 574
elegant (see Pseudemys; Chrysemys scripta)
feeding lures 16:212–213
freshwater 5:39, 61, 105, 327, 417, 451, 455, 460, 465, 470, 474, 477, 480
gopher tortoise (see Gopherus)
green 5:196, 248, 420, 422, 430
heart 5:1, 19
life history 16:335–336, 344–345, 347–349, 352–363, 365–368, 389–421, 436–439
loggerhead (see Caretta)
marking methods 16:340–341
mud (see Kinosternon)
musk (see Sternotherus)
nests 16:532–533, 540–544, 553, 581
painted (see also Chrysemys) 5:33, 466
parental care (see Parental care)
phylogenetic relationships 16:25, 390, 410, 415
predation on 16:6, 8–11, 25–27, 57, 60, 112–113, 397, 403–404, 411–412
red-ear (see also Pseudemys) 5:44
Ridley’s (see Lepidochelys)
sea 5:183, 188–189, 318, 422, 437
sex determination 16:353, 551–553, 572, 583–585
shell (see also Shell) 5:40–41; 16:25–27, 56–57, 347–349, 352–353, 389, 397, 400–401, 420
size 16:398–399
snapping (see Chelydra)
soft-shelled (see Trionyx)
tortoise-shell (see Eretmochelys)
water (see Podocnemis)
Tusk 1:119
Twin
cells 2:42, 44–46, 48, 62
embryos 15:28–29
Twinning 14:452
Twitch 11:299, 304–314
fiber(s) (see also Fibers, twitch) 21:205
tension of muscle 12:168
Two-tier pattern 2:62, 85, 91
Tylosaurus 9:296
dentition 1:171
Tympani 21:493
Tympanic
bulla 4:205, 211, 221, 224, 226, 228, 256–257
cavity 2:196–198, 201, 203, 219, 222–224, 226, 229–233, 242, 247, 262; 11:28, 31, 79, 99–100, 103, 113, 132, 147–148, 214–215, 226, 243; 14:136–137; 21:475
crest 11:33–34, 59, 76; 20:22, 42, 86, 100, 122, 180, 185, 191, 203, 214, 221, 225, 231, 234
crest of quadrate 2:198, 200
disc 14:294
lymph cavities 2:224, 232
membrane 2:193–201, 221, 223–226, 229–233, 242, 262; 4:109, 203, 233, 237, 244, 277, 299–300, 328, 331–334, 338–340, 353, 357, 360, 362, 364, 366, 387–390, 397, 399–400, 404, 420; 11:28, 31, 33, 59, 65, 67, 84, 91, 95, 99–100, 104–105, 113–114, 118, 132, 147, 196, 215, 222, 237, 239; 20:34, 37, 53, 69, 73, 110, 133, 135–136, 191, 207, 214, 216, 238, 244; 21:482
muscle 2:199, 222, 233
plate of extrastapes 2:231
process (see Insertion plate of extracolumella)
process of quadrate 4:374
Tympanocryptis 12:461–462; 16:258; 20:100, 294; 21:190, 398
adelaidensis 21:191
diemensis 21:191
ear 2:271
lineata 21:398
Tympanum 1:20, 38; 14:416, 495
Tyndall scattering 18:305, 309
Type
A cone 2:44, 56, 58, 60–63, 86
A1
cone 2:34–36, 40–42, 45–46
A2
cone 2:34–36, 40–42, 46
A twin cell 2:91
B cone 2:63
B double cell 2:3, 34, 42–46, 56, 60, 77, 91
C cone 2:54, 56, 60–63
C double cell 2:3, 35, 42–46, 88
Cʹ cell (see Type D rod)
D rod 2:56, 63
Typhlacontias 15:115, 636; 16:118
eye 2:14
Typhlina 12:134
Typhlonectes 17:213
Typhlophis 19:235; 21:583
squamosus 19:181; 20:378, 598
urinogenital system 6:90
Typhlopidae 7:497; 8:46, 147, 626, 654, 662, 695; 10:225; 12:126, 134; 15:100, 117, 121, 417, 429, 645, 663, 666–667, 671; 16:39, 121, 151, 288, 296, 454; 17:218; 19:33–34, 68, 116, 122, 130, 132–134, 140, 147, 151–152, 158–159, 161, 181, 235, 413; 20:354, 370–373, 376, 387–394, 398, 408, 589, 598; 21:474, 476, 513, 535, 538, 540, 542, 552, 558–560, 562, 564–565, 567–568, 574, 584, 593, 600–601, 607–609, 611–612, 615
adrenal 3:281
axial muscles 11:357, 417, 421, 431
axial skeleton 1:206, 249, 281, 284–285, 291–292
blood cell morphology 3:77
blood chemistry 3:28, 31, 51
chondrocranium 11:158, 180–185
ear 2:227, 252–254, 268, 271
eye 2:54
histology of gut 6:244, 287, 296, 299
internal relief of gut 6:192, 201, 203, 221
jaw muscles 4:374, 411, 421, 423, 427, 430, 436–440, 448, 480
nose 2:120
pancreas 3:324, 329
pituitary 3:136, 144, 146–147, 151, 154, 181–182, 192–195
urinogenital system 6:30, 113–114
Typhlopidea 19:129, 136, 138
Typhlopids 21:562, 613
Typhlopinae
chondrocranium 11:182–183
jaw muscles 4:370, 436, 438
Typhlopoidea
axial skeleton 1:290, 293–294, 296
dentition 1:178
origin and evolution 1:6
pituitary 3:136
Typhlops (see also Ramphotyphlops; Rhinotyphlops) 7:386, 497; 8:58, 73, 662, 695; 10:204, 230; 12:465; 15:429, 645, 662, 671; 16:121, 151; 17:210, 213; 18:120, 437; 19:33, 68, 81, 123, 133, 144, 147, 184, 235, 507; 20:367; 21:476–477, 483, 485, 488–489, 492, 495, 534–536, 561, 563, 567, 574, 597
acutus 19:100, 413–414, 419; 20:599
adrenal 3:281
albanalis 19:182
“amphixanthus” 19:184
angolensis 19:152, 166, 182; 20:599–600
arenarius 19:182; 20:599
ater 19:182
axial muscles 11:357, 420, 422
axial skeleton 1:249, 286, 292–293, 296–297
beddomii 19:182
bibronii 19:125, 182; 20:599
biminiensis 19:182
bisubocularis 19:182
blanfordi 19:182; 20:599; 21:584
blood cell morphology 3:77, 79, 82, 85
blood chemistry 3:11, 28
boettgeri 19:182; 20:599
brongersmianus 19:182
caecatus 19:182
capitulatus 19:182; 20:599
castanotus 19:182
catapontus 19:182
caymanensis 19:182
chondrocranium 11:180–184, 201–202, 204
collaris 19:182
congestus 19:182
cuneirostris 19:182
decorosus 19:183
decorsei 19:183
delalandii 20:371
dentition 1:178
depressiceps 19:183
diardii 19:183; 20:599
domerguei 19:183
dominicanus 19:183; 20:599
ear 2:227–228, 253–255, 268, 271
elegans 19:183
epactius 19:183
exiguus 19:183
eye 2:24, 50–52, 54–55, 87
floweri 19:183
fornasinii 19:125, 183
fredparkeri 19:100, 183
gierrai 19:183
gonavensis 19:183
granti 19:183; 20:600
hectus 19:183; 20:600
hedraeus 19:183
histology of gut 6:235, 242, 296
hypomethes 19:183
inornatus 19:183
internal relief of gut 6:192, 196–197, 203, 221
jamaicensis 19:183; 20:381, 600; 21:608
jaw muscles 4:370–374, 424–426, 436–440, 470, 480
jerdoni 19:183
khoratensis 19:183
koekkoeki 19:129, 183
kraalii 19:183
lalandii 21:540, 572
lankaensis 19:183
lehneri 19:183
leucostictus 19:183
lineatus 21:543
lineolatus 19:129, 183; 20:386, 394, 600
lumbricalis 19:114, 122, 129, 131, 140, 183; 20:368, 395, 600
malcolmi 19:183
marxi 19:100, 183
mcdowelli 19:100, 183
microcephalus 19:183
microstomus 19:183
minuisquamus 19:183
mirus 19:183
monastus 19:183; 20:600; 21:608
monensis 19:183; 20:600
mucronatus 19:183
muelleri 19:129, 183; 20:599
mutilatus 19:100
nigrescens 19:319
nose 2:120, 122, 136
obtusus 19:183
ocularis 19:183
pammeces 19:183
pancreas 3:323, 329
pituitary 3:147, 182
platycephalus 19:183; 20:386, 600
platyrhynchus 19:183
polygrammicus 20:599
porrectus 19:183
proximus 19:413, 419
punctata(us) 18:442; 19:128–129, 183; 389, 392, 599–600; 21:536–537, 609, 612
pusillus 18:139, 479; 19:183; 20:600
reticulatus 19:130, 138, 150, 183; 20:600
richardii 19:183; 20:390, 600
rondoensis 19:183
rostellatus 19:183; 20:600
ruber 19:183
ruficaudus 19:183
schlegelii 21:584
schmidti 19:183
schmutzi 19:183
schwartzi 19:183; 20:600
siamensis 19:183
steinhausi 19:183; 20:600
subocularis 20:598
sulcatus 19:183; 20:600
syntherus 19:183; 20:600
tenebrarum 19:183
tenuis 19:184
tetrathyreus 19:184; 20:600
titanops 19:184; 20:601
trinitatus 19:184
uluguruensis 19:184
urinogenital system 6:38, 42, 49, 57, 63, 74, 89–90, 95, 113–114
vermicularis 19:99, 123, 132, 184; 20:386, 393, 601
violaceus 19:184
zenkeri 19:184
Typhlosaurus 7:20, 25, 69, 91–92, 94, 96, 117; 15:110, 115, 121; 16:118, 461–462, 464–465, 472–473, 517; 20:140, 142, 148, 247, 252, 271, 298
aurantiacus 20:298
axial muscles 11:357, 383, 387
axial skeleton 1:242–243, 253–254, 262, 267
chondrocranium 11:85
ear 2:221, 224, 271
lineatus 20:141, 144, 298
nose 2:140
Typhlosole 19:561, 571
Typhobis 19:5
Typhus endotoxin 14:653
Tyrannosaurus 7:7, 25; 9:52, 57, 61, 63, 93–94, 96–98, 304
dentition 1:186
Tyrant-subordinate system 7:303
Tyrosine 3:23, 40; 6:43, 228, 248, 252, 280, 294; 17:531; 19:508
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