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A band 3:124; 11:269, 273, 293
A1 alpha cell 3:331
A2 alpha cell 3:331
Abastor
ear 2:271
eye 2:55, 61
Abbreviations 8:164
Abdomen(inal) 19:486–487
anastomosis 19:429
artery 19:566
cavity (see also Coelom) 19:533, 545, 561
fat bodies 19:512
glands 15:644
muscles 14:435
pores 14:442
ribs (see also Parasternal chevrons; Gastralia) 21:68, 269
shield 1:315, 317, 330
subregion 1:263
vein(s) 6:322, 332, 334, 336–338, 341, 361, 367, 373, 392, 394–395, 436, 450, 453, 455; 19:401
Abducens
canal 4:224, 228, 257; 11:76, 93, 98, 106, 110, 112, 144, 154, 159, 162, 168, 170, 174, 187, 203; 20:30
foramen 2:8; 20:30
nerve 2:7, 11, 49–50, 67, 74; 11:15, 21–22, 24, 41–44, 52, 56, 66, 74, 105–106, 124, 137–138, 240, 144, 154–155, 158, 160–163, 168, 173–174, 187, 89, 203, 206, 210–212, 217, 224, 236–237; 14:133, 429
Abduction
of the forelimb 4:5, 24–26, 28, 31, 49
of the hindlimbs 4:65–67, 72, 84–85, 95
Abductor digiti quinti 21:213, 324
of fifth metacarpal 21:213, 309–310, 314
Abductores digitorum 21:394
Ablation study (see Lesion study)
Ablepharus 7:492; 8:74–75, 687; 9:332, 340; 12:460; 15:637, 639, 662, 670, 674; 16:117, 141; 20:138, 145, 297; 21:397
adrenal 3:280
chondrocranium 11:65, 70
ear 2:271
eye 2:14, 27, 30
histology of gut 6:268
nose 2:120, 140
pannonicus 20:297
pituitary 3:175
Abnormalities (see Developmental abnormalities)
and parthenogenesis 15:373, 451–453
body wall 15:452
cephalic 15:27
chemically induced 15:134–139
in scalation 1:316, 325
limb 15:134–135
tail 15:370–373, 452
temperature induced 15:48
Aboral lobe of adenohypophysis (see Posterior
lobe of adenohypophysis)
Abovarian cilia 6:93
Abronia 12:118; 15:628; 16:115, 137; 20:205, 302
graminea 20:302
Absorptance 12:293
Absorption 8:635–647, 667, 698
anino acids 8:635–636
of fatty acids 8:642, 644
of ions 8:645
of monosaccharides 8:640–643
of venom 8:450
seasonal variation 8:639, 642
Absorptivity 12:283
Absteigender Schenkel des Choanenganges
(see Choanal tube)
Abuttment contact 21:603–604
Abwehrmilz (defense spleen) 19:544, 570
Acalyptophis 8:26; 13:7, 34; 19:223
peronii 8:26; 20:625
Acanthodactylus 5:130, 423; 7:70, 166, 182, 491; 8:72, 94, 456, 684; 9:20, 332, 380; 12:109–110, 377, 460–461; 13:159; 14:12, 57, 617, 632, 634; 15:43, 307; 16:21, 117, 140, 213; 20:44, 167–168, 170–171, 253, 259, 299; 21:67, 96
adrenal 3:280
blood cell morphology 3:74, 76
blood cell numbers 3:96
boskianus 20:299; 21:7, 155
chondrocranium 11:39–58, 60, 62, 64, 75, 150, 203
dentition 1:167
ear 2:245, 267, 271
erythrurus 20:44, 299, 307
eye 2:27, 30
jaw muscles 4:478
pardalis 20:307
pituitary 3:145, 153, 155, 173, 192
schmidti 18:254
thymus 3:113
urinogenital system 6:38, 49, 59, 61, 70, 82, 87, 97, 115
Acanthophiinae(i) 19:222–223
Acanthophis 7:503; 8:17, 73, 103, 106, 193, 246, 250, 262, 293, 295–296, 334, 358, 369, 377, 442, 471, 475, 478, 493, 519; 12:132; 13:301, 311; 15:654; 16:149, 202, 213, 485, 520; 19:197, 222; 20:518, 542, 545–546, 549; 21:568
adrenal 3:281
antarcticus 8:17, 103, 246, 250, 262–293, 295–296, 334, 358, 369, 377, 442, 456, 471, 475–476, 478, 493, 519; 18:324; 19:197; 20:546, 625
ear 2:272
eye 2:55, 62
jaw muscles 4:449, 453, 482
pituitary 3:148
pyrrhus 8:17; 19:197
Acanthosaura 21:396
armata 20:305
lamnidentata 20:293
lepidogaster 20:293
Acceleration 21:57
Accelerator fiber 10:13–14
Accessory
hypapophyses (see Paraseptal apophysis)
member of double cell 2:3
nasal sinus 4:201, 258, 278
nerve 2:197; 4:163, 166, 168, 175; 11:26, 45, 109, 112, 145, 170, 213, 238
olfactory bulb 2:104, 114, 142, 152; 11:170
olfactory tract 18:41
optic system (see also Nucleus, basal optic) 9:390; 17:176, 205, 533
ossicle 21:124
parathyroid gland 3:238, 248, 257
pectoral vein 3:203
process 1:285
respiratory organs 12:367
scala tympani 2:220, 242–246, 249–251, 255, 261
supralabial gland 8:73
trunk 6:321
Acclimation 5:30–31, 164–166, 256, 297, 354; 12:39, 45, 214, 250, 430–431, 469, 476; 13:32, 54, 63, 67–73, 91–92, 96, 134
state 5:129
temperature 5:31, 33, 164
Acclimatization (see also Acclimation) 12:27; 18:261, 263
Accommodation of eye 2:22, 52, 71–72, 75, 79, 81–84, 86, 91
to venom (see Immunity, natural)
Acellular bone 1:49
Acetabular level 1:232
Acetabulum 4:8, 52–54, 65, 70, 74, 266; 14:56, 447; 21:19, 41, 46, 52–53, 136–139, 142– 149, 151–152, 191, 329, 344, 359
Acetaminophen 18:392
Acetate 3:46
esters 18:203
Acetazolamide 3:45; 5:481; 12:363
Acetic acid 3:41; 6:43, 277, 284
Acetoindoxyesterase 6:43
Acetone 3:296, 306; 18:154
Acetyl naphtholesterase 6:43
Acetyl pyridine adenine 8:341
Acetylation 8:224
Acetylcholine 5:308–309; 8:193, 460, 457, 464– 465, 467–468, 470, 474, 517, 525, 654; 10:3, 12, 15, 17–18, 34, 36, 250, 252; 11:290–291, 296; 12:239–240, 243–244, 247; 14:623; 15:591; 17:159, 592, 589; 18:319; 19:441, 447–448, 451–452
esterase 2:288; 3:305; 17:399, 419, 421
histochemical reactions 8:300
receptor 8:461–463, 467
receptors 5:237
response 8:455
Acetylcholinesterase 6:43–44, 270, 284; 8:165, 175, 188, 191, 294–303, 361, 463, 528; 12:238
inhibitors 8:295, 303–304
occurrence 8:296
purification 8:301
reaction mechanism 8:302–303
serum 8:294
substrate inhibition 8:295
substrates 8:298
thermostability 8:294
“true” 8:294, 300
Acetylglucose amine 8:618–619
Acetylnaphthol esterase 8:91
Ac-globulin (see Proccelerin)
Achalinus 19:154, 224; 20:556, 573; 21:497, 524, 531, 554–555, 575, 577–578
braconnieri 19:199; 20:631
eye 2:49
jaw muscles 4:481
loochooensts 20:555, 631
niger 19:199
rufescens 19:199
spinalis 19:199
werneri 19:199
Acid-base balance 5:11, 58, 81, 230, 238, 335, 339, 349, 353, 360, 495; 19:298, 301–302, 305, 336, 341–346
-base regulation 5:225, 338
alphastat hypothesis 19:305–306, 343–346
equations 16:548
excretion 5:351
factors affecting 16:548–550
fuchsin 3:258
glycerophosphatase 3:305
haematin 6:43, 229, 280, 294
imidazolium 16:550
ions 16:548–550
metabolic effects 16:550
metabolites 5:250
mucin 6:287
mucopolysaccharide 2:158, 175; 3:156, 238; 6:92, 234, 241, 246–247, 251, 265, 271–272, 280, 283, 289, 294, 296, 301
parameters 19:342
phosphatase 3:46, 305; 6:36, 43–44, 92, 113, 230, 237–238, 241, 247, 249, 252, 267–269, 280, 284, 288–290, 292–293, 297, 300; 8:91, 527; 14:604–608, 610–611
apical ridge 15:91–92
chorionic epithelium 15:564
phosphomonoesterase 3:296, 304; 6:295
physical/physiological variables 16:549
physiological controls 16:549–550
polysaccharides 14:609
proteins 16:549–550
regulation 19:341–346
physiochemistry 19:342
temperature 19:341–343
stomach 10:25
thermal dependence 16:549–550
Acidic lipids 18:151
muci 8:52, 56, 67
Acidification 19:466–467
of urine 5:55, 58
Acidity (see pH)
Acidophilic areas 1:89
cells (see Serous cells)
granules 2:180
Acidophils (see Eosinophils)
Acidophily (see also Eosinophily; Erythrophily) 6:115, 246, 265
Acidosis 5:335, 338, 353, 486, 495–496; 13:72–73, 85, 110, 129, 178; 19:301, 305, 312, 316, 512
Acini of exocrine pancreas 3:324, 332
Acipenser 19:565
oocytes 14:46
Aclys 7:469; 20:130–133, 135
concinna 20:296–306
Acontias 9:8, 332; 14:29; 16:117, 141, 266; 19:409; 20:138, 149, 145–146, 297; 21:60, 140, 402, 485, 610–611
axial muscles 11:357, 383, 388; 15:122, 325
axial skeleton 1:242, 247, 253–254, 257–259, 266–267, 270
chondrocranium 11:23, 65, 67–68, 70, 107, 188, 197, 203
ear 2:221, 224, 244, 267, 271
eye 2:13
internal relief of gut 6:177–179, 181
jaw muscles 4:478
meleagris 19:409–410, 417; 20:297–307
nose 2:120, 140
percivali 20:307
plumbeus (see also Nessia; Pseudacontias) 20:144, 147–148, 297, 307
Acontinae 20:138, 140–142, 144–148, 242, 245, 247, 262, 307
Acontophiops lineatus 20:297
Acoustic eminence 10:221, 223
recess 20:33
Acoustical amplification 19:136
Acrantophis 15:646; 19:104, 187, 235
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:283, 291
dumerilii 18:123, 480; 19:187; 20:606
madagascariensis 19:187; 21:606, 611
pit organs 2:301
Acridophaga ursinii 20:619
Acrochordal plate (see also Crista sellaris) 9:2
Acrochordidae 5:227, 421, 438; 6:193; 8:46, 663, 690; 12:126, 345; 13:2, 5–6; 15:45, 645, 664, 667, 671; 16:119, 142, 455, 518; 19:33, 100, 107, 111, 129–130, 133, 135–137, 146, 149, 158, 170, 189, 236, 399, 415; 20:354, 444, 482–487, 489, 492–493, 558, 591–592, 610; 21:491–492, 557–559, 602
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:283, 285–287, 291, 295, 297
chondrocranium 11:152
jaw muscles 4:440, 480
pancreas 3:323
Acrochordoid(ea) 20:395, 500, 597, 610; 21:603
Acrochordus 5:245–246, 249–250, 254, 263–266, 421, 431, 433–434; 8:58, 663, 590; 10:204; 12:428–429; 13:7, 16, 18, 20, 23–24, 29, 32, 34, 36–38; 15:45; 16:119, 142, 518; 19:33, 111, 120, 123, 126, 130, 134, 138, 149–150, 190; 20:483, 485–486; 21:474, 477, 484–485, 489–490, 492–493, 498–500, 508, 518, 524–525, 530, 533–534, 540–541, 546, 550, 553, 557, 560–561, 564, 566–567, 569, 573, 575–579, 581–582, 584, 586, 589, 594, 596–599, 604–605, 610, 612–613
arafurae 19:129, 135–136, 154, 189, 236; 20:486, 610; 21:485, 610
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:283–288, 291
dentition 1:181
ear 2:269, 271
eye 2:83
granulatus 19:105, 107, 129, 131, 136, 139, 154, 189, 236, 415, 418, 453–454, 456, 458, 475; 20:483, 485–486, 610; 21:485, 522, 525, 576, 578, 610
internal relief of gut 6:193, 195–198, 204–205, 209, 221
javanicus 18:28; 19:60, 81, 106, 129, 135, 151, 190, 236, 299, 356; 20:483, 486–487, 610; 21:485, 492, 502, 522, 525, 557, 576, 578, 699, 610
jaw muscles 4:480
nose 2:121–122, 136, 159, 174
Acrodonta 20:49–50, 54, 62, 78–79, 105, 357–258, 264, 273, 281; 21:16
Acrodonty 1:120, 126–128, 135, 152–153, 157– 158, 161, 172–173, 271; 11:95, 135; 20:67, 74, 78, 94, 98, 104, 106, 115, 260, 277
Acrolein 6:48
Acromioclavicular joint 21:93, 224, 229, 257–258
Acromiocoracoid ligament 4:12–14, 25, 31–33, 92–93; 14:155
Acromion 4:12–15, 21–23, 25–26, 30–33; 21:74– 76, 87, 90–91, 222–224, 228, 241, 256
Acromiotrapezius 21:222–223, 225
Acromium 14:155
Acrylic denture material 5:99
Act(s) (see also Display)
definition 7:336
frequencies 7:426
system
Amphisbaenia 7:497
Crocodilia 7:400–401, 506–507
definition 7:336
Sauria 7:351–359, 465–497
Serpentes 7:378–382, 497–506
Testudines 7:337–340, 459–464
ACTH (see also Corticotrophic hormone) 12:254
Actin 17:26; 19:495, 497
Actinomycetes (see also Infection) 19:521
Actinomycin D 15:134–135
Action potential 2:287; 5:85; 11:268, 271, 284–296, 289, 295, 297
Actinopterans 19:562
Activation 11:303
Activational effects 18:75, 77, 81, 85, 88
Active animals 5:129–136, 151, 178, 210, 294, 351, 407
expiration 5:229, 235, 238
inspiration 5:229, 233, 238
oxygen 5:227
respiration 5:285
transport 5:413–414, 492, 495, 497
Activity (see also Exercise) 12:6–7, 32, 58–66, 120, 124, 144–145, 175, 241, 256, 302, 355, 358, 361, 385, 446; 13:31, 155–194; 19:459–460, 537
aerobic 19:61, 69–70
anaerobic 19:64
cycles 5:28
levels 5:129, 258, 266
non-sustainable (burst) 13:176–186,193
patterns 5:176, 371
rhythms 12:223 2-oscillator models 18:253–254, 257–258
basking 18:250–251, 255
bimodal 18:250–251, 257–258
coloration 18:313
diurnal vs. nocturnal 18:252–258
endogenous nature 18:250
light effects 18:249–259
offset 18:256–257
onset/emergence 18:251, 255–257
seasonal variations 18:251–258
temperature effects 18:249–259
season 13:100–102
sexual 19:486
sustainable 13:157–176, 186, 193
temperature range 12:18, 33, 98–141, 146, 167, 214
temperatures 5:30
Acutotyphlops 19:147, 235; 20:365, 386, 388–390
infralabialis 19:136, 181; 20:598
kunuaensis 19:122, 129, 131, 140, 181; 20:391, 598
solomonis 19:181; 20:598
subocularis 19:181; 20:370, 598
Acyrthosiphon pisum 13:260
Aδ fiber 17:397, 403
Adactyly 15:136–137
Adaptation (see also Evolution) 14:20; 16:24; 19:426, 473
of reptilian lungs 19:67–75
thermal 19:501
to stimuli 2:287
Adaptive process 5:3, 71
radiation 4:263; 5:4; 7:35–36
zones 13:301–302
Adduction of the forelimb 4:5, 30–31, 33–34, 49
of the hindlimb 4:67, 74, 84, 96
Adductor
crest of quadrate 20:541, 562, 569
digiti quinti 21:324
externis 20:460
et extensor hallucis et indicus 21:324
femoris 21:323, 331, 335
fossa 4:201, 205, 211, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 239–240, 248, 306, 315; 20:36–37, 93, 1–3- 104, 114, 127, 136, 149–150, 257, 165–166, 173–174, 184, 186, 193, 195–196, 207, 209, 216, 218, 224, 226, 232, 235, 241, 247, 249, 274–275, 284, 522, 549; 21:610
mandibulae posterior 21:613
mandibularis externus tendon 1:108
muscle (see Muscle, adductor)
of fifth metacarpal 21:414
-ridge system 21:149
Adductores digitorium 21:394
Adeleiina
blood cell morphology 3:88
Adelophis 19:234
copei 19:199; 20:646
foxi 19:199; 20:646
daryi 20:649
Adelphicos 19:199, 228
latifasciatus 20:649
nigrilatus 19:199; 20:649
quadrivirgatus 19:166, 199
veraepacis 20:649
Adenine 18:305
nucleotide 11:309
Adenocarcinoma 8:512
Adenohypophyseal hormones 15:587–588
Adenohypophysis 3:135, 137, 142–159, 161, 163, 170, 172–174, 176, 178, 181, 183, 190, 192–194, 327; 5:394; 6:80, 114, 119; 15:382–384
Adenohypophysis (pars distalis, intermedia,
tuberalis)
definitions 14:682–683
development 14:685–707, 712–714
hormones 14:346, 692, 702, 704, 709–710, 714
secretory cells 14:687–688, 700, 702–705, 707–709, 713
Adenoma (see also Tumor) 19:523
Adenorhinos 8:29; 19:219; 20:520
barbouri 8:29; 19:190; 20:617
Adenosine 8:193; 17:465; 19:495
diaminase 15:439
diphophatase 8:499
monophosphate (see AMP)
triphophatase (ATPase) 8:165,242–243, 479, 498, 603
triphosphatase 5:200, 320; 6:44, 230; 17:372
triphosphate (see also ATP) 3:46; 5:186; 10:3, 22, 24, 26, 39; 19:512
Adenovirus (see also Infection) 19:517
Adenyl compounds 8:526
cyclase 18:318
Adenylate cyclase 6:118
kinase 5:200
ADH (see Antidiuretic hormone)
Adhesion 21:133
Adhesive subdigital pads 21:181
Adhesives 5:98–99
Adipose body (see Fat body)
lobes (see Fat lobules)
tissue (see also Fat) 19:503
lymphatics of 6:428, 436
Aditus conchae 11:12, 15, 17, 19, 46, 49, 52, 57, 68, 72, 75–77, 84, 86, 88, 103–104, 106, 127, 138, 140, 160, 163,166, 173, 231, 233; 20:439; 21:583–584, 586–587
Adjuvants 8:565
Adnexae of eye 2:6–15, 48–50, 63–64, 66–67, 73–75
Adolfus 20:167, 170
africanus 20:299
alleni 20:299
jacksoni 20:299, 307
Adrenal (adrenaline) 8:194, 474, 518, 527
activity 5:34
capsule 3:275–276, 277–279, 281, 286, 305
colloid 3:296–297
cortex 5:423; 19:515
corticosteroids 5:470–471, 480; 12:254, 384
cytology and development 3:298–309
degeneration 3:309–311
development 3:268
embryology 3:265–268
gland(s) 3:13, 210, 263–317; 6:88, 113, 119; 10:3, 42; 12:247, 257; 13:93–94; 14:441, 446, 710; 17:634; 18:339, 345, 370; 19:487
development 14:307, 309, 446
function 14:613
histology 5:38
histophysiology 3:309–312
hormones 5:430; 19:516
macroscopic anatomy 3:268–274
medulla 17:622–623
microscopic anatomy 3:275–288
portal system 3:273–274
steroid hormone 18:316, 322, 369, 376, 395
steroids 5:480; 13:220
structural types 3:286–287
tissue 3:264, 266, 268, 275, 277–279, 282–283, 285–288, 296–312
weight 5:38
zonation 3:296, 298
Adrenalectomy 3:288; 5:391, 394, 430, 470, 480
Adrenalin 3:264, 309; 13:93–94; 17:622
cells 3:298–309
Adrenaline (see also Epinephrine) 6:87
Adrenergic
blocking agents 5:236–237, 308
control 19:451, 455, 471
fiber(s) 5:237, 310, 416; 8:654; 10:3, 11, 18, 20, 24, 31, 34, 36–37, 39–41; 12:237, 243
innervation 5:308–309
mechanisms 12:246
nerves 19:403, 453–454
neuron 6:70
receptors 5:308; 6:87; 12:238–239, 244; 15:591
regulation 19:452–454
secretomotor innervation 3:341
stimulation 19:447, 455
Adrenoceptors (see Adrenergic receptors)
Adrenocortical
hormones 13:93
insufficiency 5:38
tissue (see Interrenal tissue)
tissues 5:391, 394
Adrenocorticosteroids (see Corticosteroids)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 17:613, 616–620
Adrenocorticotropin 14:686; 18:309, 317, 319, 341, 345–347, 391–392
Adrenomedullary tissue (see Adrenal tissue)
Adriosaurus 20:585
Adult braincase 20:403
reptiles, maintenance 14:207–217
Adventitia 19:504
of blood vessels 6:268
Adventitious cartilage (see Secondary cartilage)
Aegean 2:322
Aeluroglena 19:230
cucullata 19:199
Aeluronyx
axial skeleton 1:260
Aeluroscalabotes 16:249, 260; 20:122
eye 2:14, 29
feylinis 20:295
Aeration 5:58
Aerial surveys 16:345
Aerobic
activity 5:172, 208; 19:61, 69–70
animals 5:183
capacities 5:14, 83, 183
capacity 19:156–157, 338
metabolic scope 12:135, 168, 173, 182
metabolism 5:7, 79, 82, 176–177, 179–180, 187, 256; 12:30, 168, 201–202, 204, 236, 429; 13:15, 67–73, 157–176, 185–191
aerobic scope 13:15–16, 160–176, 185
allometric relationships 13:159–160, 162–164, 172, 246
maintenance levels 13:155, 158–160, 234, 238, 246, 301
maximal levels 13:160–164, 189, 192
physical training 13:167
thermal dependence 13:162–167, 172, 192–193
pathways 5:207, 302
scope 5:179–181, 184, 186, 193, 210; 19:62
transport system 5:255
Aerobiosis 5:129, 182, 184, 186–187; 11:281, 292, 309, 335, 338
Aeromonas 5:27
Aesculapius 12:397
Aestivation 3:216, 311; 13:136–138
embryonic 14:101 183, 193–199
Aetosauria 9:66, 79, 83, 304
Afferent
adrenal vein 3:274
axons 11:317, 333
fiber 9:410
renal vein 3:270; 6:30–31
Afghanistan 2:323
Afibrinogenemia 8:496
Africa 2:324; 16:5–6
African palatine errectors 20:534
Afroablepharus [“Afroblepharus“] 21:397–398
axial muscles 11:357
chondrocranium 11:65
wahlbergi 21:398
Afroedura 16:115; 20:117–118, 295; 21:79, 396
chondrocranium 11:73, 75
Afrogecko 21:142
swartbergensis 21:396
Afronatrix 19:233
anoscopus 18:199; 20:646
Agama (see also Trapelus) 7:51, 99, 101, 114, 164, 262, 268, 276–277, 310, 361, 368, 370, 376, 407, 413–414, 453, 485–486, 644–645, 660; 8:50–52, 677; 9:26, 28–29, 151, 157, 292, 331, 363, 366, 425, 427, 431; 10:203, 230, 290, 318, 325; 12:62, 106, 334, 369–370, 488; 13:60, 76, 82, 97, 103, 105, 119–120, 125–126, 130, 203, 212, 308–309; 14:48, 605–606, 608–611, 617; 15:27, 42, 80–81, 152, 248, 264, 279, 281, 330–331, 342, 375, 445; 16:6, 21, 29, 114, 132, 134, 136–137, 241, 243, 251–252, 258, 512; 17:18, 99, 314, 487; 19:554; 20:58, 63, 92, 94, 97–98, 100–101, 103, 283; 21:41, 88, 120, 123, 128, 155, 164, 227, 229, 236, 247, 250, 257, 266, 273, 275, 291, 299, 302
aculeata 20:305
adrenal 3:274, 280, 292, 297, 309–310
agama 18:329, 334, 348–350, 362; 19:550–552; 20:98, 293, 305; 21:7, 190, 199
atra 20:293
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:247, 251, 256, 258, 265
bibroni 20:305
blood cell Mortality 3:76, 82, 88
blood cell numbers 3:96, 103
blood chemistry 3:5, 13
bourti 20:305
caucasica 19:579; 20:294
chondrocranium 11:91–94, 203
colonorum 20:293
dention 1:125, 157–160
doriae 20:305
ear 2:266, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:82, 91, 93, 99–104, 106–108
eye 2:27, 41
hispida 20:293; 21:400
histology of gut 6:238, 240, 247, 249–255, 267, 274, 277–278, 290–293, 296–297, 300–301
internal relief of gut 6:177, 182, 184
jaw muscles 4:287, 315, 326, 329, 331, 333–335, 337, 339, 419, 477
muscle tissue 11:279
nose 2:119, 129, 178
pituitary 3:138, 148–149, 171
planiceps 20:99–101, 305; 21:7
sanguinolenta 20:294
sankaranica 20:305
stellio 19:79, 579; 20:294
thymus 3:113
thyroid 3:216, 227
tuberculata 20:294
urinogenital system 6:27, 29–30, 49, 56, 58–59, 83, 97–98, 101–102, 104, 117, 119
vulgaris 20:294
Agamidae 5:145, 168, 172, 387, 399, 401, 421, 423– 424, 426; 7:9, 21, 51, 164, 178, 262, 276–277, 298–299, 307–308, 318, 320, 361, 368, 370, 377–378, 416–417, 446, 485–489; 8:46, 52, 56, 66, 624, 634, 662, 677–678; 9:28, 161, 163, 235, 251, 330, 338–339; 10:34, 221–222, 241, 303; 12:99, 106–108, 379, 406; 13:166; 14:48, 643, 648, 658, 665; 15:7, 42, 330–331, 333, 342–343, 374–375, 416, 418, 488, 502, 626, 663–664, 667–669, 674; 16:28–31, 52, 59, 114, 127, 130, 136–137, 245–246, 257–259, 282, 294, 454–455, 465, 473, 486, 492, 512; 19:11, 21, 24, 30, 41, 66, 70, 399, 406–407; 20:45, 53, 76, 78–79, 84, 86, 89, 91–98, 101–103, 105, 113, 252–253, 256, 258, 60, 262, 264, 267–270, 273–275, 305; 21:13, 16, 66–67, 88, 95, 106, 139, 144, 147, 184, 192, 220, 224, 250, 255, 272, 334, 337, 350, 396, 398–402
adrenal 3:280
axial muscles 11:357, 384
axial skeleton 1:204, 241–242, 247, 251–253, 255, 258–260, 262–263, 265, 267, 269, 301
blood cell morphology 3:76
blood chemistry 3:15, 28, 31, 50, 52
chondrocranium 11:8, 61, 63, 91–95, 196–197
dentition 1:135, 153, 157–161
ear 2:224, 238, 240–241, 266, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:101
eye 2:20, 25, 27–28, 30–31, 89
histology of gut 6:227, 229–231, 246–247, 265, 274, 297–298, 301
internal relief of gut 6:177, 179, 184
jaw muscles 4:289, 318, 326–339, 345, 413, 415–416, 418–419, 477
nose 2:119, 128, 131, 135, 139–140, 142–143, 154, 156, 158, 178
pituitary 3:136, 138, 143, 145–146, 149, 151, 154, 157, 169–171, 192, 194
taxonomic literature 2:320
thyroid 3:204–205
urinogenital system 6:26, 29
Agamodon 7:141; 8:662; 16:37, 127, 135; 19:557; 21:626, 634, 636, 717–718, 726, 728
anguliceps 19:412, 417; 21:626, 719, 726–728, 730
axial skeleton 1:271–272, 274–275, 279–280
chondrocranium 11:126, 132, 134–135
compressus 21:730
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:106
eye 2:24–25
Agamospecies 15:511
Agamura 16:138
persica 20:306
Agarose 8:192
Age (see also Life history methods; Life history
traits; Juvenile) 5:39, 137, 174; 12:145; 19:146, 151, 537
age of snakes 20:489
age-specific reproduction and survival 16:240, 334, 353–356, 444, 454–455, 476–477, 498, 500
body size/length 16:334, 348
bone rings 16:347–350, 398
distribution 16:334–336, 344–353, 405
estimating 16:347–350
fecundity 16:353–368, 498
first reproduction (see Life history traits,
reproductive maturity)
groups 13:130–131
growth 16:347–350
life tables (see Life history traits)
longevity 16:333, 335, 405
mark-recapture 16:349–350
maturity (see Life history traits)
mortality 16:333–336, 345–353, 404–405
reproductive senescence 16:353, 356, 498
shell annuli 16:347–349
skeletochronology 16:347–350, 398
survivorship 16:333–336, 345–353, 404–405, 477
tetracycline 16:348
variation with 3:98–99, 102, 128–129
Age at maturity
crocodilians 7:231, 236
lizards 7:186
snakes 7:224–225
Aggregation (see also Social behavior and aggregation) 5:175
Aggression (see also Social behavior and aggression) 16:352
effect of herbivory 7:304–305
Aggressive behavior (see Behavior)
Aging 14:3, 625
Agkistrodon (see also Calloselasma; Gloydius; Hypnale) 5:45–46, 201–203, 205, 347; 7:100, 116, 205, 207, 209–211, 216, 220, 223, 225–226, 386–387, 390, 394, 398, 505–506; 8:32–33, 35, 37, 97, 99, 103, 122, 124–125, 168, 175, 177, 180–182, 185, 191–195, 234–238, 241, 244–248, 250, 255, 260–263, 265–266, 269–284, 286–287, 290, 293, 297, 307–309, 311–317, 319–320, 324, 326–331, 333, 335–336, 340–341, 348–351, 359, 362, 372, 377–379, 441, 445, 450, 452, 454, 464, 470–472, 478, 484–485, 490–498, 500–501, 503–507, 509, 511, 513, 515, 525, 528, 563, 565, 568, 574–575, 581, 611–612, 629, 655, 696; 9:158; 10:289, 292; 12:131, 133; 13:82, 101–102, 105, 108–109, 112–113, 115, 117, 120, 124, 135, 308, 311; 14:653, 666; 15:46, 561, 655–656, 658, 671, 675; 16:10, 17, 44, 47, 50, 122, 124, 127, 131, 151, 155, 214, 483–484, 521; 17:374–376, 379–382, 385–386, 392, 395, 397–402, 414, 419, 424–426, 436, 440; 18:131, 159, 476, 489; 19:118, 125, 137, 219; 20:494, 510, 517–518, 557
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:297
bilineatus 8:32, 250, 262, 297, 316, 326, 328, 351, 372, 445; 19:190; 20:510, 611
bilineatus bilineatus 18:160, 324
blomhoffi 8:32, 175, 180–182, 185, 187, 194–195, 238, 241, 244, 250, 262, 265, 271–272, 274–284, 307, 317, 319–320, 328–331, 335, 340–341, 445, 485, 503, 506–507, 525; 20:615
blood cell numbers 3:97
blood chemistry 3:6, 11, 28, 35, 45–46, 51
caliginosus 8:32; 20:615
complex 20:496
contortrix 8:32, 99, 168, 175, 181, 191–194, 238, 250, 262, 297, 307, 309, 333, 335, 340, 348–351, 359, 372, 377, 441, 445, 478, 484, 511; 18:131, 160, 258, 324; 19:112, 190, 416, 418; 20:611
contortrix mokasen 18:160
ear 2:270, 272
eye 2:61
halys 8:32, 191, 245, 297, 312, 314–315, 326, 445, 563, 565, 568, 574–575, 581; 18:123; 20:615
himalayanus 8:33; 20:615
intermedius 20:615.
internal relief of gut 6:193–194, 196–197, 205
jaw muscles 4:482
monticola 8:33
muscle tissue 11:283, 336
nose 2:179
parathyroid 3:248
piscivorus 8:33, 99, 125, 168, 175, 177, 180–181, 191, 193–194, 234–236, 238, 244, 246–248, 250, 253, 255, 260–263, 265–266, 269–270, 286–287, 290, 293, 297, 307–312, 315, 317, 319–320, 324, 326–329, 336, 340, 351, 362, 372, 377–379, 445, 452, 454, 464, 470–471, 478, 484, 497, 501, 504–505, 509, 513, 515, 528, 611–612, 629, 655, 664, 696; 18:161, 163, 324, 465, 490–491; 19:99, 190; 20:498, 508, 512, 520, 612
pit organs 2:280, 282, 287, 295, 305–306, 312
saxatilis 8:33; 20:615
shedaoensis 20:615
strauchi 8:33; 20:615
thyroid 3:209, 228
urinogenital system 6:29, 94
Agkistrodontini 19:219
Agglutination 8:372
Aglomerular diverticula 6:31, 33
Aglyphous 8:94, 142, 149, 440; 20:488, 534
Aglyphy 1:178, 180–183
Agnatha (see also Cyclostomata) 19:561–562, 571, 574, 576
chondrocranium 11:7
Agnathostomatosis 15:453
Agonistic behavior (see Social behavior and
aggression)
Agrionemys 12:137; 17:204–205
Aguimorpha 19:29
Ahaetulla 7:384, 499; 8:39, 663, 691; 15:646–647, 671; 16:50, 123, 125, 144; 19:162, 199, 232; 20:556, 565, 581
ahaetulla 20:634
axial muscles 11:402
ear 2:271
eye 2:54–55, 63
fasciolata 19:199
jaw muscles 4:428, 446–447, 449, 465, 481
lymphatics 6:356
mycterizans 19:127, 199; 20:634
nasuta 8:39, 663; 19:127, 152, 199; 20:572, 634
nose 2:179
papuae 8:39
prasina 19:127, 159, 199; 20:568–569, 634
pulverulenta 19:199
xanthozona 19:199
Ahaetullini 19:232
Aigialosauridae 20:196
Aigialosaurs 21:123
Ailuronyx 16:115; 20:122, 124; 20:187
eye 2:26, 31
seychellensis 20:306
Aiolosaurus 20:235
oriens 20:303
Aipysurini 19:223
Aipysurus 5:421, 431, 433–436; 8:26–27, 442; 12:377, 383; 13:7, 34; 16:43; 19:223, 348; 20:536, 542, 544; 21:592
apraefrontalis 8:26; 19:107, 198
duboisii 8:26; 19:107, 198
ear 2:272
eydouxi 8:26; 18:438; 19:198; 20:538, 549, 625
foliosquama 8:26; 20:536–626
fuscus 8:26; 19:107, 198; 20:626
jaw muscles 4:482
laevis 8:27, 442; 19:107, 198, 348, 356; 20:538, 626
tenuis 8:27
Air-bladders 19:566
-blood barrier 19:15–16, 29, 49, 54–55, 57–58, 147, 327
breathing 5:284–286, 289, 291–292, 321, 336–337, 351
flow 19:61, 115–116, 302, 306–307, 313, 338–339
sac 19:7, 51, 72, 74, 328–329, 334
sac of lung 5:227, 232
sacs in lung development 14:174
space 19:2, 7–8, 10–12, 64, 352
temperature (see Ambient temperature)
temperature profile 12:318
Airborne vibrations 19:157
Aistopoda, origin and evolution 1:20, 36
Akinesis 20:49, 51, 64, 66–67, 74, 106, 115, 262, 269, 285–286
Aktograph 5:83
Ala temporalis 11:190
Alactacid 5:187–188
Alanine 3:23–25, 40, 45; 5:183, 196, 486; 13:177; 19:515
Alar plate 9:179, 234; 10:193; 17:498
process of basisphenoid 4:320; 11:59, 112
process of prootic 20:28, 30–31, 42–43, 55, 72, 75–76, 104, 113, 115–116, 122, 126, 128, 133, 135, 137, 144, 147–148, 150, 156, 158, 164, 166, 170, 172, 174, 180, 183, 186, 191, 193, 195–196, 203, 206, 209, 214, 216–217, 220–221, 223, 225, 231–232, 234, 240, 246, 248, 272, 278, 282, 284, 441–442
process of sphenoid 20:156, 164, 166, 172, 174
thorns 20:528
Alarm (see also Pheromone, alarm) 18:424, 476–477
pheromone (see Pheromone, alarm)
reaction 10:294
Alary process of the prootic 21:522–523
Albabophis, blood cells numbers 3:103
Albertochampsa, skull 4:273, 280
Albinism 14:455
Albumin (see also Eggs; Water) 3:27, 29–31, 35, 49–53, 222; 5:59; 6:85, 87; 8:268, 291, 321, 376, 515, 567; 11:291; 12:306; 14:112–113, 115, 118–119, 143, 193, 200, 230, 236, 274, 276, 278, 365, 367, 378–380, 460, 497–498, 659; 15:47
air spaces 14:90–91, 362
antimicrobial properties 14:374, 498
chemical composition 14:314–315, 377
viscosity 14:236, 377
water uptake 14:142, 232, 359
Albuminous gland 6:54, 85, 87, 91–93, 96
Alcian blue 3:137–139, 145–146, 149–151, 153– 154, 158, 163, 169–171, 173, 177, 180, 182, 185–186, 238, 329; 6:92, 226, 229, 234, 248, 251, 265, 270, 283, 287–289, 291, 293–294, 297–299; 8:48, 107, 122; 14:609
Alcohol(s) 5:88, 280; 18:145, 154–155, 169, 171
dehydrogenase 6:231, 249, 269, 280, 284, 295
Aldehyde fuchsin 3:122, 329
Aldolase 5:200; 8:509
Aldosterone 5:394, 430, 471; 6:76; 13:93–94
Alecto curta 20:627
Alethinophidia (see also Basal, Alethinophidia) 20:357, 365, 367, 369, 394–396, 400, 424, 444, 446, 382, 484, 528, 548, 685, 589–591, 595, 601; 21:478, 512–513, 516, 522, 530– 531, 533–534, 536–538, 541, 545, 547–548, 564, 572–574, 576, 580, 582–586, 588–590, 593, 595–597, 599–601, 608–609, 612–614
Alethinophidian bridge 21:480, 522–523
Alethinophidians 19:138; 20:364, 367, 372, 397– 399, 524, 585, 592, 594; 21:528, 581, 608
Algae 5:11, 318, 391
Algyroides 7:491; 8:684; 15:306–307; 20:167, 299
histology of gut 6:278
marchi 20:299
nigropunctatus 20:307
Alimentary canal 10:9
development 14:311–313
tract 8:589
Aliphatic n-acetate 18:452
n-fatty acids 18:452
Alisphenoid 4:130, 138; 11:3, 6, 23, 31–32, 195, 190–191, 242
Alizarine staining 1:205
Alkaline earths 3:13, 36–37
glycerophosphatase 3:296
non-specific alkaline phosphatase (see Phosphatase)
phosphatase 3:46, 295, 305; 5:208; 6:13, 36, 43, 92, 113, 230, 237–238, 249, 252, 267, 280–281; 8:111, 121–122, 237–238, 340, 362, 509; 14:46, 56, 604–607, 609
apical ridge 15:91–92
limb bud 15:91
phosphomonoesterase 3:295; 6:295
reserve 5:174
tide 5:12; 19:322
urine 5:480–481, 483, 486
Alkalinity (see pH)
Alkalosis 5:245, 335, 338, 478, 495; 19:301
Allantoic
blood vessels 14:146, 230
bud 15:186, 195
cavity 15:538–539, 549–550
diverticulum 15:186
fluid 14:232, 236, 314–315, 499
grafts of phallic anlagen 15:245
membrane 14:196, 198, 237; 15:538, 540, 546, 552, 556
placenta 6:103, 121
sac 16:531
stalk 14:144; 15:536
vesicle 15:14, 19, 539, 550
Allantoin 19:515
Allantois 1:37; 14:18, 160, 169–171, 198, 232, 377–380, 439
blood vessels (or vascularity) (see also Arteries;
Veins) 15:538, 540, 551, 553–558, 592–594
development 14:13, 78, 96, 144, 147, 160, 169, 174, 176, 225, 227–228, 290, 292, 399–400, 410, 448, 497, 502, 509–510, 512
endoderm 15:536, 554
formation 15:14, 19, 185, 190, 230, 539, 548, 550
mesoderm 14:536
Allantoplacenta (see Allantoic placenta; Placenta,
chorio-allantoic)
Allelomorphic genes 3:48
Allergy 14:602
Alligator 10:6, 25, 31, 43–44, 96, 300–301, 303, 306, 317–318, 328
Alligator 5:8, 35, 38, 44–45, 51–53, 60–61, 68–69, 72, 97, 136, 154–156, 167, 180, 183, 188, 194, 196, 198–199, 227, 254, 259–260, 264, 266, 289–291, 294, 297, 303, 308, 310, 320–322, 325, 337, 340, 342, 344, 347, 358, 371, 448–449, 481, 483, 486; 7:234–237, 239–240, 403, 507–507, 570, 596–597, 603–604, 634, 636, 668; 8:49, 59, 65, 150, 596, 602, 623, 637, 661, 674–675; 9:43, 154, 164, 182, 186, 196, 199, 214, 226, 235, 252, 417; 10:23, 137, 166, 175, 206, 224, 226, 289–290, 293, 297, 317; 12:135–136, 185–189, 223, 238, 347, 252, 286, 288–289, 292–293, 295–296, 298–299, 306, 327, 337, 340, 363, 367, 383; 13:15, 25, 34, 36, 56, 60, 65, 81, 91, 94, 102–103, 119, 167, 177, 192, 205, 209, 235, 280, 289, 307, 310; 14:10, 27, 232, 331–334, 336–344, 346–352, 355–356, 358–361, 363–364, 366–369, 371, 378, 380–381, 384–386, 388, 390, 392–397, 404, 408–409, 411, 413–416, 419, 421–422, 424, 428–430, 433, 436, 439–442, 444–449, 451, 456, 531–532, 536, 617, 628, 638, 643, 654, 660–661, 664, 691, 693, 712, 714; 15:152, 159, 170, 179, 251, 263, 278–279, 281, 286; 16:9, 113, 135, 280, 299–300, 302–303, 305, 335, 528, 533, 546, 443, 558; 17:8, 20, 26, 31, 100, 185, 188–189, 204, 245, 249, 296, 299, 498–499, 624–625, 670, 675, 683; 19:71, 306, 310, 312, 319–321, 328, 333, 474, 491, 539, 559, 578
adrenal 3:265, 273, 284, 289
axial muscles 11:356
axial skeleton 1:227–228, 230–233
blood cell numbers 3:96, 98
blood chemistry 3:3, 6, 11, 13, 16, 18–21, 23–27, 30–35, 38–40, 43–46, 49–50, 52
bone 1:60
chondrocranium 11:228, 232, 234–235, 237, 240, 245
dentition 1:125, 141, 146–147, 185
ear 2:259, 270, 272
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:85–86, 89–90, 93
eye 2:5, 76–78
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:130, 134, 136–138, 140–141, 143–145, 184, 186–190, 192–193
histology of gut 6:235–236, 265, 268, 271, 277–278
internal relief of gut 6:212–217
lymphatics 6:316, 323, 349, 354, 358, 389, 393–394, 403, 417, 422, 431, 434, 446,452–453, 458
mississippiensis 18:34, 46, 199–204, 237–238, 243, 273, 322, 467; 19:34, 36, 60, 66, 81, 311, 314–315, 320–321, 324–325, 330, 344, 356, 392–393, 419, 429, 438–439, 442, 454, 458, 471, 475, 487, 489–491, 495, 502, 509, 526, 557–558, 580
muscle tissue 11:275, 278, 290, 294, 297, 317, 325, 336
nose 2:144–146, 148–150, 160, 165, 157–168, 173, 179
pancreas 3:321–322, 326, 329, 333, 335, 337–339
parathyroid 3:243, 245
pituitary 3:165, 190
sinensis 19:580
skull 4:201, 206–208, 212, 218–219, 222–224, 227–233, 235–238, 240, 243, 246–247, 253, 272, 274
status in North America 7:239–240
thymus 3:118
thyroid 3:214–215, 228
urinogenital system 6:5–7, 13, 20–21, 27–28, 32–33, 36, 49–50, 52, 70, 91–92, 116–118
Alligatoridae 16:113, 135
blood chemistry 3:49
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:130, 184
skull 4:202, 212, 222, 225–226, 230, 232, 234–236, 239, 241, 275, 279–280
Alligatorinae
axial skeleton 1:226–227
dentition 1:185
internal relief of gut 6:212–213
Allognathosuchus, skull 4:279
Allografts 14:637, 639–642, 644, 663
Allometric changes 21:55
growth 2:144, 148
relationships
aerobic metabolism 13:159–160, 162–164, 186–188, 240–246
anaerobic metabolism 13:179–180, 182, 184
clutch size 13:265
growth 13:273, 290–294
locomotion 13:169–174
transport 13:169–170
Allometry (see also Coefficient of allometry) 5:137; 9:53, 61, 106, 132, 136, 137, 151, 157, 160, 166; 19:36, 67–68; 20:392, 406, 562, 582
Allomones 18:159, 200
Allopatric species 15:482–483, 500
Allopatry 15:502–503
Allopleuron, shell 1:313
Allosaurus 7:7; 9:157, 332
dentition 1:186
Alloxan 3:23
-Schiff 6:228
Alluaudina 19:225
bellyi 19:199
Alopias 19:562
Alopoglossus
atriventris 20:308
buckleyi 20:187, 189, 301, 308
festae 20:308
Alpha (α)
-adrenergic receptor 18:317–319, 344–345
-amino group 6:294
blocking agents 5:237
cells of pancreas 3:326, 328–338, 340–342
cells of pituitary 3:143, 148, 152–154, 156–157, 161–163, 166, 168–172, 174–177, 179–188, 191, 193–194
-fetoprotein 18:78
imidazole 5:358
keratin 12:401–402, 408–412, 416
-layer 18:153–154
layer cells of skin 12:404–405, 412–414, 421
proteins 3:27
-amino butyric acid 3:23
-globulin 3:38
receptors 12:238, 246
rhythm 10:327
-2-macroglobulin 14:377
Alphastat hypothesis 19:305- 306 343–346
Alsophiini 19:133, 158, 226
Alsophis 7:393, 499; 8:39, 97, 691; 16:144; 21:521
angulifer 8:39; 19:199
antillensis 19:199
cantherigerus 19:199; 20:652
dorsalis 19:152, 199
ear 2:271
hoodensis 19:199
parvifrons 20:652
portoricensis 8:39; 19:152, 199; 20:652
rufiventris 19:199; 20:652
sibonius 20:652
slevini 19:199
steinbachi 19:199
vudii 19:199; 20:652
Alsophylax 16:138
Alternate tooth replacement 1:120
Alternative mating strategies 16:209–210
Altitude 12:69–71, 251; 13:76, 98, 184, 204
variation with 3:100, 105
Altitudes 5:193, 195–196, 255
Alum 8:566
Aluminium, in egg shells 14:82, 374
Alveolar
air samples 5:245
air-water interface 19:349
blood gases 5:244
bone 1:126
canal 21:557, 600
-capillary equilibration 19:327
circumferance 19:349
epithelium 19:352
foramina 20:378
gas 5:247
groove 4:241
lung(s) 5:248; 19:324, 353
membrane 5:225–226
network 19:23
oxygen pressure 5:305
partial pressure of oxygen 19:300, 326
PO 2 5:243, 277, 301
process 1:146
ridge 4:241
sack 19:7
space 19:330
surface 19:59, 349
ultrastructure 5:231
values 5:241
ventilation 5:230, 348–350; 19:308
Alveoli 5:228
Alveolus (see Tooth socket)
Alveolus(i) 19:7, 51, 69, 107, 328, 349
Amacrine cells 2:34, 39, 61
Amanita mushrooms 19:517
Amastridium 19:224
veliferum 19:199
Amberlite IRC-50 8:178, 191
Ambiens 21:323
Ambient temperature 12:19, 167, 219, 282, 291–292; 13:62
Amblycephalus, jaw muscles 4:430
Amblyodipsas 8:90; 15:663; 16:119, 144; 19:122, 140, 220; 20:523–524, 527, 529; 21:512, 580
concolor 19:193
dimidiata 19:193
katangensis 19:148, 193
micropthalma 19:193
polylepis 19:148, 193; 20:523–526, 529, 619
rodhaini 19:194
unicolor 19:194; 20:619
ventrimaculata 19:148, 194
Amblyrhynchus 5:2, 11, 102, 277, 297, 299, 312– 318, 366, 369–370, 391, 415, 420, 423–428, 436; 7:50, 98, 102, 165, 270, 274, 303–305, 311, 316, 472; 8:632–633; 12:54, 56, 100, 103, 176–177, 183, 187, 306, 330, 354, 376, 379, 383, 488, 491–493; 13:2–4, 7, 11, 13–14, 23–24, 28, 31, 157, 161, 165, 167, 170, 175, 182–183, 187, 192; 15:330, 342, 374; 16:8, 116, 139, 249, 256, 283, 300; 19:460; 20:79, 81–82, 84, 87, 89–90; 21:51, 56
axial skeleton 1:241, 267, 269
blood chemistry 3:15
cristatus 18:362, 370–371; 19:355; 20:291, 304; 21:7
dentition 1:154–156
ear 2:270
eye 2:82
jaw muscles 4:477
Ambystoma 10:95; 13:127; 14:7; 16:9; 17:38
muscle tissue 11:267
pancreas 3:333
parthenogenesis 15:414, 492, 495
premeiotic restitution 15:491
thymus 3:121
triploids 15:478
urinogenital system 6:45
Ameiva 7:51, 56, 69, 71, 82, 94, 100, 112, 140–141, 145, 167, 191, 278, 280–282, 489, 661; 8:662, 688; 10:223; 12:52–53, 115–116, 331, 377, 379, 384; 13:311; 15:494; 16:8, 50, 118, 141, 403, 517–518; 18:169, 433; 20:174, 176, 178–182, 184–185, 300; 21:7, 53, 96, 190, 220, 223, 226–228, 234–235, 271, 275, 278, 285, 288–289, 294, 298, 300–301, 374
ameiva 19:27, 78; 20:300, 308
axial muscles 11:357
blood cell morphology 3:77
chondrocranium 11:71
chrysolaema 18:175
dentition 1:163–164
dorsalis 20:308; 21:7
ear 2:243, 267, 271
eye 2:27, 41
guttatus 20:300
internal relief of gut 6:177, 187, 220–221
jaw muscles 4:351, 478
nose 2:120
quadrilineata 18:175
surinamensis 21:373
undulata 20:300; 21:223
urinogenital system 6:63, 73, 104
Amelia 15:132
Ameloblast(s) 1:125; 14:526
America 2:321
Amia 19:565–566
calva 19:316
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:114
Amidase 8:166
Amide residues 3:25
Amides 13:72
Amido Schwartz 8:190, 361
Amino acid 6:228, 237; 19:342, 499
acid esterase activity 8:91
acid oxidase 8:165, 248, 362, 374
L- 8:98, 111–112, 125, 127–128, 139–140, 144, 147, 166, 178, 188–189, 248–257, 470, 528
acid sequences 8:44
acids 3:23–25, 40, 45, 209, 333, 335; 5:81, 183, 206, 486; 8:635–639, 666; 12:342; 13:72, 90, 96
eggshell 14:81, 88, 315, 375
hemoglobin 14:313
immunoglobulin 14:655
in neurotoxins 8:197
keratin 14:527
ovalbumin 14:315
formation and interconversion 5:206
histidine 5:358
metabolism 5:196
Aminocaproic acid 8:330, 495
Aminopterin 3:38
Ammocoete 19:571
typhlosole 19:572, 574
Ammonia 3:25–26; 5:383, 483, 496–488; 12:326, 333, 345, 363; 14:362, 377
Ammoniacal silver nitrate 6:284
Ammonium bicarbonate 3:13; 13:23
heparin 5:61
hydroxide 8:569; 18:145
molybdate 6:284
sulfate 3:30, 32, 36
sulfate fractionation 8:568–569, 571
urate 5:491
Amniochorion 14:18, 169, 503, 506, 512–513; 15:14
Amniogenesis 15:3, 13–14, 18, 530, 548–549
Amnion 1:37; 14:18, 99, 160–161, 165–169, 176, 288, 377, 380–381, 386, 388, 399–401, 502, 508–509, 512
Amniota 19:3, 14, 20, 28, 46, 68, 71, 107, 473
Amniote 10:78, 93, 99–100, 299; 12:9
egg 1:35, 38–39
embryo 19:40
Amniotes
developmental patterns 14:17–18, 200
integument 14:526–527, 529–530, 539, 571
pitiutary development 14:681, 715–716
Amniotic canal 14:512–513
cavity 14:117, 138, 193, 225, 378, 506, 512–513; 15:548, 568
egg 5:12
fluid 14:236, 314–315, 381; 15:568, 570–571, 574, 578, 587
folds 15:548
membranes 5:12, 365
tube 14:99, 167, 169, 176, 288
Amoebiasis (see also Infection) 19:520–521
Amoeboid movement 6:107, 109–111
AMP 8:193; 12:245
Amphenone B 5:394, 429
Amphiarthrodial joint 20:518, 568
Amphiarthrosis 1:207
Amphibia (including both Latin and commonly
named taxa; see also Anura, Urodeles) 7:13, 665; 9:11, 17, 156, 341, 409, 433; 19:4–5, 21, 44, 46, 48, 59, 65, 67–68, 74, 298, 300–301, 305, 310, 312, 314, 316–317, 319–322, 324, 334, 342, 344, 347, 350, 352–353, 376–377, 387, 389, 402, 428, 468, 501, 503–504, 508, 516, 524, 536–537, 540–544, 564, 567–568, 572–573, 576–578; 21:174, 181, 192, 194, 260, 364, 373
axial muscles 11:355, 358
axial skeleton 1:208
blood cell morphology 3:83
blood chemistry 3:34
bone 1:71, 73
chondrocranium 11:21, 39, 222
chromatophores 14:529
cutaneous respiration 14:527
dentition 1:118, 120, 125, 150
development 14:16, 21, 501
ear 2:262–263
effect of temperature on sex 15:281–282
eggs 14:5, 17
epidermis 14:531
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:84, 90
expression of H-Y antigem 15:275, 278
eye 2:27, 87
fossil 14:527
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:103, 168
histology of gut 6:232, 234, 236, 269
immune system 14:614, 624, 639, 666
internal relief of gut 6:219
limb buds 15:61
limb reduction 14:20
limbs 4:16
lymphatics 6:315, 386, 447
metamorphosis 15:281
muscle tissue 11:265–268, 271, 277, 282, 291–292, 295, 298, 328, 338
nose 2:102, 104, 115, 182–183
parthenogenesis 15:413
pituitary 3:196
primary induction 14:5
pronephros 15:179
regeneration 15:351, 353, 359, 362–363, 373, 382, 384, 386
skin shedding 14:537
skull 4:278
taxonomic literature 2:318–321
temnospondyl 14:151
thymus 3:116, 124
thyroid 3:201, 214
urinogenital system 6:1, 4, 7, 18–19, 21, 32, 36, 48, 55, 117–118, 120
viviparous 15:579
yolk sac 14:18
Amphibian(s) 5:2, 12–13, 30, 43, 55, 61, 157, 206, 229, 237–238, 251, 253, 276, 341–344, 365–366, 370, 378, 382–383, 385, 388, 468; 8:2; 10:11, 24, 27–29, 93, 118, 168, 193, 252, 259, 287–288, 290–291, 299, 301, 303, 323, 325–326, 328, 331–332; 12:223, 233, 236, 239, 363, 398–399, 418, 434, 468; 13:129, 155–156, 179, 182, 188; 16:8–9, 39, 293, 304–305, 311–315
Amphibious 19:298
habits 4:265
Amphibolurus 5:9, 130, 141–142, 158, 160, 162, 165, 174, 176–179, 181, 183, 188, 366–367, 369–370, 373, 377, 379, 384, 389–391, 398– 402, 405; 7:66, 101, 139–139, 148–150, 152, 162, 164, 168–170, 173, 174, 176, 183–186, 189, 198, 276–277, 310, 365, 360–370, 376, 413, 486–487; 8:662, 677; 9:28, 251, 331; 10:34; 12:95, 106–108, 174, 176–177, 181, 225, 253–254, 329–330, 333–334, 338–339, 341, 347, 359, 362, 365–367, 369–371, 374, 385–386, 460–461, 473, 487–488; 13:34, 236, 161, 164–165, 302, 308, 311; 15:43, 507; 16:29, 49, 67, 114, 137, 258, 464–465, 512, 531; 17:99; 18:168; 20:92; 21:155, 190, 192, 358, 396
adrenal 3:280
axial skeleton 1:258, 265
barbata 19:79; 20:294
blood cell morphology 3:76
blood chemistry 3:5, 15
chondrocranium 11:91
decresii 18:387; 20:294
dentition 1:160
ear 2:271
eye 2:27
fordi 18:168, 172
jaw muscles 4:417, 419, 477
maculosus 18:350, 362, 372
muricatus 20:305; 21:53, 191
nose 2:119, 129
ornatus 18:167
reticulatus 20:305
urinogenital system 6:21, 26, 29–30, 98–100, 105
vadnappa 18:387
vitticeps 19:418
Amphichelydia
axial skeleton 1:210
origin and evolution 1:2, 9
shell 1:332–333, 336
Amphicoely 1:205–206, 208, 210, 226, 234, 236, 242–245, 255,300–301; 11:82
Amphicyrtian centrum (see Biconvex centrum)
Amphiesma (see also other natricines) 7:227, 499; 16:144, 286; 19:104, 146, 233, 236
beddomei 19:152, 199
bitaeniata 19:199
celebica (as Rhabdophis) 19:199, 214
conspicillata (see also Rhabdophis) 19:199
craspedogaster 19:199
deschauenseei 19:152
doriae (see also Tropidonophis) 19:199
flavifrons 19:199
frenata 19:199
inas 19:199
johannis 19:199
khasiensis 19:199
modesta 19:199
monticola 19:199; 20:646
octolineata 19:199
parallela 19:199
petersi 19:199
picturata (see also Tropidonophis) 19:199
platyceps 19:152, 200
popei 19:200
pryeri 19:200
sarasinora (as Rhabdophis) 19:214
sarawacensis 19:200
sauteri 19:200
stolata 19:200; 20:646
tigrinum 20:648
venningi 19:200
vibakari 19:164, 200
xenura 19:200
Amphiesmoides 19:233
ornaticeps 19:200
Amphiglossus
alluaudi 21:401
andranovahensis 21:399
ankodabensis 21:399
ansayensis 21:399
ardouini 21:400
astrolabi 21:399
crenni 21:403
decaryi 21:399
elongatus 21:402
gastrostictus 21:399
igneocaudatus 21:399
johannae 21:401
macrocercus 21:399
mandady 21:399
melanopleurus 21:399
melanurus 21:399
mouroundavae 21:399
ornaticeps 21:399
praeornatus 21:399
punctatus 21:399
reticulatus 21:399
spilostichus 21:399
splendidus 21:399
stumpffi 21:399
tanysoma 21:401
trivittatus 21:402
Amphigonia retardata 6:94
Amphikinesis 11:64, 113, 198; 20:49, 81, 94, 118, 130, 140, 152, 160, 168, 176, 200, 219, 228, 283
Amphipods 12:354, 356
Amphisbaena 5:373; 7:497; 8:71, 689; 10:204, 229; 12:125, 459; 15:337; 16:37, 56, 114, 130, 136, 245, 252; 17:13; 21:624, 626, 635, 643–644, 648, 655–656, 659, 661–662, 674, 676, 689, 711–712
alba 19:33, 81, 356, 412, 418, 557, 579; 21:623, 626–630, 634, 644, 648, 652–654, 707, 730
amazonica 21:652–654, 730
angustifrons 21:648, 652–654, 730
axial muscles 11:357, 390, 392
axial skeleton 1:271–273, 276, 278–280
bakeri 21:648, 730
bolivica 21:648, 652–656, 730
braestrupae 21:627
caeca 21:626, 635, 648, 656, 661, 730
camura 21:648, 731
caudalis 21:626
cegei 21:626, 731
chondrocranium 11:126, 132–133, 135, 201
cubana 21:626, 635, 648, 661, 731
darwini 19:557; 21:662
dubia 21:652–654, 731
ear 2:250, 268, 271
eye 2:24–25, 43, 46, 48, 87
fenestrata 21:635, 661, 731
frontalis 21:635, 674–675, 689, 731
fuliginosa 19:33, 81; 21:623, 626, 634
hastata 21:731
heterozonata 21:631–632, 634, 652–654, 731
hogei 21:652–654, 731
ignatiana 21:731
innocens 21:731
internal relief of gut 6:190–192
jaw muscles 4:311, 315–316, 388, 394, 397–398, 401, 405, 407–412, 414–416, 420, 466, 479–480
laurenti 21:627
leucocephala 21:652–654, 731
lumbricalis 21:648, 650, 652–654, 731
manni 21:648, 731
mertensi 21:652–654, 731
mitchelli 21:652–654, 731
muscle tissue 11:283, 336
nose 2:120, 124, 127, 140, 143
pancreas 3:324, 328
petrei 21:652–654, 731
plumbea 21:731
prunicolor 21:652–654, 731
ridleyi 21:648, 656–657
silvestrii 21:652–654, 731
slevini 21:648, 650, 652–654, 731
thymus 3:113, 117
towsendi 21:731
trachura 21:626, 731
vermicularis 21:652–654, 731
violacea 21:624
Amphisbaenia(n) (see also Amphisbaenia; Bipes;
Diplometopon; Rhineura; Trogonophis) 5:2, 10, 130, 145, 371, 381–382, 395; 7:6, 497, 571; 8:46, 52, 58,66, 71, 144, 151, 623–625, 659, 662, 689–690; 9:8, 10, 16, 19, 26–27, 31, 34, 43, 57, 66, 75, 78, 157–158, 163, 166, 296, 371; 10:203, 217, 221, 241; 12:125, 142, 360, 367, 379, 424, 467, 472, 493; 13:206, 210; 14:6, 535–536, 617, 636, 711; 15:3–4, 18, 30, 39, 303, 337, 341, 373, 660, 663, 667, 669; 16:6, 10–13, 37, 53, 56, 58, 114, 136, 265–266, 454; 17:216, 248; 19:2, 21, 27–28, 33, 41, 81, 297, 304, 544, 547, 579; 20:5, 23, 75, 116, 137, 241, 246, 281, 284, 462, 366, 395, 583–584, 586; 21:9, 16, 65, 621, 625, 634, 636; 21:485, 546
axial muscles 11:357–358, 361, 387, 389–394, 411, 414, 417, 425, 427–428, 430–431
axial skeleton 1:203–204, 206, 209, 240–241, 250, 257, 259–260, 266, 268, 271–282, 285, 289, 293, 296, 301–302
blood cell morphology 3:77, 80
chondrocranium 11:6, 23, 53, 107, 125–135, 149, 155, 180, 188, 191–193, 197, 199–202
dentition 1:171–172
ear 2:221, 224–226, 250–252, 254, 262–263, 268, 271
eye 2:2, 6–48, 87–89
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:162
heart 19:412
histology of gut 6:272, 401
internal relief of gut 6:190–192
jaw muscles 4:289, 296, 311–319, 370, 374, 395– 399, 405, 407–420, 422, 466–467, 479–480
lung 19:33
lymphatics 6:453
muscle tissue 11:268, 283, 336
nose 2:120–122, 127, 135, 139–140, 143, 154, 179
origin and evolution 1:2, 6–7
pancreas 3:324, 328
pituitary 3:136, 142–143, 147, 179–181, 192
spleen 19:556–557
taxonomic literature 2:319
thyroid 3:203–207, 227
urinogenital system 6:24–27, 38, 56, 59, 72, 79, 95, 114
Amphisbaenidae 7:497; 8:689; 15:625, 664, 667, 669; 16:114, 130, 136; 21:624, 627, 634, 657, 676, 688
adrenal 3:281, 184
axial muscles 11:357, 389
axial skeleton 1:271–273, 276, 280
blood cell morphology 3:77, 79, 81–82
blood chemistry 3:28, 31
chondrocranium 11:126
dentition 1:172
ear 2:225, 240–241, 268, 271
eye 2:15
histology of gut 6:229, 296
internal relief of gut 6:190–191
jaw muscles 4:479–480
nose 2:120, 127, 178
pituitary 3:136, 146, 151, 154, 179–181, 192, 194–195
thyroid 3:206
Amphisbaeninae 21:624
Amphiuma
pancreas 3:333
tridactylum 19:316
Amphophily 3:145–146, 149, 185, 188, 191
Amphotericin B 8:647
Amplorhinus 7:499; 15:647–648, 671, 675; 16:144; 19:225
multimaculatus 19:200
Ampulla 9:13; 10:215
of Vater 19:506–507
or ureter 6:65
Ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular
canals 21:503
Ampullary crest 2:206–207
recess 20:33, 72, 75
Amygdala 17:610, 613, 621; 18:35, 41, 97–98, 442, 445–446
amygdaloid nuclei 18:442, 445
Amyl acetate 18:204, 451, 453, 467, 475, 495
Amylase 3:291; 8:2
Amyloidosis 14:665
Anadia 20:186, 188–194, 301
bitaeniata 20:308
bogotensis 19:27, 78; 20:301
ear 2:271
Anaerobic
activity patterns 5:196, 255
capacities of reptiles 5:104, 185
capacity (see Anaerobic metabolism)
debt 5:187
energy 5:193, 228
glycolysis 5:196, 318, 320–321; 8:516
lactacidemia 5:338
metabolism 5:81–83, 183–184, 187, 195–196, 238, 318, 350–351; 12:9; 13:1, 13–16, 60, 157, 176–185, 189, 193
allometric relationships 13:179–180, 182, 184
anaerobic capacity 13:179–182, 184, 189, 193
anaerobic scope 13:16, 179–180, 184–185, 193
biochemical pathways 13:176–177, 193–194
circadian cycles 13:184
costs and benefits 13:177–179, 193
diving 13:25, 35, 39
hibernation 13:72–73, 138
thermal dependence 13:182–184
pathways 5:7, 187, 242, 277, 302, 325; 19:466
processes 5:82, 179
scope (see also Anaerobic metabolism) 5:185, 320
work 5:320
Anaerobiosis 5:7, 20, 100, 129, 182–183, 186, 196, 206–207, 255, 351; 19:486
Anal
constriction 5:228
gland 18:117, 121
pores 15:279
sac (see Cloacal sac)
shield 1:315, 333
Analgesia 5:44–46, 53
Analgesic action 8:475
Analog-to-digital converter 5:94
Analysis of covariance (see Statistical analysis)
Anamniote(s) 10:315, 327; 14:18
Anamniotic egg 1:37
vertebrates 5:128
Anancephaly 14:452
Anaphylactoid shock 8:509, 522
Anaphylaxis 3:34–35
Anaphylotoxin 8:497, 522–523
Anapsid(a) 9:65; 20:251
chondrocranium 11:226
dentition 1:150–151
origin and evolution 1:3
Anas 17:566
urinogenital system 6:12
Anastomatic vein 21:513
Anastomosis
abdominal 19:429
arterial 19:430
Anastomotic
artery 2:7
vein 2:7; 11:112, 124
Anatomical diffusion factor 19:54, 56–57, 64, 323
Anatomy (see also Morphology)
cardiac 19:376–387, 392–397, 403, 408, 426, 436, 447, 454
cardiovascular 19:426–430
comparative 19:4, 67–68, 561–570
splenic 19:535–544
Anatosaurus 9:61, 101, 102
dentition 1:189
Anchiceratops 9:114–118
Anconaeus quartus 21:212
“Ancrod” (see also “Arvin”) 8:332–333, 494
Ancylocranium 16:114; 21:636, 644, 661, 668, 670
axial muscles 11:394
axial skeleton 1:272–275
bilabialatus 21:670.
chondrocranium 11:135
ionidesi 21:670, 672, 731
somalicum 21:626, 670, 673, 731
Ancyclodactylus 21:188
occidentalis 21:400
petrodroma 21:400
spinicollis 21:399–400
Andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 18:309, 317, 319, 345–347, 391–392, 398
Andrias 21:230
Androgen(s) (see also Androsterone; Testosterone) 3:36; 6:43–45, 75–77, 80, 115–116, 119; 14:340, 573, 575, 578–582, 584–585; 15:277; 18:37, 41, 72, 81–83, 85–86, 88–93, 95, 98, 102, 149, 167–168, 322, 340, 346, 354, 367, 369–370, 373–376
androstenol 18:204, 467
dihydrotestosterone 18:37, 90–92, 102, 168, 340, 446
receptor 18:340
testosterone 18:33–34, 37, 41, 149–150, 166–168, 178, 184, 186, 339–340, 353–354, 365–368, 370, 373–376, 398–399
testosterone concentrating cell 18:37
testosterone concentrating neurons 18:446
testosterone male response to female odors 18:471
Androgenesis 15:284
Androstenedione 6:76, 80, 84
Androstenol 18:204, 467
Androstenonedione 15:579–580
Androsterone 15:251, 579
Aneides 13:180
Anelytropsidae 9:335, 338; 12:472; 15:326, 329; 17:248
axial skeleton 1:241–242, 259
chondrocranium 11:83
ear 2:240–241
jaw muscles 4:316
pituitary 3:195
thyroid 3:205
Anelytropsis 16:35, 138; 20:241–249
chondrocranium 11:85
ear 2:244, 246, 271
papillosus 20:303, 309
Anemia 3:38, 224; 19:568
Anesthesia 3:2, 16; 5:43, 47, 49, 51–53, 63, 288, 360; 19:64, 301–302, 312, 321, 328, 333, 438
level 5:50
machines 5:48–49
Anesthetics 5:44–47, 50, 126; 12:340
chemical 5:50
Anestrus 3:36–38
Aneugomphius 9:299
Aneuploids 15:435, 453
Angionecrosis 8:479
Angiotensin 8:525; 12:244
II 17:684
Angle of torsion 21:103
Angola 2:324
Angolosaurus 20:10–152, 154, 157
skoogi 20:299
Anguidae 5:172, 192, 423; 7:9, 300, 372–373, 377–378, 495–496; 8:46, 52, 80, 678–679; 9:8, 161, 163, 252, 337–338, 427; 12:99, 117–118, 146, 379; 14:48, 658, 663, 712; 15:7, 44, 84, 306, 331–334, 376, 626–628, 663–664, 667–669, 671, 674; 16:35–36, 52, 115, 128, 137, 283, 296, 454–455, 465, 486, 492, 512; 19:21, 26, 41, 70, 410; 20:42, 57, 78, 195–199, 201–208, 224, 232, 252–257, 265, 267–269, 271, 273–274, 308; 21:15, 17, 80, 148, 398, 404
adrenal 3:280
axial muscles 11:357, 382, 397
axial skeleton 1:242–243, 247, 249, 253, 255, 257, 260–263, 265, 267–270, 273, 275, 280, 284, 288
blood cell morphology 3:77, 81, 83
blood chemistry 3:28, 31
chondrocranium 11:101–104
dentition 1:163, 168–169
ear 2:224, 240–241, 247–249, 267, 271
eye 2:13, 20, 27, 87
histology of gut 6:229, 299
internal relief of gut 6:178, 220
jaw muscles 4:374–376, 413, 417, 420, 470, 479
nose 2:120, 127, 132–133, 139–140, 143
parathyroid 3:255
pituitary 3:136, 144–146, 148–149, 151–157, 176–177, 193–195
taxonomic literature 2:320
thyroid 3:204–206
Anguilla 16:8
japonica 19:566
Anguilliformes 19:566
Anguimorpha 8:44, 69, 146, 151; 9:338; 19:21, 28– 32, 38, 70; 20:6, 18, 75, 116, 137, 195, 216, 229, 252–253, 256–257, 261, 264, 166–267, 269, 271, 273–275, 280, 284, 354, 586, 590; 21:9, 60, 66, 90, 96, 112–113, 597–599
axial skeleton 1:242–243, 246–247, 257, 259, 261–262, 267
chondrocranium 11:101–108
histology of gut 6:244
pituitary (see also Diploglossa) 3:136
Anguinae(es) 20:197, 199–200, 202, 204–206, 208–209, 269, 308
dentition 1:169
Anguioidea 8:66, 71; 19:28–29; 20:196
axial skeleton 1:242, 257, 259
dentition 1:168–169
jaw muscles (see also Anguoidea) 4:376, 383, 417–418
Anguis 5:130, 173; 7:176, 300, 372–373, 495; 8:57, 71, 377, 615, 619–620, 678–679; 9:151–154, 157, 161, 166, 252, 264–269, 332, 346, 361; 10:203; 12:118, 224; 13:126; 14:11, 15, 48–49, 57, 60, 531–532, 613, 636, 701, 712; 15:3, 7, 14–15, 18, 26, 29, 44, 61, 89–92, 94– 96, 100–110, 117, 122, 124–127, 131–136, 151–152, 154–164, 168, 170–216, 219–225, 237, 239–241, 245–247, 249–252, 261, 263, 315, 324, 331–333, 345, 349, 356, 366–367, 376, 378–379, 568, 571, 626, 669, 674, 676; 16:115, 137, 201, 266–267, 461, 464–465, 512; 19:5, 29–30, 383; 20:197–202, 204, 206, 208, 256; 21:68, 140, 142
adrenal 3:265–268,280, 290–291, 311
axial muscles 11:357, 382–383, 387
axial skeleton 1:242, 253, 258, 260, 266–270
blood cell morphology 3:77, 80, 84–85
blood cell numbers 3:96, 98–99, 101–102, 104–107
blood chemistry 3:9, 29
chondrocranium 11:77, 101–104
dentition 1:148, 168
ear 2:224, 247, 267, 271
eye 2:14, 27, 31, 41
fragilis 18:311; 19:28, 78, 377, 410, 417; 20:302, 308; 21:7, 24
histology of gut 6:242, 276–278, 287–288, 291
internal relief of gut 6:178, 187, 220
jaw muscles 4:479
lymphatics 6:316, 338, 341, 384, 404, 442, 453
muscle tissue 11:274, 336
nose 2:120, 125, 129, 133, 141, 159, 161–162, 164, 171, 175, 178
parathyroid 3:255
pituitary 3:144, 148, 152–153, 163, 177, 192
thymus 3:117
thyroid 3:212, 217–218, 227
urinogenital system 6:5–6, 14–15.19, 21, 23–24, 26–27, 29–30, 33, 37, 43, 49, 51–55, 58–59, 67–68, 71–72, 75, 78–79, 85, 87, 96, 98, 100, 110–111, 116
Angular 4:107, 112, 114, 116–117, 131–132, 136, 138, 146–147, 163, 167, 186, 188, 204–205, 209–211, 213, 215–219, 221, 223, 239–241, 248, 250, 254, 258, 279, 296, 306, 329, 356, 374; 11:24, 63–64, 73, 80–81, 106, 119, 124, 156, 179, 211–212, 214, 220, 231, 237, 244; 20:35–37, 44, 46, 74–76, 78, 90–91, 102–104, 114, 116, 127, 130, 136–137, 148, 150, 157–158, 162, 164, 166, 182, 174, 184, 186, 193–194, 196, 208–209, 215, 218, 224, 226, 232, 235, 239, 241, 247, 249, 274, 276–278, 356–357, 369, 275, 377–379, 389, 391, 400–401, 409–410, 412–413, 418–419, 423, 425, 433, 435, 441, 443, 47, 461, 463, 471, 474, 481–483, 497, 506, 519–521, 530, 533, 550, 552, 579–581; 21:602–604, 606–608, 611
bone 14:419
flange 20:195
process 20:37, 78, 90–91, 93, 103–104, 115–116, 150, 174, 186, 194, 275, 281
Angulation of teeth 1:175
Angulosplenial 20:520–521
Anguoidea
blood cell morphology 3:79–82
histology of gut 6:232
internal relief of gut 6:178
pituitary 3:195
thyroid 3:206
Anhydrous calcium sulfate 5:75, 104
Aniliidae 7:497–498; 8:46, 74, 662; 10:223, 225, 239; 12:117, 126, 134; 15:00, 117, 121, 123–124, 628, 645; 16:38–40, 143, 181–182; 19:116, 159, 185, 218; 20:354, 395–396, 421, 423–424, 426–427, 429, 432, 585; 21:549, 610
axial muscles 11:357, 402–403, 431
axial skeleton 1:285, 291–293, 296
chondrocranium 11:178, 203
dentition 1:179
ear 2:227, 252–253, 268, 271
internal relief of gut 6:193
jaw muscles 4:318, 423, 426, 430–434, 440, 466, 470, 480
nose 2:120
pancreas 3:324
urinogenital system 6:30
Aniline blue 3:146, 148–149, 151, 177, 179, 186
Anilioid snakes 21:602
Anilioidea (Anilioids) 19:95, 103, 125, 127, 143, 145, 165; 20:354, 395, 420, 431, 439; 21:484, 519, 524, 543, 549, 555, 557, 566, 575, 578, 584, 590, 593–594, 596–597, 599, 603
Anilionaphthalene sulfonic acid 8:190
Anilius 7:497; 15:121; 16:40, 143, 190, 230–231; 19:98, 123, 140, 160, 218; 20:416, 419–420, 422–423, 427–431, 437, 464, 591; 21:474, 476, 488, 493, 499, 501–502, 507, 509, 512, 549–550, 553, 555, 563, 579–580, 593, 598–600, 602, 606, 610
axial muscles 11:357, 399
axial skeleton 1:287, 292, 296
chondrocranium 11:178–179
dentition 1:179
ear 2:268, 271
jaw muscles 4:430, 432–433, 468, 480
nose 2:179
scytale 19:147, 158–159, 185; 20:4180419, 421, 603
urinogenital system 6:29–30
Animal husbandry 5:22, 24–27
Anionic composition 5:428
Anions 3:1, 13, 16, 30–31, 45; 5:60, 348, 429, 481
Anisodonty (see Heterodonty)
Anisolepis 15:330; 16:256; 20:304
longicaudata 20:304
Anisotropy 3:292–294
Ankle (see also Crurotarsal joint) 21:39, 48–49, 157, 159, 162, 171, 177, 364–365, 378
Ankylosauria 9:55, 67, 111, 138; 19:74
dentition 1:187–188
shell 1:311
Ankylosaurus, epiphyses and sesamoids 1:109
Ankylosed teeth 1:126, 129, 136, 139, 141, 143, 145, 150–151, 153, 158, 171, 173, 177, 193; 20:575
vertebrae 1:209–210, 217, 222, 225
Ankylosis 20:378, 480, 516, 539
Annelida, urinogenital system 6:2
Anniella 5:130, 423; 7:164, 496; 8:679; 9:22, 333, 336; 10:203, 222, 230; 12:117–118; 15:185, 331–333, 346, 366; 16:266; 17:248, 497, 501; 18:437; 20:23, 196–200, 202–209, 252, 256, 259, 270, 302; 21:142, 476, 485, 488
adrenal 3:280, 291
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:253, 258, 267
blood cell morphology 3:77
blood chemistry 3:28
chondrocranium 11:104–107, 118, 131, 149, 197–198, 201
dentition 1:169
ear 2:224, 248, 267, 271
eye 2:13–14, 23, 27, 31, 41, 46–47
jaw muscles 4:376–377, 418, 479
nose 2:120, 127, 130, 133, 178
pituitary 3:147, 176
pulchra 20:199, 302; 21:7
urinogenital system 6:26, 56, 87–89, 113
Anniellidae 7:164, 496; 8:46, 80; 9:332, 337–338; 12:379; 15:331, 333–334, 664, 671; 16:454; 20:195, 197
adrenal 3:280
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:242, 257, 260, 268
blood cell morphology 3:77
blood chemistry 3:28, 31
chondrocranium 11:104–108
dentition 1:169
ear 2:222, 225, 240–241, 248, 267, 271
eye 2:27, 87
histology of gut 6:229, 299
jaw muscles 4:316, 376, 417, 479
nose 2:120, 133, 139–140, 143
pituitary 3:136, 144–147, 151, 154, 176, 178, 192, 194
taxonomic literature 2:320
thyroid 3:204, 206
Annielline lizards 19:39, 70
Annual cycle(s) (see also Seasonal cycles) 12:293; 13:53, 59, 61, 65–67, 73–83, 101, 295
rings 1:67
Annular
anastomotic vessel 6:390
fold 2:51
ligament 21:303, 310–311, 313
ligament of footplate 11:27, 31
ligament of stapes 2:200
lymphatic sinus 6:381
lymphatics of tongue 6:408–409
nerve 2:65
pad 2:16, 19–23, 52, 69–70, 75, 82
Annulate lamellae 14:54, 56
in primordial germ cells 15:159, 171
Annuli (see Turtles, shell)
Annulospiral endings 11:317, 325
Anole(s) 20:79–80, 255; 21:49, 254–255
Anolinae
eye 2:31
jaw muscles 4:316
urinogenital system 6:104
Anolis (see also Norops) 5:5–6, 33, 81, 130, 141–142, 162, 164–165, 167, 170–171, 173, 183, 185, 188, 198, 347, 379, 393–394, 489; 7:16, 36–37, 44, 50, 53–58, 66–68, 73–78, 80–84, 88–91, 93–99, 101–115, 117, 121, 140, 142, 144–147, 150, 152, 161, 163, 165, 169, 178, 189, 197–198, 262, 268–274, 299, 308–311, 313–314, 360–361, 363–364, 369–370, 407–409, 411–414, 416, 425–435, 438, 440–441, 443, 446–447, 449, 451–454, 472–475, 566, 592–593, 598–599, 605, 613, 634, 637, 661; 8:70, 595–596, 619–620, 657, 661, 667, 682; 9:20, 27–28, 157, 330, 340, 363, 376, 383, 386–388, 408; 10:7, 42, 203, 228; 12:5, 34–35, 37–39, 46, 50–57, 60–61, 68, 71–73, 100, 104–106, 174, 180, 184, 225, 235, 258, 288, 302, 329, 355, 376, 402, 419, 430–431, 456, 461, 463, 466, 468, 470, 473, 488, 491; 13:64–65, 74–77, 79, 90, 100, 103, 105, 126, 179–181, 183–184, 192, 203, 207, 210–222, 255, 260, 277, 282, 288–289, 293, 295–298, 308–309, 311; 14:51, 64, 542, 544–545, 553, 566, 640, 695–698, 700, 702– 706, 709, 712–714; 15:3, 39–40, 47, 152, 159, 240, 306, 329, 334, 342–343, 348–349, 351–353, 358, 363–364, 374, 379–383, 386, 389–392, 588–590; 16:8–9, 12, 21, 33, 49, 51, 55, 68, 116, 126, 139, 174, 208, 210, 212, 239, 242, 249–250, 254–257, 260–261, 346, 450, 464–465, 473, 513–514, 565; 17:6, 29, 55, 71, 97, 184, 190–191, 193, 413, 469, 596, 617–621, 624–625, 653, 662, 675; 18:90–91, 98–99, 177, 317, 333–334, 340, 343, 383, 433, 436–437, 440–441; 20:45, 50, 79–84, 86–87, 89–90, 102, 273, 291; 21:45, 55, 76, 93, 170, 184, 187, 224–225, 227, 240, 243, 245, 247, 252, 255, 257–258, 260, 274, 279, 514, 554, 595
acutus 18:343
adrenal 3:265, 280
aeneus 18:26, 34
agassizi 18:329
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:257, 262–263, 270
bahorucoensis 18:344
blood cell morphology 3:76, 88
blood cell numbers 3:96
blood chemistry 3:4, 9, 14, 19, 21–22, 33, 37, 46, 49
brevirostris 18:383
carolinensis 18:2, 4, 13–14, 25, 27, 29, 34–37, 46, 48–49, 51–54, 56, 81, 88–92, 96–100, 102–103, 189–190, 230, 232, 237, 239–243, 245–246, 248, 254, 261, 263, 265–266, 271–273, 280, 307–311, 316–321, 334, 340–348, 371, 375, 386, 390, 392–395, 398, 446, 464, 469, 485; 19:22, 78; 20:291, 304; 21:59, 76, 532
chondrocranium 11:86–88, 90–91, 94, 196
coelestinus 18:321–322
cristatellus 18:343; 20:304; 21:208
cuvieri 18:323, 343
cybotes 18:384–385; 21:224
dentition 1:135, 143, 155
distichus 18:383
ear 2:194, 205–208, 211–215, 219, 237–238, 254, 264–265, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:105
equestris 18:320; 20:81, 83–84, 304; 21:76
evermanni 18:343
eye 2:14–17, 19–21, 25–26, 33–36, 40–43, 87
garmani 21:7
grahami 21:7
gundlachi 18:343
histology of gut 6:288
jaw muscles 4:315, 319, 416, 477
krugi 18:343
lineatops 20:291
lineatopus 18:469; 21:7
luteogularis 20:83
marcanoi 18:384–385
muscle tissue 11:266, 273, 276–278, 293, 318, 325, 336
noblei 20:83
nose 2:119, 124, 128, 134–135, 139, 142, 164, 178
opalinus 20:304
parathyroid 3:254–255, 257–259
pituitary 3:143, 145–146, 148, 163, 165, 169, 192, 194
poncensis 18:343
pulchellus 18:343
roquet 18:317–318
sagrei 18:89–91
smallwoodi 20:83
stratulus 18:343
thyroid 3:213–221, 224, 227
trinitatis 18:177
urinogenital system 6:14, 18, 38, 44–45, 51, 54, 59, 63, 70, 72, 79, 84, 89, 95, 97–98, 104–105, 115–116, 121–122
Anomalepididae(ids) 19:33, 130, 133, 140, 147, 158, 171, 181, 235; 20:354, 360, 370, 373, 377, 381–382, 385–386, 388, 393–394, 398, 415, 559, 589, 598; 21:474, 476, 512, 535, 538, 540, 542, 558–559, 562, 565, 567, 573–574, 579, 583–584, 589, 596, 601, 607, 609, 611–613
Anomalepinae
chondrocranium 11:180–185
jaw muscles 4:374, 421, 423, 427, 430, 436, 438–439
Anomalepis 19:235; 20:379–385; 21:476, 495, 510, 513, 534, 540–541, 552, 558–559, 562, 567–568, 573, 583, 589, 593, 600, 609, 615
aspinosus 20:378–380, 383, 598
chondrocranium 11:180, 182, 184
dentatus 20:378
dention 1:178
jaw muscles 4:373, 423, 438–440, 480
mexicanus 19:181
nose 2:120
urinogenital system 6:90
Anomalophiidae 20:482–597
Anomalopus 15:639–640, 670, 675; 20:138, 297
mackayi 21:403
Anomaly 1:81
Anomochilidae 19:158, 171, 185, 218; 20:354, 396, 415–416, 422, 585, 601
Anomochilus 19:218; 20:397–398, 400, 409–410, 412, 585, 601; 21:549
leonardi 20:601
weberi 19:185; 20:396–397, 399–400, 601
Anomochilus 21:549
Anomodontia 9:68, 127, 295, 299, 304
Anophalmia 14:453, 456, 459
Anoplohydrus 19:101
Anops 19:557; 21:623, 626, 636, 644, 661, 666
axial skeleton 1:272–273, 276, 280
bilabialatus 21:668
chondrocranium 11:126, 135
ear 2:268, 271
internal relief of gut 6:190–192
jaw muscles 4:480
kingii 19:33, 81; 21:626–627, 662, 666–668, 731
Anosmia 18:165, 175
homing behavior 18:494
prey capture 18:494
Anosteria, shell 1:326
Anota 20:291
Anotosaura 20:186, 191, 301
Anoxia 3:17; 5:191–192, 207, 238, 318, 320, 353; 8:477–479; 13:16, 40, 72, 120, 129; 14:317; 19:318, 466
Anoxic tissue 5:192
turtles 5:320
Anserine 11:292
Ant
eating 20:386, 396
hills 15:4
mounds 13:106–107, 114–115
Antagonists 21:203
Antarctosaurus 9:98
Antaresia 19:234; 20:443
childreni 19:186; 20:604
stimsoni 19:186; 20:604
Antebrachial fascia 4:35
musculature 21:212
Antebrachium 4:8–9, 28; 21:20, 22, 39, 44, 58–59, 103, 105, 110, 113–115, 119, 124–125, 136, 261, 282–284, 286, 289, 294–296, 299–300, 302–304, 319, 328, 334, 371
Antechinus 16:239, 253
Anterior
accessory process of columellar apparatus 11:33–34, 55, 58, 76, 79, 100, 109, 119, 196
accessory process of extrastapes 2:198, 200
ampulla 2:204, 206
ampullary crest 2:204
auditory foramen 11:209–213
basicapsular ommissures 20:11
cardinal vein 21:480
chamber (see Vestibulum)
chamber (of eye) 2:5
cloacal chamber 6:27
collectors of anterior limb 6:322, 324, 360
concha 2:103, 116–118, 166, 170–171; 11:234– 235, 240
conchal recess 11:235, 240
cupula 21:575
dentigerous process of the palatine 21:547– 548, 550, 552, 555, 585
diverticulum of Eustachian tube 11:236–237
division of vestibulocochlear nerve 2:204, 206, 208
dorsal ventricular ridge 17:276, 328, 330, 431–432, 438, 544, 548, 610, 627; 18:444
funnel of oviduct (see Ostium abdominale)
hypothalamus 12:219, 229
hypothalmus-preoptic area (AH-POA) 18:77, 81, 98–99
inferior alveolar foramen 21:605
inferior foramen 20:90
inferior process of prootic 11:112; 20:27, 31, 72, 75, 125, 147, 150, 164, 166, 172, 174, 183, 186, 193, 195, 206, 09, 223, 225, 232, 234, 240, 282
intestinal portal 14:137, 287, 290, 292, 294, 438–439
labial foramen 21:614–615
limb, lymphatics of 6:388–391
lobe of adenohypophysis 3:159, 202, 212
mandibular foramen 20:413, 425, 520–521
maxilla 20:473, 479–481, 528, 549
maxillary process 11:15, 18–19, 51–52, 54, 66, 75, 88, 94, 98, 103, 106, 110, 202
medial process of the mexilla 21:555
medullary velum 10:179, 187, 276
mylohyoid 21:606
mylohyoid foramen 20:184
nasal canal (see Vestibulum)
nasal concha 11:117, 120, 122
nasal pouch (see Preconchal recess)
nasal tube (see Vestibulum)
nasal vessels 11:208
necrotic zone 21:26
orbital artery 2:12
orbital cartilages 11:21, 50, 130, 171, 195, 210, 220, 236
orifice of the cavum epiptericum 21:533
osseus ampulla 2:202–203
pad of lens 2:51–52
parasphenoid 11:219, 224
pituitary 12:257
pituitary extract 6:116–117
process of tectum 11:12, 15, 22, 28–29, 52, 55–56, 60, 66, 68, 80, 90, 93, 98, 100–101, 104, 106, 110, 112, 117, 119, 121, 135, 144, 198–199, 204, 209, 211
rectus muscle 2:7–8, 11–12, 49–50, 67, 74
salient 21:606
semicircular canal 2:202; 11:28, 52, 55, 69, 110, 112, 117, 119, 140, 163, 166, 173
semicircular duct 2:204, 206
sheet of basal aponeurosis 4:299, 416
sulcus 2:105–106, 110–111, 181
superior process of prootic 11:112
thymic lobe 3:112, 117–118, 161
trigeminal foramen 20:398, 432, 438, 448, 458, 504, 540, 565
turbinal (see Preconcha)
utriculus 21:503
vena cava 6:325–327, 329, 331, 446
ventromedial sulcus (see Anterior sulcus)
vestibulocochlear foramen 2:202
vidian foramen 20:389–290, 399, 432, 434, 439, 443, 453, 465, 467, 471, 497, 502, 504, 509, 511, 513, 567
Anterograde (axoplasmic) transport 18:442–444
Anterolateral collector of leg 6:395
process 21:565
process of the frontal 21:581–582, 586
Anteroventral process of rib 1:253, 278; 11:390, 393
Anthia 16:206–297
Anthracene blue 14:12
Anthracosauria 9:57, 295; 19:46, 74
dentition 1:120
origin and evolution 1:4, 15, 18, 23, 25, 27, 30–32, 35, 37–38, 40
Anthracosaurs 21:504
Antiacetylcholine esterase agent 5:237
Antibiotics 5:99; 19:519
Antibodies 3:34–36, 111, 126, 129; 12:168; 13:95; 19:544, 563
Antibody 8:125, 370, 378
production 601, 638, 645–660
maternal 14:638
specificity 8:342, 355
Anticholinesterase 8:455, 458, 462, 465
activity 8:305
reactivation 8:306
Anticoagulant 8:334, 490
factor 8:163, 491
Anticoagulants 3:2; 5:59–61, 63–64, 66
Antidiuresis 5:464–465, 474, 476; 12:349
Antidiuretic hormone 6:118
Antidromic stimulation 11:325
Antigen(s) 3:34–36, 46, 48, 126, 129; 8:95, 349, 353, 359–360, 362–364, 564
-antibody complex 8:364–365
Antigenic stimulation 19:549
Antigenically 8:83
Antihemostatic 8:499
Antihistamine 8:483, 507, 523
Anti-5-hydroxytryptamine 8:507
Antillophis 16:17, 144; 19:226
andreae 19:200
parvifrons 19:152, 200; 20:652
Antiperistalsis 6:92
Antiphosphatidase 3:34
Antipredator mechanism(s) (see also Caudal
autotomy; Mimicry; Parental care) 18:198, 387
age effects (see ontogeny)
aggression 16:16, 23, 35, 38, 40, 56, 64, 131
alarm calls 16:8, 28, 212
anachronisms 16:60–61, 65
aposematic coloration 16:25, 36–37, 39–40, 42–43, 48, 63–64, 133, 175–178
appendage grasping 16:54, 127
aspect diversity 16:55
autohemorrhage (see blood squirting)
ball forming 16:22, 38, 51, 128
basic concepts and theories 16:3–5, 7, 11–12, 14, 16–17, 24, 52–53, 60–63
biting 16:20, 26, 28–31, 34–36, 40–41, 43, 45, 132
blood squirting 16:20, 30, 40, 133
bluffs and threats 16:52–53, 58, 132, 164, 173
body elevation 16:31, 127, 131
body size 16:307, 309, 315
body temperature 16:15, 20–21
burrowing 16:37, 207
camouflage (see crypsis)
caudal autotomy (see Caudal autotomy)
cloacal discharge/ defecation 16:34, 36, 38–42, 45, 56, 127
coiling 16:40–42, 44–45, 51, 131, 191–193, 196–197, 199, 206
concealing coloration (see crypsis)
constriction 16:132
context 16:15–16, 20, 22, 28, 45, 63
convergence 16:59–60
correlation with coloration 16:49, 65
correlation with metabolism 16:30, 50
countershading 16:176
crypsis 16:28, 31, 34, 40, 42, 45, 48–50, 57–58, 62–64, 124, 159, 162, 191, 205
cue removal 16:54–55
death feigning 16:16, 20–22, 25, 28, 35–36, 38, 40–41, 54–55, 62, 125, 161, 173
deimatic displays (see bluffs and threats)
differences from birds and mammals 16:62
disgorge meal 16:43, 54, 133
diversion of attack (see tail display/lashing)
envenomation (see Venom)
evolution 16:26–27, 33–34, 46–48, 55, 57–61, 64, 67–69
eye marks 16:172–173
fatigue 16:21
faceoff/frontal displays 16:128
flash colors 16:206, 252
flight distance 16:21
fragile skin (see Skin tearing)
future research 16:65–69
gaping 16:25–26, 28, 34, 44, 132
generalizations 16:63–65
genetics 16:16–19
geographic variation 16:20, 22–24, 30, 45, 48–49, 55, 68
gliding/leaping/parachuting 16:29, 32, 35, 39, 51, 57
gravidity 16:21
habitat shift 16:29–30, 36, 50, 68
habits and habitat 16:38
habituation 16:18, 20
head hiding 16:42, 128, 196
head triangulation 16:186, 193–194, 198–200
hemipenial eversion 16:133
hierachy 16:63
hissing (see sound production)
“hooding” (see neck expansion)
immobility 16:26, 28–30, 42, 45, 124–125
inacessibility 16:35–36, 50, 126
inflation 16:28, 30, 35–36, 52, 129, 131, 191, 193, 196, 208, 215
inoffensive 16:125
intraspecific variation 16:14–24, 41, 68
learning 16:17–18
lip flair 16:132
locomotor escape 16:26, 28, 31, 35–36, 41–42, 50–52, 57–58, 125–126, 177, 210–212
metabolic correlates 16:30, 50, 62, 64, 134
methods 16:65–67
mimicry (see Mimicry)
miscarriage 16:54
misinterpretation 16:68
morphological adjuncts 16:24, 29–30, 56, 133–134
musk secretions 16:17, 25–26, 28
neck expansion 16:17, 38–39, 41–42, 128–129, 204–205, 208
neonate reptiles 16:19, 40, 122–124
novel and erratic behavior 16:55, 58
noxious flesh 16:43, 56, 127
offensive defense 16:56
ontogeny 16:16–19, 28, 40, 66, 123, 177, 206–208, 212, 256, 259–261
optimality 16:62–63
phylogenetic patterns 16:24, 48, 58–60, 68
primitive patterns 16:57
problems 16:65
protein behavior 16:161
rattling (see Rattlesnakes)
retreat sites 16:14, 50, 126
rigid postures 16:38, 54
running on water 16:51, 59
saltation 16:33
scratching 16:129
sexual differences 16:20, 22, 68
shell withdrawal 16:21, 25–27, 128
skin tearing (see Skin tearing)
social factors 16:16, 18
social responses 16:29, 60, 134
sound production 16:15, 17–18, 26, 28, 32–34, 36, 39–40, 42, 44, 57–58, 69, 126, 191–193, 198–201, 252
“spitting” of venom 16:39, 41, 132
startle effects 16:55
systematic variation 16:24–48
tail autotomy (see Caudal autotomy)
tail display/lashing (see Tails)
tail secretions 16:20, 32–33, 56, 251
tameness 16:12, 18, 23
taxonomic variation 16:24–48
thanatosis (see death feigning)
theory (see basic concepts and theories)
thermal dependence (see Temperature, body)
tongue extension 16:34, 129
vocalization (see sound production)
versus injury frequency 16:23
venom (see Venom)
wariness 16:22
weapon automimicry 16:208–209
“wheel” 16:51
wind movements 16:124
writhing 16:34–36, 40, 42, 130–131, 203
Antipyrine 5:69
Antiserotinin 8:507
Antiserum 3:35, 50, 52
(a) (see also Antivenin) 8:83, 95, 129, 342, 370–371, 374, 381, 571
bivalent 8:345–347
low titer 8:345
monospecific (monovalent) 8:346, 362, 364, 366, 561, 574, 580
polyspecific (Polyvalent) 8:347, 364, 561, 574, 580
potency 8:365, 574, 576, 578, 580–581
titer determination 8:364
trivalent 8:347
Anti-snakebite serum (see Antivenin)
Antithrombin 8:491, 496
Antithromboplastic activity 8:490–491
Antitoxin (see Antiserum)
Antitumor activity 8:511–513
“Antivasin I” 8:247
Antivenin (see also Antiserum) 8:369–374, 561
concentration 8:568–569
container 8:582
distribution 8:583
expiration date 8:582
filling 8:582
government standards 8:576
importation 8:376
labelling 8:582
neutralizing ability 8:367–368
polyvalent 8:349
potency assays 8:441, 571, 573, 577, 579–580
potency statement 8:583
preparation 8:374, 561
purification 8:567–569
sources 8:375
stability 8:376
standards 8:576
storage 8:582
Anti-viperotoxin 8:129
Antler growth 14:8
Antorbital
fenestra 4:265, 275–276
gland 4:276
space 2:116–118, 121, 123, 131–135, 149, 170
vacuity 1:8
Antorbitalraum (see Antorbital space)
Antrum pyloricum 3:332
Ants 5:390–391, 398, 401; 12:254, 347, 354
Antuitrine 6:116
Anura 9:166–167, 347; 19:21, 44, 322, 428, 537, 567–568
adrenal 3:312
blood chemistry 3:14
bone marrow 14:614
ear 2:263
epidermis 14:527
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:84, 90, 97, 106
lymphatics 6:357
muscle tissue 11:266, 271–273, 275, 282–283, 286, 289–293, 295–297, 299–300, 302, 304–306, 308–310, 314, 317–318, 323, 325, 327, 330, 332, 334–335
nose 2:153
parathyroid 3:235, 257
primordial germ cells 14:46, 50
thymus 3:121
thyroid 3:225
urinogenital system 6:3
Anuran (see Frog)
Anuric reptiles 5:385, 398
Anus 6:350, 356
Aorta(e) 5:283, 285, 290, 306; 6:7–9, 25, 29, 53, 83, 86, 107–108,321, 331, 337, 342, 346, 349–356, 378, 398, 453, 458; 11:315; 13:26; 19:384, 386, 396–398, 400–401, 439
arch of 3:236, 238, 240, 245–246, 249, 252–253, 256
dorsal 3:267–268, 270, 272–273; 10:37; 19:154, 395, 428, 536, 545–546, 565–567
pulmocutaneous arch 19:318
pulmonary (see also Pulmonary artery) 19:381, 384–386, 388–389, 394, 396, 400, 405–406, 414
systemic 19:96, 389–390, 392, 398, 412, 428, 445, 447, 449
valve 19:387, 394–395, 441
Aortakörperchen (see Parathyroid)
Aortic
arch(es) 3:236; 5:7–8, 275, 278–280, 282, 286, 288, 291, 308, 316, 325; 10:37; 14:140, 145–146, 175, 437–438, 446, 495, 515; 19:95–96, 113, 318, 378–379, 381, 384–394, 396–398, 400–401, 404–410, 412, 414, 427–430, 434–435, 437–441, 443, 445–450, 452, 454, 457–462, 472
blood flow 5:311
bodies 19:317–319
openings 19:388
pressure 5:292, 323; 19:385, 388, 430, 439, 443
receptors 5:245
septum 14:437
“sinuses” 19:395
strips 5:58
trunk 19:378–379, 381, 387, 89, 393–394, 401, 403, 406–407
Aorticopulmonary trunk 19:404, 409
Apalone asper 19:299
spinifer (see also Trionyx) 19:354
Aparallactinae 8:90, 149; 19:151, 220; 20:522
Aparallactus 8:90; 15:648–649, 671; 16:119, 144, 234; 19:122, 140–141, 149, 220; 20:522, 526– 527; 21:497, 554–555, 563, 577, 586, 605
capensis 19:194; 20:524, 531, 619; 21:563
dentition 1:177
ear 2:271
guentheri 19:194
jacksoni 19:194
jaw muscles 4:441, 481
lineatus 19:100, 152, 194
lunulatus 19:123, 152, 194; 20:619
modestus 19:166, 194; 20:523–525, 529, 531, 619; 21:563
moeruensis 19:194
niger 19:100, 152, 162, 194
werneri 19:123, 152, 194; 21:563
Apatosaurus, lymphatics 6:455
Apertotemporalidae, shell 1:336
Apertura
externa nasi (see External naris)
externa recessus scalae tympani 21:486
interna recessus scalae tympani 21:488, 500
latealis 20:438, 525
lateralis of recessus scalae tympani 20:441– 442, 497, 525, 527, 562, 569
narium externa (see External naris)
Apex dentis 21:544–545
(of tooth) 1:118
Aphaniotis 20:293
axial skeleton 1:258, 260
dentition 1:160
ear 2:271
Apical crest 14:159
ectodermal ridge 14:292, 400–403, 447–448; 15:63–66, 81, 105–107; 21:25–26
and caudal regeneration 15:353
and limb development 15:88–89, 107, 127
degeneration 15:86, 88, 91, 105–108, 110–111, 114, 118, 124–126, 132
differentiation 15:61, 118, 132, 135
DNA synthesis 15:92, 124
enzyme activity 15:91–92
morphogenetic activity 15:125
necrosis 15:131
protein synthesis 15:89, 92–95, 124, 126
proteolytic enzyme 15:124
regression 15:81, 114, 132, 139
RNA synthesis 15:92–95, 124, 126
ultrastructure 15:72, 93, 106
fold 14:63–66
foramen 1:144–145, 147
Apiformis 16:155
Apikale Blindsack 2:167
Apistocalamus 8:17
grandis 8:17
loriae 8:17
Aplopeltura 16:144; 19:132, 154, 224; 20:573; 21:574
boa 19:146, 152, 200; 20:568, 575, 580, 631
dentition 1:182
ear 2:271
jaw muscles 4:481
Apnea 3:16; 5:8, 229–230, 238, 242, 248, 259, 284, 287, 292, 303–304; 8:439; 10:12; 12:447; 13:1, 17–18, 22; 19:146, 154, 157, 302, 322, 325, 335, 389, 396–398, 455–457, 463, 466–470
Apneic periods 5:235–236, 243, 250, 296, 305
phase of respiration 5:285
Apneustic breathers 5:306
Apocrine 18:166
secretion 8:130–131
Apoda 19:316, 567
Apodemes 21:506, 510
Apodora 19:101
papuana 19:186; 20:440, 604
Apody (see Reduction of limbs)
Apohyal (see Cornu hyale; Corpus hyoidei)
Apomixis 15:492, 495
Apomorphy(ic) 18:10; 19:27, 37, 66, 69–70, 571
Aponeurosis 21:202, 376
Apophyseal center 1:82, 91–94, 100–101, 106–107, 109, 111–112
Apophyses 1:285, 297; 21:29
Aporosaura(us) 7:491; 12:52, 109, 111, 349, 360, 489, 493, 497–498; 16:140, 464–465, 474, 516; 18:249, 254, 257; 20:300
Aporoscelis, axial skeleton 1:268
Aposematic(ism) (=nastiness-advertising) behavior 8:5, 8; 18:198
Apostolepis 7:499; 16:190, 231; 19:227; 20:526, 564, 578; 21:512, 544
ambiniger 19:200
assimilis 19:200; 20:653
borelli 20:653
coronata 20:653
dorbignyi 19:200
erythronota 19:200
flavotorquatus 20:653
niceforoi 19:200
nigroterminata 19:200; 20:653
pymi 20:653
quinquelineata 19:200; 20:653
Appendage perfusion 12:245–246, 249, 286–300
Appendages, role in heat transfer 12:284–286
Appendicular muscles 4:1–100
musculature 21:194
skeleton 4:1–100
Appendix 14:631
testis 14:441
Appetite (see also Fasting) 13:62, 64, 66, 123, 130, 295
Appositional growth 1:82
Aprasia 16:117; 17:97; 20:130–137, 296–297
aurita 20:133, 136, 297
axial skeleton 1:242–243, 260, 266–267, 269
chondrocranium 11:58, 67, 83–85
ear 2:222, 242, 266, 271
eye 2:13, 15, 20, 26, 29, 42–43, 46, 87
inaurita 20:306
nose 2:120, 132
parathyroid 3:255
pulchella 20:297
repens 20:133, 136, 297
striolata 20:132–143, 136, 297, 306
Aproterodon, dentition 1:177
Apterygodon 21:397
Aptycholaemus 15:330; 16:256–257
axial skeleton 1:269
eye 2:26
longicaudata 20:304
APUD system 6:256
Aquatic 8:8
colubrids 20:579
habitats 5:318, 380, 451, 489
habits 1:297; 2:67, 72, 82–83, 86, 122, 130, 136, 142, 152, 159, 174, 179; 4:1, 6, 8–11, 14, 20–21, 26, 30–31, 34, 46, 56, 58, 60, 65, 91–93, 95–96, 244, 274, 277
hydrophiines 20:536
origin 20:352, 582
oxygen uptake 5:198
reptiles (see also Sea snake; Sea turtles) 12:424–430; 13:1–2, 11
respiration 5:197, 227, 321
species 5:226, 230, 243, 245, 249–250, 258, 260, 265–266, 318, 374, 387, 390–391, 486; 15:611, 616, 623, 645, 649, 665–667, 671–672, 674, 676, 679
Aqueous hydroxide solutions 5:78
environments 5:382
solutions 5:335, 339, 374
Arabia 2:322
Arachidonic acid (see also Prostaglandin) 8:522; 14: 220; 18:155
Arachnoid 9:23
Araeoscelida 7:6
Araeoscelidae origin and evolution 1:1
Araeoscelis (see also Areoscelis) 15:338, 394; 20:249, 257
dentition 1:190
gracilis 20:290
Aragonite 16:525–526, 529
in eggshells 14:82–84, 86–87, 275
Araldite 6:226
Arboreal 8:8
colubrids 20:568, 578
elapid 20:549
habits 1:297, 299; 2:87, 142, 222, 226,262, 296; 4:419; 5:265
snake 17:317
species 15:611, 616, 623, 629, 633, 641, 643, 646, 657, 665–672, 674, 676, 679
Arch of the aorta 6:317, 328
Archaeolacertas 20:167
Archaeolacerta 15:373; 21:67, 89, 96
saxicola 18:447
Archaeophis, axial skeleton 1:282
Archaeopteryx 9:167
Archaeosuchia
origin and evolution 1:2, 8
skull 4:264
Archencephalon 9:174, 177
Archenteric canal (see Chordamesodermal canal)
Archeophis proavus 20:596
turkmenicus 20:596
Archicortex 10:327
Archinephric duct (see Wolffian duct)
Archinephros 6:3
Arching of carapace 1:321
Archistriatum 10:95
Archosauria 9:19, 43, 52, 56, 58–59, 66, 78–79, 109, 135, 137–139, 296–297, 304; 19:68–75
adrenal 3:286, 309
chondrocranium 11:23, 191, 242, 245–246
dentition 1:129, 184–189
eye 2:92
lung evolution 19:72–75
origin and evolution 1:3
shell 1:311
skull 4:201–202, 268, 276–279
urinogenital system 6:114
Archisauromorpha 20:4, 250, 257
Archosauromorphs 21:185
Archosaurs 12:185; 14:529, 586, 660; 15:287
Arciform density 17:31
Arctognathus 9:299, 304
Arcualia 14:152, 514; 15:311
Arcuate fiber 10:139, 149, 155, 173, 211, 237
fossa 21:150
nucleus 18:42, 391
Ardenosaurinae axial skeleton 1:243
Ardeosaurus 15:340; 20:262, 282–284, 287; 21:172
brevipes 20:291
Area
I 10:70
II 10:70
III 10:70, 82
IV 10:70, 82, 84
V 10:74, 82, 84, 92–93
V-VI 17:558
VI 10:74, 82, 84, 92–93
VII 10:74, 84, 91, 93, 101
VII-VIII 17:556
VIII 10:74, 84, 91, 93, 97, 101
IX 10:74
X 10:75, 92
c 17:600
cellularis reuniens 9:233–235
centralis 17:105
centralis (of retina) 2:72, 76
d 17:612, 667
intermediolateral 17:647
opaca 6:110; 14:112, 121, 145, 160, 381, 505–506, 535
pellucida 6:107; 14:112, 115, 118–119, 160, 282, 381, 505–506, 513
spinal (see also Lamina, Rexed’s) 10:70, 82
triangular 17:405, 407, 413, 679
vasculosa 14:161–162, 225, 290; 15:540, 542
ventrolateralis 17:184
Arenicolous
adaptations 2:129–130
habits 3:192
Areoscelidia 9:67, 297
Areoscelis (see also Araeoscelis) 9:297
Argentaffin 6:279
cell 6:144, 255, 261, 265–266, 275, 277
reaction 3:304; 6:256, 283
Arginase 3:29
Arginine 3:23, 4042, 51; 6:228; 8:309
esters 8:327
oxytocin 6:117
-vasopressin 17:593
-vasotocin 5:385–386, 461–463, 465, 469–471, 476–477, 479–480; 6:117–118; 14:220; 15:588, 590; 18:51
vasotocin (AVT) 8:646; 12:368, 371–373
Argyrogena 16:144; 19:230
fasciolata 19:200; 20:634
Argyrophil 6:279
cells 6:244, 255–256, 265
reaction 6:256
Argyrophilic fibers 3:207
Argyrophily 3:331–332
Aristelliger 16:32, 51, 127, 138; 17:14, 97; 20:117–118, 124, 295; 21:396
axial skeleton 1:260
dentition 1:162
ear 2:239, 266, 271
eye 2:13, 22, 26, 30, 43–46, 88
praesignis 21:7
Aristotle 12:398
Arizona 5:27, 488; 12:128, 130, 464, 475; 13:204, 209; 15:45; 16:119, 519; 19:144, 232; 20:556; 21:577
ear 2:269, 271
elegans 19:200; 20:555, 634
eye 2:63
urinogenital system 6:116
Armandisaurus 20:8
explorator 20:291
Aromatase (see also Androgen; Estrogen) 18:92, 149
aromatization 18:33, 37, 41, 86, 88, 90
Arothron mappa 19:566
Arthrology 21:6, 62, 152, 177
Arousal response 10:293, 323
Arrenoidism 6:107
Arrhythmic breathing 19:376, 389
Arrhyton 16:144; 19:226
callilaemus 19:200; 20:653
funereum 19:200; 20:653
vittatum 19:200; 20:653
Arrythmia 12:239, 241
Artemia, meiotic restitution 15:479
Arterial
blood 5:63, 239, 301, 346, 358
blood gases 5:244, 247, 262
circulation 19:434
gas contents 5:259
outflow 19:386–387
oxygen 5:253, 259
oxygen saturation 19:431
pH 5:240, 244, 259, 262, 306, 353–354, 358, 360, 495
pressure(s) 5:310–311, 323; 19:346, 442
saturation 5:252
smooth muscle 12:243–244
supply 5:100
system 6:316
values 5:241
vessels 5:276
Arterioles 5:308, 459, 461, 465; 12:243; 13:19
Arteriovenous anastomoses 12:243
(a-V) communication 19:541–543, 547, 562–563, 569–570, 574
oxygen difference 5:302
Artery(ies) 5:64, 308, 323, 416, 423; 10:34; 13:19
abdominal 19:566
allantoic 15:539
anterior mesenteric 19:488, 545
anterior pulmonary 19:381
axial 19:578
basilar 9:50, 76–77, 103, 121
brachiocephalic 19:403, 428
carotid 5:64–65, 306; 14:438, 616–617; 19:125, 318, 378, 381, 390–391, 393, 395–396, 405–408, 410, 428
caudal 15:315, 321, 328
caudalis 19:569
central 19:569
cerebral 10:36
coeliac 19:430, 462, 536, 545–547, 564–567, 569
coeliacomesenteric 19:400, 546–547
colic 14:146
coronary 5:308; 19:393, 399–401, 406, 414
costal 14:146
dorsal intestinal 19:564
epigastric 14:146; 19:400
femoral 5:64–66
esophageal 19:154, 400
gastric 19:154, 545
gastric glandular 19:569
gastro-lieno-intestinal 19:547, 557
hepatic 19:154, 488–490, 569
internal carotid 9:5, 8, 18, 44, 47–48, 56, 76–77, 80–82, 84, 95, 99, 103–104, 107–108, 113–114, 117, 366; 19:318
internal mammary 19:400
intersegmental 14:146
intertruncal 19:400
intestinal 19:562, 564, 578
intrasplenic 19:540, 542–543, 550–551, 565–566, 569, 574
lienalis cranialis 19:569
linealis caudalis 19:569
lineointestinal 19:545, 557
lineopancreatic 19:564
median palatine 9:103, 114
mesenteric 10:37–38; 19:545, 564, 566
omphalomesenteric 14:146, 165, 175
penial 10:41
pineal 9:366, 371
posterior cerebral 9:46, 366
posttruncal 19:400
pulmonary (see also Aorta) 19:11, 100, 126, 132– 135, 138, 149, 154, 162, 165, 169, 327, 348, 378–379, 381, 387, 390–391, 394–398, 405, 408, 427–431, 434, 437–440, 443, 334–447, 449–451, 453–454, 457, 460–461, 467, 471
renal 10:40
saccular 9:367
sciatic 5:65; 19:405
splenic 19:536–537, 539, 545, 547, 550, 563, 565, 568, 572
subclavian 19:390–391, 393, 395–396, 428
systemic 5:257; 19:394–396, 443, 451, 454
systemicocarotid trunk 19:399
trabecular 19:540
tracheal 19:102–103, 131–132, 134
truncus coeliacomesentericus 19:563–565, 568
umbilical 15:537, 539–540, 546, 552
uterine 15:534, 537
vertebral 5:65; 19:125, 154
vitelline 14:99, 145, 165; 15:536–537
Arthropod(s) (see also Invertebrates) 5:4, 27; 8:6, 618–620, 658; 12:354, 357, 407, 415, 452–453; 20:572, 590
venom 8:7
Arthrosaura 20:189, 192
reticulata 20:301, 308
Arthus reaction 8:365, 497
Articular 4:107–108, 112, 126, 132–133, 137–138, 147, 163, 186, 204–205, 211, 215–219, 221, 223, 225, 237, 239, 258, 265, 279, 296–297, 301, 306, 315, 343, 417; 11:24, 31, 57, 59, 64, 73, 80–81, 84–85, 100, 129, 146, 151, 156, 179, 218, 237, 243–244; 20:35, 37, 74, 90, 103–104, 116, 125, 127, 130, 136–137, 148–150, 157–158, 162, 164,166, 1173, 184, 186, 194–195, 208, 216, 218, 224, 226, 239, 241, 247, 249, 273, 281, 356–357, 377, 384–385, 394, 419, 422, 425, 461, 487, 519, 521, 586, 592, 615; 21:611
cartilage 1:83, 104, 206
condyle 20:37, 90
cotyle 20:74
facet(s) 1:93, 97; 20:418
fossa 4:239; 20:239
process of quadrate 4:117
surface 20:498
Articulation (see Rotation)
Articulatory cartilage pad 20:484
process of quadrate 20:507, 511, 540–541, 562, 569
Artificial insemination 14:348, 357
respiration 5:5
Artiodactyla, bone 1:74
“Arvin” (see also “Ancrod”) 8:494–496, 498, 500, 514
Arylamidase 8:91
Arylesterase 8:91
Arylethylamin 6:256
Arytenoid cartilage 4:176–177, 179–182, 191–193
Asaccus 21:89, 96, 188, 398, 400
elisae 21:89, 399
Ascalabota 7:317–318, 320; 19:41; 21:9, 17, 116, 256, 265–266
axial muscles 11:385–386
axial skeleton 1:262
eye 2:89
jaw muscles 4:326, 418–419
thyroid 3:204–205
Ascalabotes, epiphyses and sesamoids 1:101
Ascarite 5:75, 80
Ascending pathway 10:120
process of premaxilla 11:17, 59, 111, 134, 151, 200, 218, 235, 244; 20:357, 397, 404, 420, 436–437, 445–446, 448, 454, 461, 466, 469, 483, 490, 498–499, 522–523, 536, 552–554, 557, 559
process of pterygoquadrate 11:13, 30–32, 41–42, 44–45, 52, 54–56, 66, 74, 76, 78, 93, 97, 100, 106, 110, 115–116, 123, 145, 192–193, 195, 197, 204, 206–207, 209, 211–212, 214–217, 226, 233, 238, 241
cartilage 20:364
Aschoff’s Rule 18:244, 252
Ascites 3:30
Ascorbic acid 3:292, 304–305
Asia 2:322–323
Asian coral snakes 20:534
palatine erectors 20:534
pitvipers 20:496
Askeptosaurus 9:296
eye 2:80
Aspartate 17:589
Aspartic acid 3:23–25, 40, 45
Asphyxia 5:238, 306, 321; 8:449
Asphyxic states 5:277, 287
Aspidelaps 7:503; 8:17, 442; 16:41, 121, 149, 234; 19:221; 20:457, 535, 542, 544
haemachates 20:624
lubricus 8:17; 19:195
scutatus 8:17, 442; 19:127, 168, 195; 20:537, 539–540, 545, 552
Aspidites 7:498; 12:127; 16:143, 285, 289, 303; 19:234; 20:435, 437, 443
melanocephalus 19:152, 160, 186; 20:437, 604
pit organs 2:301
ramsayi 20:433–434, 437, 604
Aspidomorphus 7:503; 8:17, 19; 19:22320:542, 544; 21:509
ear 2:272
jaw muscles 4:482
lineaticollis 8:17; 19:197; 20:626
minutus 8:19
muelleri 8:17; 19:197; 20:626
schlegeli(i) 8:17; 19:197; 20:626
Aspidoscelis 21:7, 190, 223, 226–227, 235, 338, 352, 357, 361
sexlineata 21:42
tigris 21:44, 61
Aspidura 7:227; 15:662; 19:200, 233; 20:470; 21:500–501, 531, 577, 584, 600
axial skeleton 1:287
brachyorrhos 19:200
guentheri 19:200
trachyprocta 19:200; 20:634
Aspidurini 19:233
Aspiration breathing 5:229; 19:39, 46
Aspis 5:373, 377, 379, 407; 7:505; 8:31; 12:133, 417, 419, 464, 475; 13:114; 15:47
Assertion display
definition 7:271
function 7:271–172, 276–277
lack of 7:281, 289, 293, 299
Assimilation efficiencies 5:170
efficiency 12:355
of food 5:170–171
Astra blue 6:227, 241, 265, 289, 297
Astragalocalcaneum 21:22, 111, 117, 136, 156–157, 159–173, 175–179, 181–183, 186, 191, 202, 364, 366–370, 372, 375, 377–380, 382–388, 392–393
Astragalofibulare 21:172
Astragalometatarsal ligaments 21:177
Astragalotarsal ligaments 21:168
Astragalus 1:12, 15, 20, 30; 4:57–60, 96; 14:447; 15:79–81, 110; 21:10, 29, 162–166, 172
Astral blue 14:609
Astrapotheria skull 4:281
Astrotia 5:434; 8:27; 13:7; 19:223
stokesii 8:27; 19:107, 198; 20:526
Astyanax 17:213
Asymmetry 21:19
heart 19:404, 416
lung 19:31, 95, 98, 112–114, 157, 165
of genital system 6:57–58, 81, 88–90, 110, 113
of skull 4:243
Atelectasis 19:41, 43, 349
Ateuchosaurus 9:341
chinensis 21:398
pellopleurus 20:297; 21:400
sowerbyi 20:297
Atheca (see Dermochelyoidea)
Athene 16:199
Atherini 19:219
Atheris 7:505; 8:29, 125, 144, 664; 15:660, 671; 16:44, 151; 19:108, 219; 20:508, 516, 520
axial muscles 11:357, 405
ceratophorus 8:29; 20:617
chlorechis 8:29; 19:190; 20:498 617
desaixi 8:29; 19:190; 20:617
ear 2:272
hindii 8:29
hispida(us) 8:29; 19:190; 20:617
jaw muscles 4:461, 482
katangensis 8:29
nitschei 8:29; 19:152, 164, 190; 20:499, 617
rungweensis 19:190
squamiger(a) 8:30, 125, 444, 664; 19:152, 164, 190; 20:499, 502–503, 515, 521, 617
superciliaris 8:30
Atheroscelerosis 3:26
Athleticism 19:377
Atlantal crest (Process) 20:429, 438, 470, 473, 527, 617
foramina 20:422
processes of exoccipitals 20:473, 527, 529
Atlanto-occipital joint 20:416, 474
Atlas 11:28, 36–38, 213, 226, 240, 366; 20:408, 438, 474, 478, 586; 21:228, 542
-axis complex 1:12, 15, 22–23, 204, 210–212, 226–228, 235–236, 244, 255, 257, 260, 273–276, 287–290, 300–301
vertebrae 14:435
Atomic absorption analysis 8:172–174
ATP 5:186, 192–193, 251; 11:267, 298, 308–310, 313; 12:244; 13:33, 72, 91, 177, 185, 194
ATP ase 2:288; 11:267–268, 281–282, 291, 296, 323, 335; 12:383; 13:96
ATP pyrophosphorylase 8:178
Atractaspidae 16:38, 41, 119, 143
Atractaspididae 19:100, 103–104, 116, 130–131, 133, 148, 151–152, 159, 162, 164, 166, 193, 220; 20:488, 354, 492, 522, 524, 526, 528–529, 531, , 535, 546, 548–549, 570619; 21:543, 550, 567, 571, 577, 585
incertae sedis 20:534
Atractaspidinae 8:46, 111, 151; 19:220
Atractaspis 7:505; 8:8, 30, 58, 94–95, 104, 111, 113–117, 120, 122, 125, 142, 149–151, 353, 444, 696; 10:204; 16:6, 41, 119, 143; 19:122, 149, 220; 20:536–531, 546
aterrima 8:30, 111; 19:152, 194; 20:620
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:296
battersbyi 8:30
bibronii 8:30, 111; 19:123, 194; 20:526–527, 530, 620
blood cell morphology 3:78
boulengeri 8:30; 19:152, 194
coalescens 8:30
congica 8:30; 19:194
corpulenta 8:30, 111; 18:324; 19:148, 194
dahomeyensis 8:30; 19:152, 166, 194; 20:620
duerdeni 19:194
ear 2:270, 272
engaddensis 8:30, 111, 113–117; 20:620
engdahli 8:30; 19:194
eye 2:54–56, 91
fallax 19:194
irregularis 8:30, 111, 113; 19:132, 194; 20:620; 21:537, 576
jaw muscles 4:423, 441, 462, 464–466, 482
leucomelas 8:30; 19:194
microlepidota 8:30, 111, 353, 444; 19:164, 194; 20:620
micropholis 19:194
pituitary 3:188, 192
reticulata 8:30; 19:194
scortecci(i) 8:30; 19:194
Atractus 7:499; 16:119, 144, 186, 230–231; 19:200, 228; 20:558, 563, 565, 570, 574, 576, 578; 21:531, 554
badius 19:162, 200
bocourti 19:200
carrioni 19:200; 20:649
collaris 19:200; 20:574
crassicaudatus 19:200; 20:649
duboisi 19:200; 20:558–560, 570, 650
elaps 19:200; 20:574, 577, 650
emmeli 19:200
erythromelas 19:200; 20:564, 581, 650
eye 2:55, 62
favae 19:200
flammigerus 20:650
fuliginosus 19:200
guentheri 19:200
jaw muscles 4:481
lasallei 19:200
latifrons 19:200, 229
lehmanni 19:200
longimaculatus 19:200
loveridgei 19:200
maculatus 19:200
major 19:200; 20:555, 559, 565, 574, 577–578, 650
manizalesensis 19:200
modestus 19:200
multicinctus 19:200
nicefori 19:200
occidentalis 19:200
occipitoalbus 19:200
orcesi 19:200
pamplonensis 19:200
paucidens 19:200
peruvianus 19:200
poeppigi 19:200
punctiventris 19:200
resplendens 19:152, 200; 20:559
reticulatus 19:200
santaemartae 19:200
torquatus 19:200; 20:559, 570, 650
trilineatus 19:200; 20:650
ventrimaculatus 19:200
werneri 19:200
zidoki 20:650
Atresia
of esophagus 14:31
of oocytes 14:53, 64, 66, 341
Atretic body (see Corpus atreticum)
follicles 16:360
Atretium 8:691; 19:233
jaw muscles 4:481
schistosum 19:200; 20:646
yunnanensis 19:200
Atria 5:62, 279–280, 285, 287, 289
Atrial
blood 5:285
defect 19:436
depolarization 5:296
diverticulum 19:408
funnel 19:394
input 19:388
myogram 5:293
systole 5:280; 19:385
tissue 5:87
volume 19:381, 398
Atrioturbinal (see Preconcha)
Atrioventricular
canal 19:390
conducting system 5:292
funnel 19:381, 384, 402, 410–412, 415–416
junction 5:278; 19:400, 402, 416
node 10:11
opening 19:381, 404, 410
orifices 5:280
ostia 19:426–429
ring 19:382–383, 410
valve 5:278–280, 287, 289; 19:382, 384, 386, 390, 394–395, 405, 411, 413, 415–416, 427–429
Atrium(a) (see also Vestibulum) 3:238, 246, 252, 256; 6:326, 331, 381, 444, 446; 19:125, 325, 330, 376, 378–379, 381–382, 385, 388, 390, 393–394, 398–399, 401–416, 426–427, 429, 431–432, 434, , 447–449, 451–452, 457, 471–472
Atropine 5:236–237, 305, 308, 322, 325; 8:473, 482, 517, 523, 654; 10:13, 21, 24, 27, 33, 36–37, 39–41, 43; 12:247; 19:452, 468
sulfate 5:103
Atropoides 19:220
mexicanus 20:612
nummifer 19:152, 190; 20:612
picadoi 20:612
Attractant signals (see Pheromone, chemical
cues)
Attraction sphere 6:110–111
Attractivity (see Pheromone; Sexual, female
behavior)
Audition 2:193, 208, 223, 232, 235, 261–262
Auditory
afferent 10:291
capsule (see Otic capsule)
foramen 11:14, 26, 43–44, 98, 112, 138, 140, 160, 218, 221, 224, 231
ganglion 11:27, 214, 237
meatus (see Recessus oticus externus)
nerve (see also Vestibulocochlear nerve) 11:15, 26–27, 106
ossicles, reinforcements 11:34–35
pits 14:428
representation 10:293
system 10:173
tube (see also Eustachian tube) 2:196–197, 201, 222, 224, 226, 232, 242, 262; 4:163
vesicles 14:428; 15:14
Auerbach’s plexus 6:270
Aulacephalodon 9:299
Aulacoplax ear 2:271
Aulax (see Subconchal recess)
Aulura 21:644, 674, 676
anomala 21:635, 674, 676–677, 689, 731
axial skeleton 1:272
Aurantia 6:246, 264
Auricle 9:50; 10:12, 15–18, 20
Auricles 5:59, 307–308
Auricular appendages 19:403, 413
plate 11:237
sinus 6:318
Auriculoventricular bundle 10:12
junction 10:12
sulcus 19:400
Ausführungsgang (see Nasopharyngeal duct)
Äussere Nasendrüse (see External nasal gland)
Äussere Nasenhöhle (see Vestibulum)
Äussere Nasenloch (see External naris)
Äussere Nasenöffnung (see External naris)
Äussere Nasenfortsatz (see Lateral nasal
process)
Australia 2:323–324
Australian elapids 20:532
Austrelaps 7:224; 8:17, 193, 246–247, 251, 260, 262, 288, 293, 295, 334, 358, 376, 471, 473, 478, 483, 506, 519; 12:132; 13:308, 310–311; 15:49, 533, 546, 560, 654; 16:149, 483, 520; 19:222
superbus (not Denisonia) 8:71, 193, 246–247, 251, 260, 262, 288, 293, 295, 334, 358, 376, 443, 456, 471, 473, 478, 483, 506, 510; 19:197; 20:626
Autarchoglossa 7:317–320; 18:164–165, 204; 19:21, 41; 21:9, 17, 116–117, 255, 265–266
axial muscles 11:385
eye 2:89
thyroid 3:204–206
Autarchoglossan lizards 16:34–37
Autapomorphy(ic) 20:354, 394, 423, 436, 485
Autarchoglossa 20:137, 284
Auto-amputation 15:385, 387
Autoantibodies 3:34, 36; 14:649
Autodiastly 11:192
Autografts 14:15, 639
Autolysis 6:55
Automated titration 5:67
Autonomic ganglia 8:474
ganglion 6:42
nerves 11:266
nervous system 10:1–46; 15:591
central connection (see Parasympathetic
nervous system; Sympathetic nervous
system)
septum 1:239, 268–271, 280, 299
Autophagosome 3:326, 328, 337–338
Autopharmacological mechanisms 8:437, 484, 500, 506–507, 519–527
Autopod 15:70, 72, 74, 77–79, 86, 88, 115, 129
differentiation 15:17, 62, 116
suppresion 15:136–137
Autopodium 21:59
Autopolyploidy 15:495
Autoradiography (see also Radioautography) 1:75; 8:451, 461; 18:98, 102, 459
Autoregulation 12:144, 252
Autoshaping 7:615
Autotomizing vertebra 1:239, 280
Autotomous adaptations 15:326
Autotomy (see Caudal autotomy)
adaptive value 15:341–348
age effect 15:348–349
and blood loss 15:322, 328
and caudal fat 15:323–324, 346
and caudal muscles 15:317–321, 323
and predation 15:341, 349
and Reissner’s fiber 15:324
and tail function 15:341–348
and temperature 15:322, 349–350
basal 15:344
center 15:324
distribution among reptiles 15:340
experimental 15:322–324
frequency 15:349
incidence of 15:348–349
mechanism 15:322–324
neurological component 15:324
neuropsychological factors 15:324
plane 15:315
segment 15:316, 320–323, 328, 332, 360
septum 15:308, 310, 312, 315–319, 321, 326, 328, 335, 352, 359, 361
sex differences 15:348
spontaneous (see also Caudal autotomy) 15:322
Avascular posterior extension of lung 5:232
Aversion, delayed illness induced 7:588–589
Aversive stimulus 7:559
Avertin 5:45
Aves (including both Latin and commonly named
taxa; see also Birds) 19:51, 53, 58, 74, 315– 316, 516, 537–538, 560–569, 576–578
adrenal 3:264, 275, 284, 286–287, 298, 309, 312
axial muscles 11:361, 371
blood cell morphology 3:83
blood cell numbers 3:98
blood chemistry 3:14, 18–19, 32, 44–46
chondrocranium 11:7–8, 10, 21, 23, 38–39, 123, 192, 221–222, 230, 236, 238, 242, 245–246
ear 2:233, 262–263
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:81, 84, 89, 106, 109
eye 2:19, 32, 40, 53, 82, 84, 86, 90
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:152, 168
histology of gut 6:232, 269, 274, 277,283, 302
jaw muscles 4:289, 293, 316, 415
lymphatics 6:316, 447, 458
muscle tissue 11:266–268, 271, 282, 289, 291, 294–298, 317, 323, 334–335, 338
nose 2:103–104, 176
origin and evolution 1:2
pancreas 3:328–329, 335
parathyroid 3:235
pituitary 3:159, 165, 196
skull 4:245, 251, 278
thymus 3:111, 115–116, 120, 124
urinogenital system 6:2–4, 6, 8, 18–19, 21, 31–32, 35–36, 56, 77, 80, 91, 110–111, 114, 118, 120
Avian
air sacs 19:22, 63
blood 5:256
circulation 5:28, 288
kidney 5:494–495, 497
lung 19:4, 63, 71–73
red cells 5:251, 256
salt glands 5:414, 426, 433, 438–440
spleen 19:578
tissues 5:206
urine 5:384
ventricular pressure 19:446
Avoidance 18:425
Axial
bending 21:48, 224
member of double cell 2:3, 35, 37–38, 44–47, 57, 59–60, 85
muscles 4:1, 21, 61, 72
musculature 11:283, 355–435
shield (see Axillary shield)
skeleton 1:106, 301–311, 321–322, 324, 327–328, 331–332; 21:192, 217
-subundulatory locomotion 21:56
Axillary
gland 18:191, 195, 197
ligament 21:265
plexus 6:389–390
pore (see also Gland) 18:191
shield 1:314–315, 335
sinus 6:318, 320, 322, 324, 327, 345, 354–355, 357–360, 376, 382–383, 385, 389–392, 397–398, 456
trunk 6:319
vein 3:203; 6:323
Axillo-jugular anastomosis 6:391
Axis (see also Atlas-axis complex) 11:37–38, 41, 137, 240, 266; 20:408, 586; 21:229
Axon sorting 21:198
transport 17:176
Axonal swelling 2:280
Axons, neurosecretory 3:138
Axotomy 18:438
Azan 3:146, 148–149, 153–154, 186, 285, 295, 299–300
Azemiopinae 19:219; 20:494, 611
Azemiops 8:30, 117, 122; 16:44, 151, 232; 19:104, 219; 20:495, 498–499, 503–504, 507, 512, 514, 516, 518–519
chondrocranium 11:164
feae 8:30, 117; 19:152, 190; 20:495, 497–499, 611
jaw muscles 4:441, 458, 460–462, 464, 482
Azo dye 6:237–238, 270, 276, 281, 283, 290
reaction 3:304
Azocarmin 3:146, 148, 151
Azorubin S 3:146, 151
Aztecs 8:80
Azure A 8:122
dyes 3:86
Azurophilic granulocytes (see Azurophils)
Azurophils 3:74, 86–87, 103; 14:603, 606–608
Azurophily 3:86–87
Azygous lymphatic system (see Perivertebral lymphatic system)
vein 6:396
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