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Bachia 7:489; 15:131, 133, 138; 16:141; 19:28, 78; 20:186–193, 301; 21:400
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:242, 252, 262, 266–267
ear 2:271
heteropa 20:308
intermedia 20:308
jaw muscles 4:478
peruana 20:308
trisnale 20:308
Bacteria 5:26–27; 8:620, 627, 633
Bacterial infections (see also Pathology) 19:517, 519–520
Bacterial toxins 8:379, 566
Bacterioides 8:633
Bacteriostasis 8:592
Bactrosaurus 9:101, 104
Baena, shell 1:333
Baenidae, shell 1:314, 334, 336
Baikia 21:629, 636, 644, 670
africana 21:626, 668, 671, 731
axial skeleton 1:272
Bailey Index 7:158, 202–203, 210, 214
triple catch 7:159
Bailey’s triple catch 16:343–345
Baiting (see Capture methods)
Balaenoptera, pancreas 3:335
Balanophis 19:236
ceylonensis 19:200; 20:646
? subminiata 20:648
Balkans 2:322
Ball-and-socket articulation 1:205–206, 210, 226, 289, 300
Ballast 13:9
Balsam St. Roco 18:145
Bandwidth 5:84
Barbiturates 3:2; 5:47
Barisia 12:117; 15:628, 669; 16:461–462, 464–465, 512
axial muscles 11:357
imbricata 19:26, 78; 20:302
Barium sulfate 3:34
Baroceptors 12:246
Barometric pressure 5:73
Baroreception 19:318, 468
Baroreceptor sites 5:306
mechanisms 5:312
Barosaurus 9:57, 98
Basal
Alethinophidia 20:354, 394, 399, 416, 418, 420, 422–423, 426–428, 432, 436–438, 440, 464, 470, 472, 476, 478, 500, 329, 550, 554–556, 574, 579, 589, 591
aponeurosis 4:285–286, 296–305, 312, 314– 315, 317–318, 323–324, 333–336, 341–344, 349–351, 353, 356–357, 359, 361, 363–366, 376, 378–379, 382, 388–391, 401–406, 409–410, 415–417, 421, 423–424, 431–434, 436, 445, 467–471
articulation 21:568–569
body(ies) 2:35; 3:126; 6:241–242
cell(s) 2:156, 158, 162, 164; 5:424; 6:65; 8:87, 125
colubrids 20:512, 556
epiphyses 20:156
ganglia 10:248, 251; 17:646
junction 17:34, 36, 81
lamina (see also Basement membrane) 2:204, 210, 214, 216, 238; 6:42, 48; 14:534–535; 560; 570; 618, 625, 700–703, 706–709; 18:436; 19:16, 47
membrane (see also Plasma membrane) 2:23
metabolic levels 5:209
metabolic rate 5:7, 14, 158
plate 4:249, 251–252; 6:241; 9:179, 234; 10:185; 11:3, 11–15, 20–21, 25–29, 39–44, 52, 55–56, 59, 66, 69, 74–76, 78, 93, 97–99, 105, 114–116, 121–123, 136–140, 144–146, 150, 158–160, 162, 166, 168, 170, 172–174, 186, 189, 192, 194–195, 203–204, 207, 213–214, 217–218, 221–225, 229–231, 236, 238, 240, 242–243; 20:9–11, 25, 28, 33, 73, 114, 255, 360–361, 416, 439
process 17:85; 20:12
process of pterygoquadrate (see Basipterygoid
process)
telencephalic area 9:234
tubera 20:43, 70, 88, 91, 101, 104, 124, 135, 147, 156, 158, 163, 172, 182, 192, 204–205, 215, 217, 231, 234, 238, 240, 246
unit 20:54–57
Base (of tooth) 1:118, 146, 171
Basement membrane 2:41, 156, 158–159, 305, 307–308; 3:122–123, 125, 269, 310, 330, 342; 6:45–46, 57–58, 63, 78–79, 266, 274–275, 287, 292, 302; 17:464, 472; 19:504, 506–507, 511, 542; 21:24
of apical ridge 15:65–66, 73, 91
of bilamimar omphalopleure 15:546–547
Basi-parasphenoid 20:403–404
Basibranchial (see also Cornu branchiale II;
Corpus hyoidei) 11:39, 226
Basic lipids 18:151
Basic vertebrate bauplan 20:355
Basicapsular commissure 11:12, 15, 26, 41–42, 55, 137–138, 140, 145, 170, 173, 194; 20:31
Basicranial
axis 11:10, 41, 53, 208
commissure (see also Basicapsular commissure) 20:11
fenestra 4:249; 11:11–13, 15, 29, 41, 43–44, 62, 54, 65, 59, 62, 66, 70, 74, 76, 93, 98, 106, 109, 116–117, 121, 123, 138–140, 144, 153–154, 160, 166, 172–173, 179, 194, 206–207, 209, 213, 217, 238; 14:126; 20:10, 28, 206, 361
Basicranium 20:51, 428
Basidiobolus 5:27
Basihyal (see also Corpus hyoidei; Processus
lingualis) 11:71, 107, 123, 149–150, 183, 215, 226; 20:12; 21:229–230, 233
valve 11:240; 14:407; 414–415; 423; 426–427
Basilar
artery 20:427
membrane 2:204, 209–211, 214, 216–217, 220, 237, 242–251, 253–255, 257–261
papilla 2:204, 209–215, 217, 221–223, 229, 236–239, 242–250, 253, 257–258, 263–264; 10:215
part of cochlear duct 2:209, 252
Basiliscines 20:80
Basiliscus 7:50, 69, 99, 148, 274, 317, 369, 475; 8:682; 10:203, 228; 12:100, 105, 180; 13:289, 293, 296, 299, 308–309, 311; 14:629; 15:306, 329, 334, 342–343, 428; 16:51, 59, 116, 139, 248–249, 257, 261, 463–465, 514; 17:596; 20:40–41, 79, 82–84, 86–87, 89–90; 21:51, 54–55, 87, 92, 153, 159–160, 170, 185, 352, 361
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:269–270
basiliscus 20:83, 291; 21:7, 53, 190
dentition 1:154, 156
ear 2:270
eye 2:26
jaw muscles 4:477
vittatus 20:304; 21:7, 53
Basioccipital 1:204, 226, 290; 4:204–205, 209–211, 214, 216–219, 221, 224–226, 228, 236, 238, 251–257, 267; 11:5, 22, 29, 38, 59–60, 62, 70, 81, 112, 117, 123–124,130–131, 150, 153, 185, 218, 224, 237, 242, 367–368, 370; 20:15, 25, 28–30, 70, 73, 75–76, 88; 89, 91, 101, 104–105, 112, 115, 121, 124, 127–128, 137, 147, 159, 156, 158, 163–164, 166, 172–173, 182–183, 186, 192–193, 195–196, 204, 207, 209, 215, 217, 223, 225, 231–232, 234, 238, 240, 246, 248, 255, 270, 278, 281–282, 287, 355, 357, 361, 365, 369, 371, 373, 375, 379, 381–382, 389–391, 398–399, 403–404, 408–409, 411, 416, 418, 421, 425, 427, 431–432, 434, 438, 442–443, 445, 447, 451, 453, 455, 463, 465, 467, 473–475, 478–479, 497, 499, 501, 503–509, 511, 513, 525–527, 529, 533, 538–541, 543, 562, 566, 569, 571; 21:492, 544–545
bone 2:227, 232
apophysis (Bolyeria) 20:475, 477–478
crest 2:242
articular surface with basisphenoid 20:451
condylar proces 20:421
condyle 20:112, 135
-basisphenoid hypapophysis 20:502, 508
Basipterygoid 20:367; 21:514
articulation 11:125, 130, 135, 195, 198–199, 227, 245; 20:69, 195, 204; 21:479
facet 20:101; 21:516, 530
fossa 20:88, 134, 266
joint 20:25, 49, 51, 55–56, 60, 113, 171, 176, 182, 209, 248, 263, 277, 288
meniscus 11:15, 24, 30, 32, 52, 54–56, 62, 67, 76, 93, 98, 100, 105–106, 110, 123–124, 129–130, 245, 192, 195, 199–200, 203, 211–212
process 1:106;2:9; 4:327, 341, 343, 362, 377, 384, 395; 9:2; 11:11–12, 15, 22–24, 30, 32, 42, 44, 46, 52, 54–56, 60, 62, 66, 68, 74, 76, 81, 90, 93, 98, 100, 103, 105–106, 110, 112, 116–117, 119, 123–124, 127, 129–130, 135, 150, 158, 164, 170, 172–173, 175, 178, 185, 188, 190, 192, 195, 200, 203–204, 210–211, 216–217, 226, 236, 241; 20:7, 10, 25, 28–30, 42, 48, 50, 52, 60, 67, 70, 75, 89, 91, 101, 104, 112, 116, 125, 128, 135, 137, 146–147, 156, 183–164, 166, 172, 181–182, 186, 192, 195, 204–205,215– 217, 222, 231, 234, 238–240, 246, 248, 267, 271, 276, 278, 282, 285, 287, 370, 416, 422, 427, 434, 438, 442–443, 449–450, 455, 464, 474, 478–479, 484; 21:479, 481, 513, 516–517, 520, 523, 528, 530, 535, 569–570
recess 20:185, 215, 217
socket 20:70, 215, 217
Basisphenoid 2:6, 8–9, 67, 73–74, 227, 232; 4:108, 116–117, 205, 210–211, 214, 216–217, 219, 221, 224–225, 228–229, 236, 238, 252–254, 257, 320–321, 349–350, 352, 358, 362, 377, 384; 11:22–23, 32, 58, 60, 62, 70, 81, 84, 90, 98, 106, 110, 112, 117, 123, 131, 150, 153–154, 158, 172, 184–197, 189–190, 203, 216, 219, 236, 242, 245; 14:126; 20:28, 30, 205, 357, 361–362, 365, 368–369, 371, 375, 379, 389–391, 399, 409, 411, 418, 421, 431, 441–443, 445, 451, 453, 455, 463, 465, 467, 471, 473–474, 499, 501, 505, 507, 509, 511, 513, 525, 527, 533, 538–541, 543, 562, 566, 569
crest 20:478
fenestra 20:436, 439, 443
rostrum 4:205, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221, 224, 228, 238, 255, 257; 11:23, 242–243
Basitemporal (see also Parasphenoid) 11:245
Basitrabecular process (see also Infrapolar
process; Basipterygoid process) 21:514, 516, 519, 532
Basking 5:24, 259, 262, 314–316, 375, 399; 12:99–117, 119, 126, 138–139, 143–144, 167; 18:193, 387–390
habits 3:216
range 12:18
Basolateral telencephalon 17:610, 612
Basophilic areas 1:85, 87, 89, 91–92
capsule 1:95
granulocytes (see Basophils)
tubules 5:432–433
Basophils 14:602–603, 609–610, 612–613
Basophily (see also Cyanophily) 3:75, 86–87, 120, 127, 202, 212, 327; 6:42, 115, 245–246, 261, 264, 279, 291
Bassiana 21:397
Bat (see also Chiroptera) 9:85
Batagur 14:179, 183, 220; 16:391, 394, 409, 436
baska 18:315
eye 2:68
Batesian mimicry (see Mimicry)
Bathing fluid 5:439
medium 5:380, 492–495
solution 5:381–32, 391, 395
Batrachemys, head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 118, 121, 123–124
Batrachoseps 13:180
Batagurines 14:210, 219–220, 230
Bauchin’s valve (see Pyloric region of stomach)
Bauplan 19:4, 22, 24, 48
Bauria 9:299
Bauriamorpha 9:132, 299, 302
Baurusuchus, skull 4:279
Bavarisaurus 15:340; 20:252, 254, 257–258, 269, 262, 280–281, 283, 287
macrodactylus 20:291; 21:111
Bavariscus, axial skeleton 1:243
Bavayia 20:124, 296
ear 2:271
Bdellostoma, urinogenital system 6:2–3
Beak 1:7, 120, 150, 152–153, 187–189, 192; 5:322
marks (see Injuries)
Bed nucleus of the striata terminalis 18:41, 445
Bedriagaia 16:140
Beeswax 5:98
Beetles 21:45
Behavior (see also Antipredator mechanisms;
Described behavior; Interference; Mating
behavior; Ritualized behavior; Social
behavior; Stereotyped behavior) 5:14, 27, 34, 225, 319, 371; 12:30, 53, 224–225, 277, 302; 19:36, 66–67
alleiomimetic 14:316
balling 7:382
basking 18:193, 387–390
biting 18:163, 170, 189
burrowing 18:119
chin wiping/rubbing 18:117, 143–145, 173, 176, 478
conspecific trailing 18:426
controlling mechanisms
environmental constraints 18:13–14
evolution of 18:13
impediments to the study of 18:13
courting 15:459
defensive 15:344
effects of domestication 18:6
feeding 14:355, 550; 18:54, 130, 424–425, 483–492
female (see also maternal) 15:431
head-shaking 18:478
locomotory 14:550
male 15:431
maternal 14:10, 21, 342, 353, 355–356; 15:283, 626–627, 646, 651–652, 666–667, 669–672, 677, 679; 18:424
mating 14:272, 342; 15:463
mouth-gaping 18:463, 478
nesting 14:272, 342; 15:283
paternal 18:355
perinatal 18:478
phylogenetic effect 7:445
reproductive 14:199, 343
role of chemical senses in 18:494–497
sexual 14:530; 15:458
states 18:3
thermoregulatory 15:609, 612
tongue-flicking (see Tongue, flick)
ultimate causes of variation 7:436–438
Behavioral
capacities 5:4
cycles 5:27
endocrinology, history 18:2
fever 12:228–229, 231
osmoregulation 12:326, 344, 355–362, 386
physiology, herpetological contributions 18:3
responses to temperature 5:94
Belgium 2:322
Bellemus (see Pyxis)
Bellowing 18:202
Belodon 9:79, 303–304
Bends (see Decompression sickness)
Benzalkonium chloride 5:98
Benzamide 8:330
Benzodiazepine binding 18:446
Benzoylarginine
ethyl esterase 8:91, 124–125, 139–140, 144, 147, 165–166, 308, 314, 320–321, 329–330, 333, 614
nitroanilide 8:330
Benzyl benzoate 3:164
Berlin blue 6:317
Bet hedging 13:242–243
Beta (β)
-adrenergic receptor 18:317–319, 344–345, 347
blocking agents 5:237
cell 6:115
cells of pancreas 3:22, 122, 328–335, 337, 339, 341–342; 13:94
cells of pituitary (see also Gonadotrophic FSH
cells) 3:212
-globulin 3:38
glucuronidase 14:608
-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases 15:579, 587
-ionone 18:199
keratin 12:401–402, 408–412, 422
-layer 18:154
layer cells of skin 12:404–405, 413, 421
-lipotropin 17:616, 618, 620
proteins 3:27
receptors 12:238, 246
system 11:325
Betadine 5:98
Between-scale pit (see Interscalar pit)
Biarticular 21:203
Bicarbonate 3:1, 3–7, 13–14, 16–19; 5:11, 59, 81, 102, 239–240, 344, 346, 350–351, 357–358, 413, 428, 478–481, 486, 496; 8:610; 12:327– 333, 345, 363, 383–384; 13:23, 35, 85–87, 138; 19:341–342, 345
concentration 5:174
imidazole solutions 5:358
phosphate 5:358
Biceps brachii 21:31, 212
Bicipital
fossa 21:101–102, 106–110, 113
rib 1:212, 237, 252
tubercule 4:17, 19, 34, 47
Biconcave centrum 1:206, 215, 219, 225, 300
Bicondont teeth 1:119
Biconvex centrum 1:206, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 233, 300
Bicuculline 18:453
Biennial cycles 5:36; 13:101, 204, 206, 211
Bienotherium 9:133
Bifid root 1:188
Bifurcated ribs
cloacal rib 1:278–279, 287, 293
sacral rib 1:265
Bilateral synchrony of tooth replacement 1:137
Bile 5:381; 19:494, 497, 499, 501, 514, 516, 522
acid(s) 8:621–626, 658–664, 698; 19:513–514, 524
duct 3:322; 6:203, 458; 14:143, 440
canaliculus(i) 19:491, 493–496, 501, 504, 509
ductules 19:501, 504–506
flow 19:496, 514–516
pigment metabolism 19:515–516
salts 19:496, 513
secretion 10:26; 19:524
system 19:506
tree 19:516, 518, 522
Bilirubin 19:515–516
Biliverdin 19:515–516
Bill-tip organ 9:431
Binding 5:69
constants 11:314
sites (see Brain study, autoradiography)
estrogen 18:33, 36–37, 41–43, 54
progesterone 18:35
testosterone 18:37
Binnensehne (see Basal aponeurosis)
Binocular field of vision 2:21, 75
visual field 17:317
Bio Gel P-2 8:183
Bioassays 18:151
Biochemical methods 5:59
Biochemistry 5:58
Bioelectric recording 5:84
Biogenic amine(s) (see also Norepinephrine; 5-hydroxydopa; 5-hydroxytryptamine) 8:193; 9:372; 10:247; 17:589
law 1:70
Biological clocks 5:34
cycles 5:34
supply houses 5:20
Biomass 13:234
Biomechanics 21:37
Biophysical modeling (see Models, energy
exchange)
models, symbols 12:315–316
Bipedal locomotion (Bipedalism) 15:342–343, 346; 21:38–39, 44, 47, 51, 53–54, 61, 334–335, 337, 342, 358, 363, 376, 384
Bipedidae 16:114; 21:4094, 624
chondrocranium 11:126
Bipes 10:204; 16:114, 253; 19:557; 21:29, 65, 76, 90, 96, 123–124, 134, 140, 152, 395, 404, 623, 633–635, 642, 707
axial skeleton 1:240, 271–273, 277
biporus 21:84, 134, 404, 626, 707, 710–711, 731
canaliculatus 19:33, 81; 21:7, 134, 404
chondrocranium 11:126, 133–134
dentition 1:148
ear 2:250, 254, 268, 271
internal relief of gut 6:190, 192
muscle tissue 11:283, 336
origin and evolution 1:6
pancreas 3:328
tridactylus 21:134, 404
Biplaner centrum 1:205, 226
Bipolar
cells 2:33–36, 38–39, 61, 156, 162
neurons 18:427–428, 433, 435–437, 440
Bird(s) (see also Aves; Avian) 5:5, 7, 12–14, 28, 30, 128, 140, 158–159, 190, 195, 206, 209–210, 245, 251, 254–255, 259, 275, 282, 288, 321, 325–326, 346, 383–384, 391, 413, 415, 421, 429, 436, 438–439, 481, 483; 7:13, 26, 29–30, 54, 72, 120, 137, 241, 600, 665; 8:604–607, 610, 656–657; 9:26, 39, 85, 88–89, 92, 124, 137, 156, 166–167, 248, 288, 302, 323, 341, 372, 408–409, 419, 422, 436; 10:8, 11, 29, 44– 45, 63, 77, 179, 187, 192, 212, 221, 227, 229, 241, 251, 278, 281–282, 294, 299, 330, 332; 12:4, 8–10, 168–170, 172, 183, 185, 196, 200, 203–204, 223, 227, 237, 243, 245, 280, 306, 340, 353, 363, 371, 383, 395, 415, 493–495, 497; 13:12–13, 28, 30, 35, 155, 162, 188, 192, 238, 240–241, 274–275; 16:6, 10, 13, 18, 25, 31, 34, 37, 39, 52–53, 62, 112, 156–157, 163, 165–167, 171, 173, 176, 179–181, 183–184, 188–190, 196, 199, 204, 211, 214–215, 239, 283, 312, 403, 556; 19:2–3, 20, 39, 54–58, 60, 68, 71, 75, 297, 320, 324, 330, 334, 340, 347, 376, 426, 429–430, 462, 473, 486–587, 495, 498, 503–504, 514–515, 524, 534, 536, 539, 541, 545, 568; 21:38, 322, 482
albumin 14:377, 497
amniochlorion 14:18–19
and crocodiles 14:313, 372, 417, 447, 714
calcium mobilization 14:376
caruncle 14:450
dermis 14:536
desquamation 14:537
development 14:7, 15, 17–20, 50, 115, 348, 379, 395, 501
developmental arrest 14:199
eggs 14:88–89, 178, 231–233, 235–236, 239, 275, 315, 354, 359–360, 368, 372, 374–375, 460
embryos
chondrogenesis 15:74
cleavage 15:3
effect of temperature on sex 15:281
gastrulation 15:3, 9
limb buds 15:61, 66
limb development 15:84, 88
primitive streak 15:3
epidermis 14:531, 539
expression of H-Y antigen 15:275
glottal plug 14:142
heart 14:437
immune system 14:446, 601, 614, 624, 631–632, 648, 660
incubation period 14:177
induced oviposition 14:220
integument 14:526, 530, 585, 587–588
malformed embryos 14:352
neural crest 14:417
orientation of embryo 14:79, 200
ovarian follicles 14:62
ovariectomy 15:278
palate development 14:421, 424
parental care 14:355
pipping 14:362
pituitary development 14:711, 713–715
pre-hatching vocalization 14:355
primordial germ cells 14:43, 46, 48–50
regeneration capacity 15:387
scales 14:526, 536, 586, 589
stomach 14:143
thymus 14:617
tongue development 14:427
Birefringence 3:293
Birthing rookeries 18:135
Bisexual
gonads 15:164, 249, 269, 276
state 15:159, 170
Bisexuality (see also Pseudohermaphroditism) 14:441
Biscuspidate teeth 1:164, 167
Bismuth 8:174
Bite 8:120
identification 8:358
Bithynia tentaculata 13:260
Bitia 16:233; 19:228; 20:576
hydroides 19:200; 20:581, 630
Bitis 7:390, 505; 8:9, 30–31, 99, 125, 169–170, 173–174, 182, 185–186, 193–194, 203, 238, 242–244, 248, 250, 262, 272–284, 296, 306–307, 314, 318–320, 324–330, 338, 340, 345–347, 349–350, 357, 364, 366, 371–372, 377–378, 444, 474, 476, 481, 484, 491, 511, 515, 664; 12:360; 14:666; 15:660, 671; 16:6, 8–9, 12, 21, 122, 151–152, 191–192; 18:489; 19:118, 135, 146, 157, 190, 219; 20:505–506, 508, 512, 516–517, 619–520
arietans 8:30, 99, 125, 169–170, 173–174, 182, 185–186, 193, 238, 242–243, 248, 250, 262, 272, 274–284, 296, 306–307, 314, 318–320, 322, 324–326, 328, 340, 345–347, 357, 366, 372, 444, 476, 484, 511, 515, 664; 19:119, 122, 127, 143–144, 190, 525; 20:498, 500, 506, 508, 617
aspis 8:32, 58, 95, 235, 242, 247–251, 253, 296–297, 306, 324, 339–340, 344, 346–347, 352, 366, 371–372, 376–378, 445, 492, 498, 510–511, 696
atropoides 8:30
atropos 8:30, 444; 20:617
axial muscles 11:357
caudalis (see also Calechidna) 8:30, 338, 444; 19:127; 20:617
cornuta 8:30, 169, 338, 444; 20:617
dentition 1:184
ear 2:270, 272
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:105–106
eye 2:62
gabonica 8:31, 173, 193–194, 235, 242–244, 248, 250, 262, 272, 274–284, 296, 306–307, 318, 326, 328–330, 338, 340, 345–347, 377–378, 444, 474, 481, 664; 19:190; 20:498, 500, 617
heraldica 8:31
inornatus 8:31
internal relief of gut 6:193–194, 196, 199–200, 206–207, 210
jaw muscles 4:458, 461, 482
lachesis 8:30, 338
nasicornis 8:31, 248, 250, 262, 296, 306, 318, 324, 326–328, 338, 444, 664; 19:190; 20:5–1, 503, 521, 617
peringueyi (see also Calechidna) 8:31; 19:152
pit organs 2:280, 289–293, 297
schneideri 8:31; 20:617
worthingtoni 8:31, 664; 19:134, 190, 219; 20:508, 617
xeropaga 8:31; 20:618
Bitocholic acid 19:513–514
Biuret 18:168
Blackbody 12:294
Bladder 5:58, 447–448, 458, 465, 468, 477, 479–481, 483, 489, 496, 498; 10:8, 39–41; 12:326, 343, 349–350, 352, 358, 361, 364, 366, 374, 385–386; 13:88
epithelium 5:383
reabsorption 5:450
urine 5:489
Blaesodactylus, eye 2:26
Blanidae 21:624
Blanus 8:58, 71, 689; 12:125, 459; 16:37, 114, 131, 136; 19:557; 21:65, 623–625, 627, 630, 633–635, 637, 642, 688, 695, 712
adrenal 3:281, 306
aporus 21:638, 641–642, 731
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:272–273, 276, 278
blood cell morphology 3:77, 82
chondrocranium 11:126, 134
cinereus 19:33, 81, 412, 418; 21:338, 626, 636–637, 640, 642–643, 731
ear 2:250, 268, 271
eye 2:24
histology of gut 6:278
internal relief of gut 6:190, 192
jaw muscles 4:480
mettetali 21:642, 731
pituitary 3:180–182
strauchi 19:33, 81; 21:637–638, 642, 731
tingitanus 21:642
urinogenital system 6:38, 59, 72, 79
Blastema
formation 15:351–355, 381, 383–384
source of cells 15:358–360
tissue differentiation 15:356, 376
transplantation of 15:364, 373
transplantation 14:15
Blastocoel 14:112
Blastocyst (reptilian) 15:534, 538–541, 543–544, 546–547, 549–552, 555–556, 560, 564, 567, 569–570, 575, 585–586
blood vessels 15:575
protein content 15:565, 571
Blastoderm 14:12, 29, 116–117, 121, 397–398, 501, 503, 505–506
regulation of 15:28
Blastodisk 14:17, 112, 116, 160, 192
Blastoporal
canal 14:390; 15:20–22, 24
plate 15:10, 20–21
plug (see also Chordamesodermal canal) 14:48
Blastopore 14:48, 96, 113–117, 281–282, 285 386, 398, 438, 500–502, 505; 15:3, 9–10, 12–13, 20, 23
Blastula 14:112–113, 199, 202, 348
Blaue Linie (see Blue line)
Blauschwarze Grenzlinie (see Blue line)
Bloch’s law 17:163
Blood (see also Hematology) 2:279; 3:127, 215; 5:7, 34, 52–53, 59, 61–62, 65–66, 82, 100, 172, 174, 183, 195–196, 198, 225–226, 238–239, 248, 250, 252–253, 256–258, 260–261, 263–266, 278, 280, 284–286, 289, 292, 301, 309, 314–315, 320, 322–323, 339–340, 343–345, 350, 353, 357–360, 380, 384, 392, 394, 423, 447, 455, 460, 473–475, 477, 486, 489; 12:237, 239, 241, 486; 13:72, 89, 95; 16:549; 19:58, 304, 462
acid-base values 5:336–337
ammonia 5:60
analyses 5:65
arterial 5:62, 263
avian 5:256
-brain barrier 8:477, 479–480, 516
buffers 13:33–35
cells 14:161, 602–614
counts (see numbers)
morphology 3:73–91
numbers 3:3:93–109
centrifuged 5:60
chemistry 3:1–72; 5:61
circulation 5:99
clotting (see also Coagulation) 5:60; 13:91–92, 96
coagulation 8:332
components 5:66
containers 5:62
defibrinated 5:61
dissociation curve 19:332
embryogenesis 19:488
flow (see also Cardiac shunting; Shunting) 12:285–286, 296, 299; 19:300, 317, 327– 328, 330–332, 335, 346, 377, 385, 387–390, 396–399, 428, 430–439, 441, 444, 449–450, 453–474
intracardiac 19:434–435, 446
pulmonary 19:323, 333, 449
systemic 19:340, 376
three-vessel model of 19:434–436
two-vessel model of 19:435
gas(ses) (see also Partial pressure) 5:65–66, 238, 241, 143–244, 247, 250, 257, 261, 305, 321; 19:312, 318, 325–327, 335, 340, 447–449, 467
arterial 19:301, 305, 316–317, 332, 337–338, 460
barrier 19:53, 55, 77, 323
composition 19:335
diffusion limitation 19:327–328, 331
regulation 19:301
stratification 19:327–328, 331
glucose 5:35, 199; 8:518
pressure 8:519, 526, 529
serum 8:95
sugar 8:518
venom effects on 8:485–500
vessels 8:501–506
groups 3:48
islands 14:101–107, 145, 161, 176, 186, 188, 191–192, 196, 198, 225, 227, 288, 290, 505, 635
formation 15:13
lactic acid 5:320
-liver exchange 19:491, 493
mixing 19:326, 388–390, 426, 436, 445–446, 451, 462, 471
organic constituents 3:8–12, 19–26
oxygen 19:316, 329, 435, 457, 465
affinity 14:162; 19:304, 467
capacity 19:334–335, 463
content 5:319; 19:317, 431–435
distribution pattern 19:433
levels 19:431, 458, 460
pH 5:11, 239, 245, 259, 261–262, 335, 338, 341, 349, 351, 354, 481; 12:240–241; 19:342, 467, 512
phosphate 14:162
plasma 3:1, 3–38, 45–46, 50–53; 5:206, 415, 438; 19:58
variability of constituents 3:3
pressure 5:28, 38, 310, 316, 464; 6:35; 10:36; 12:242, 246–247, 250; 13:10–11, 20; 19:65, 347, 377, 388, 397, 399, 438–439, 442, 449–450, 458, 462, 468
cephalic 19:378
pulmonary 19:442, 453
systemic 19:454
proteins 12:251
pulmonary arterial 19:446
pulmonary venous 19:300, 385
respiratory properties 13:28–35
samples 5:61–62, 66, 275, 338
sampling 3:2–3, 93–94
sinus (see Vascular sinus)
smears 3:75, 83, 85–89
stores 19:464, 466, 544, 566, 570
sugar 3:19, 21–23, 53; 19:511–512
supply 19:7, 488–489
urea 5:60
venous 5:62, 257, 263
vessels 1:201; 5:61, 63, 65
of digestive tract 6:269–270, 280
viscosity 12:247–250, 252; 19:347, 353
volume 5:66, 68; 12:251; 13:29; 19:76–77, 334–335, 463
Blue line 1:92, 110
B-lymphocytes (B-cells) 14:601–602, 627–628, 643–644, 648, 660–661
Blythia 16:144; 19:233; 21:497
reticulata 19:200
Boa (Boas) 5:45, 133, 148–149, 157, 160, 169–170, 173, 249–250, 263–265, 337, 349–350, 367, 491; 7:393, 498; 8:593, 598, 602–604, 625, 646, 662, 690; 9:158, 407, 412, 418, 420–421, 427–428, 432–433; 10:167, 186, 204, 206–207, 210, 230; 12:41, 127, 339, 408, 428–429, 464; 13:34, 36–37; 14:549, 556, 665; 15:646, 662; 16:17, 40, 119, 143; 17:324, 369, 372, 375, 377, 379, 381–382, 385, 392, 397, 399, 407, 432, 436, 530; 19:5, 188, 235; 20:430; 21:501, 522, 529, 549, 565, 597
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:283, 291, 293
blood chemistry 3:10, 30
chondrocranium 11:169
constrictor 18:324, 442–443, 460; 19:99, 106, 114, 118, 120–121, 146–147, 160, 187, 299, 414–415, 418, 428, 475, 519, 522–523, 525; 20:457, 461, 606; 21:519, 565, 606
dumerili 20:
ear 2:269
eye 2:51, 56
internal relief of gut 6:193, 196, 204, 209, 221
jaw muscles 4:424–425, 443, 469, 480
lymphatics 6:423
manditra 20:606
muscle tissue 11:273, 278, 320, 325, 336
pancreas 3:323
pit organs 2:295, 301
thymus 3:113
urinogenital system (see also Constrictor; Corallus) 6:29, 32
Boaedon 7:227; 8:151, 691
dentition 1:177
eye 2:55, 62
fuliginosus 20:632
lineatus 20:572, 632
olivaceous 20:632
Bodenaponeurose (see Basal aponeurosis; External
tendon of M. adductor mandibulae)
Body
-bridging (see Social behavior and aggression)
cavity (see also Cavity; Coelom) 3:320, 322; 19:27, 38, 63, 71, 75, 96, 148, 157, 348, 487, 560
cells of fundic glands (see Serous cells)
fat 19:486
fluid volume 5:66, 367, 369, 401, 405
fluids 3:15, 35, 236, 243, 257, 259; 5:54, 58, 68, 366, 370, 375, 380, 387, 400–402, 413, 447; 12:326–353, 487
heat 5:33
length 9:154
mass (=weight) 19:36, 52, 54, 56, 67, 106, 300, 376, 486, 537
of stomach (see Corpus of stomach)
of vertebra (see Centrum)
plethysmography 5:96
shape 19:376
size (see also Antipredator mechanisms; Life
history traits) 5:38, 128, 137, 174, 179, 182, 209, 255, 260, 299–300, 370; 12:6–7, 9, 27, 174, 194–195, 197, 281, 307, 454–457, 466; 13:4, 31, 36–37, 115, 117, 122, 135, 159, 162, 169, 179–180, 186, 274–282, 303–304, 307–310
adult size 13:277–280, 307–312
Boidae 16:38, 40, 119, 123, 143, 181–182, 206, 285–286, 294, 307, 309, 315
fecundity 13:236, 241, 251–253
home range size 7:269
maximum size 13:277–280, 307–310
mimicry 16:166–156, 206, 209–210
neonate size 13:280–282, 307–312
number of competitors 7:95
parental care 16:307, 309, 315
surface area 5:147
temperature 2:279, 286, 292, 297; 5:5–7, 14, 28, 32–33, 127–128, 142, 145, 154, 157–159, 161, 165–166, 172, 176–178, 180, 182, 187–191, 198, 209–210, 230, 238–241, 245, 256, 259, 261, 297301, 310, 316–317, 335, 338, 344, 348–349, 352, 354, 370, 375–378, 380, 399, 429, 459; 10:325; 12:3, 19–20, 93, 96–98, 218, 224, 231, 233, 257, 291–292, 294–295, 299, 302, 307; 13:62–63, 65, 76, 298; 19:298, 300, 305–306, 433–434, 461, 507
ventilation 5:80
volume changes 5:96
wall 19:308
water 5:66, 69, 366
weight 5:43–46, 137, 139–140, 146–147, 150–152, 154, 156–158, 161, 177, 228, 230, 253, 259–260, 300, 366, 370–371, 385, 396, 398, 402, 407, 416, 435–436, 456; 18:43
Boella tenella 19:100
Bogertia, eye 2:26, 30
Bogertophis 19:232
rosaliae 19:200
subocularis 19:152, 200
Bohr effect 3:42–44; 5:183, 258–260, 262–263; 13:30, 32–33, 96; 19:316, 466
factor 5:259, 264–265
Boidae (Boid) 5:192; 7:206, 382, 393–395, 399, 498–499; 8:46, 58, 73–74, 147, 625, 662, 690–691; 9:161, 163, 166, 368, 414, 427; 10:169, 226; 12:126–127, 456; 14:652, 665; 15:25, 29, 100, 114, 646, 663–664, 666–667, 671; 19:33, 100, 116, 127–128, 151–152, 187, 235, 399, 413–415, 514; 20:354, 420, 424, 426, 430, 435–436, 442, 445, 457, 459, 466, 474, 477, 480, 493, 548, 595, 606; 21:479, 483, 493, 496–497, 502, 516, 519, 534, 550, 555, 565, 570–571, 578, 582, 606
adrenal 3:281
axial muscles 11:357, 395, 397–398, 403, 407, 411, 414, 430–431
axial skeleton 1:283–284, 286–287, 290–291, 293, 296–297, 299
blood cell morphology 3:77, 79
blood chemistry 3:28, 31, 50–51
chondrocranium 11:169–176, 188, 203
dentition 1:173, 179
ear 2:253, 264, 269, 271
eye 2:48–49, 54, 84–85, 90
histology of gut 6:287, 299
incerta sedis 20:353–564, 445, 468
internal relief of gut 6:193, 196, 221
jaw muscles 4:430, 440, 467–468, 480–481
nose 2:120
origin and evolution 1:6
pancreas 3:323–324, 329
pit organs 2:278–279, 286, 294–297, 301–304
pituitary 3:136, 143, 145–146, 148, 151, 154, 156, 182–185, 193, 195
taxonomic literature 2:320
urinogenital system 6:29, 32
Boiga 5:491; 7:499; 8:39, 663; 12:128; 15:652; 16:119, 143, 196–197, 203, 232–233; 19:145–146, 148, 229
angulata 19:200; 20:635
blandingi 8:39, 663; 20:635
ceylonensis 19:138, 200; 20:635
cyanea 19:127, 147, 200; 20:635
cynodon 19:132–133, 161–162, 200; 20:500, 635
dendrophila 8:39, 663; 19:127, 200; 20:635
dentition 1:180–181
dightoni 19:200
drapiezii 19:200; 20:635
ear 2:271
forsteni 19:200; 20:635
fuscal 20:635
gokool 19:200; 20:635
irregularis 18:152; 19:200; 20:635
jaspidea 19:200; 20:635
jaw muscles 4:481
kraepelini 19:200; 20:635
lymphatics 6:356
multifasciata 19:162, 200
multimaculata 19:200
nigriceps 19:201; 20:635
nuchalis 19:201
ocellata 20:635
ochracea 19:201
philippina 19:201
pulverulenta 20:578, 635
schultzei 19:201
trigonata 19:127, 201; 20:635
urinogenital system 6:94
Boiginae
axial skeleton 1:290
dentition 1:180–181
eye 2:91
Boigini 19:229
Boinae 19:235; 20:445–446, 448, 450–452, 456–460, 464, 468–469, 472, 476, 478, 435, 606
axial skeleton 1:283–291
blood chemistry 3:51
chondrocranium 11:175
dentition 1:179
internal relief of gut 6:193
jaw muscles 4:440
taxonomic literature (see also Boidae) 2:320
Bojanusscher Knorpel 19:428
Bolosaurus
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:12, 22
Bolyeria 19:218; 20:476–478, 480; 21:556, 587
dentition 1:177, 179
jaw muscles 4:430
multocarinata 16:143; 19:189; 20:475, 477, 479, 481, 610
pit organs 2:301
Bolyeriidae 16:143; 19:189, 218; 20:354, 444, 469– 479, 482, 547, 559, 610; 21:570, 606, 610
axial skeleton 1:283, 290–291
taxonomic literature 2:320
Bolyerioidea 21:543, 556–557, 578, 584, 587–588
Bomb calorimetry 13:236, 247
Bombesin(e) 17:680–682; 19:454
Bombina 8:327
variegata 19:568
Bombyx 16:172
parthenogenesis in 15:493, 496
Bone 1:45–80, 125–126, 153; 5:88, 95, 191, 483; 12:336, 340
alisphenoid 9:9, 34
basioccipital 9:8, 21–22, 103
basisphenoid 9:8–9, 18, 22, 122, 130, 303
cortical stratification 1:65–69
dentary 9:22
digestion 8:593–594
early history 1:46
epipterygoid 9:3, 6, 9, 11–12, 133–135, 302
evolution 1:69–77
exoccipital 9:9, 94, 96, 292, 300, 302
frontal 9:9, 94, 96, 292, 300, 302
in modern reptiles 1:51–65
laterosphenoid 9:8, 48, 51, 55, 58, 96, 118
marrow 1:84–85, 88, 90, 101–103, 109, 142, 145; 3:74, 127, 224; 6:458; 14:162, 601, 607, 614–616, 624, 635–636, 648; 19:544, 568, 571
of attachment 1:142, 145–146, 173
opisthotic 9:8
orbitosphenoid 9:8–9, 76–77, 132–133, 135, 305
parasphenoid 9:22
parietal 9:9, 12, 18, 22, 57, 77, 118, 130, 292, 300, 302–303, 305
pleurosphenoid 9:9, 12
premaxillary 9:101
prootic 9:8, 12–13, 48–49, 68, 70, 118
pterygoid 9:9, 15
quadrate 9:15, 302
resorption 15:388
rings (see Age)
sphenethemoid 9:70, 119, 121, 125–127, 130
supraoccipital 9:3, 18, 22, 34, 42, 51, 57, 77–80, 95, 97, 104, 107, 109, 114, 130, 133–134, 303, 305
types of tissue 1:47–51
Bones and diet 14:211
Bony armor (see Dermal armor)
callouses 1:323–324
nuptial shield (see Nuchal bone)
Boodon (see Boaedon)
Boodontinae 20:551, 555–556, 561, 563, 565, 574, 576, 632
Booid(s) 16:40; 21:524, 557, 602–603
snakes 21:523
Booida, histology of gut 6:244
Booidea 19:103, 110, 125–127, 131, 139–140, 143– 145, 160–161, 165–167, 169–170; 20:392, 395, 436, 450, 467–468, 471–474, 555, 570, 573, 587, 591–592, 595, 604; 21:519, 543, 555, 566, 575, 584, 586, 610
axial skeleton 1:286–287, 290, 293
dentition 1:178–179, 181
incerta sedis 20:609
pituitary (see also Henophidia) 3:136, 195
Boremys, shell 1:333
Bos, pit organs 2:311
Bothremys 9:74–75
Bothriechis 19:200; 20:510
aurifer 20:510, 520, 612
bicolor 19:190; 20:612
lateralis 19:190; 20:508, 612
marchi 20:612
nigroviridis 20:508, 520, 612
rowleyi 18:310; 20:612
schlegelii 18:310; 19:190; 20:508, 612
Bothriolepis 19:67
Bothriopsis 19:220
bilineata(us) 18:324; 19:190; 20:612
peruvianus 19:190
Bothrochilus 19:234; 20:438, 443
boa 19:186; 20:604
pit organs 2:302
Bothrocophias hyoprora 20:612
Bothrolycus 19:225; 20:574
ater 19:201; 20:632
dentition 1:177
Bothrophthalmus 19:224; 21:532
lineatus 19:201; 20:632; 21:493
Bothrops 7:506; 8:33–35, 99, 138, 167–170, 176–177, 179, 181, 184–187, 189, 193– 196, 228, 235–237, 241–248, 250–251, 253, 257, 260, 262–263, 270, 273, 288, 290, 297, 307, 309, 311–313, 315, 317, 326, 328–331, 333, 336–337, 346–347, 349–351, 358, 360, 362, 365–366, 372, 445–446, 450, 471, 478–479, 484, 493– 495, 497–499, 501–505, 507, 511, 516, 523–525, 527, 594–596, 664, 696; 10:204; 15:582, 657–658; 16:44, 47, 50, 56, 122, 128, 132, 152, 173, 186, 199, 201, 212, 292; 18:159; 19:191, 220; 20:496, 510
adrenal 3:304
albocarinatus 8:33
alternatus 8:33, 167–168, 194, 242, 247, 250, 262, 290, 297, 315, 317, 328, 336, 358, 365–366, 445, 478, 499, 664; 19:166, 190; 20:511, 515, 521, 612
alticolus 8:33
ammodytoides 8:33; 19:191; 20:612
andianus 8:33
asper 8:33, 445; 18:324; 19:191; 20:612
atrox 8:33, 99, 168, 176, 188–189, 193–194, 235, 237, 241–242, 244–246, 250, 253, 257, 260, 265, 273, 288, 297, 307, 309, 312, 315, 317, 326, 328, 333, 336, 340, 347, 349–351, 362, 372, 445, 479, 493–495, 498, 504, 511; 18:324; 19:152, 191; 20:612
aurifer 20:612
axial muscles 11:357
barbouri 8:33
barnetti 8:33
bicolor 8:33; 20:612
bilineata(us) 8:33; 20:612
blood chemistry 3:3, 11, 20, 33, 39
brazili 8:33
caribbaeus 8:33
castelnaudi 8:33
cotiara 8:33, 168, 187, 194, 250, 262, 297, 311, 315, 317, 328, 331, 336, 350–351, 366, 445; 20:612
dunni 8:33
erythromelas 8:33
erythrurus 19:191
eye 2:55, 61
fonsecai 8:33; 19:191
godmani 8:33, 445; 20:613
hesperus 8:34
hyoprorus 8:34
iglesiasi 8:34
insularis 8:34, 250, 263, 297, 315, 317, 328, 336, 350–351, 445
itapetiningae 8:25, 34, 297, 336, 445; 19:191
jararaca 8:34, 139, 168, 177, 179, 181, 184–187, 194–196, 235–236, 243, 247, 250, 263, 265, 273, 297, 307, 309, 311–313, 315, 317, 326, 328–331, 333, 336, 346–347, 360, 366, 372, 445, 471, 484, 493–494, 498, 505, 507, 523–525, 527; 19:99, 191; 20:612
jararacussu 8:34, 186–187, 194, 228, 250, 263, 265, 273, 290, 297, 315, 317, 328, 366, 372, 445, 594, 696; 19:191; 20:613
jaw muscles 4:459–460, 482
lanceolatus 8:34, 257; 19:123, 191; 20:612
lansbergii 8:34, 445
lateralis 8:34, 445; 20:612
lichenosus 8:33
lojanus 8:34
maranoensis 8:34
marchi 20:612
medusa 8:34
magaera 8:34
maelanurus 8:34
microphthalmus 8:34
moojeni 8:34, 328
nasutus 8:34, 326, 445; 20:616
neglectus 8:34–35
neuwiedi 8:34, 169, 181, 187, 189, 194, 251, 263, 265, 270, 273, 290, 297, 315, 317, 328, 336, 350–351, 358, 366, 372, 446, 499, 516; 19:168, 191; 20:613
nigroviridis 8:34, 446; 20:612
nummifer 8:34, 169–170, 189, 250–251, 263, 297, 317, 326, 328, 337, 446; 20:612
oligolepis 8:35
ophryomegas 8:35, 445
peruvianus 8:35
picadoi 8:35, 169, 251, 263, 297, 317, 326, 328, 446; 19:191; 20:612
pictus 8:35; 19:191
pifanoi 8:35
pirajai 8:34–35
pradoi 8:35; 19:191
pulcher 8:35
punctatus 8:36
roedingeri 8:35
rowleyi 8:35; 20:612
santacrucis 8:35
schlegelii 8:35, 326, 446; 20:612
sphenophrys 8:35
supraciliaris 8:35
terrificus (see also Crotalus durissus) 8:247–248
undulatus 8:35
urinogenital system 6:76, 83, 97, 102, 107
venezuelensis 8:35, 169, 511
xanthogrammus 8:35
yucatanicus 8:35
Bottom-walking 4:6, 10, 34, 66–67, 91, 95
Botulinus toxin 8:466
Bouin’s fixative 16:357
Bouin’s fluid 2:2, 56; 3:238, 277, 279, 283, 285, 290–291, 295, 297, 299–301; 6:43, 226
Boulengerina 7:503; 8:17, 442; 16:41, 149; 19:146, 166, 221; 20:518, 535; 21:524
annulata 8:17, 442; 19:167, 195; 20:537
christyi 8:17; 19:147, 164, 195
Boundary
layer 12:288, 290, 445–446, 455
line 1:90
Bouyancy 13:6–9
Bowman’s
capsule 3:267; 5:450; 6:12, 33–34, 45–46, 50–53; 15:153–155, 165, 171–172
gland(s) 2:104, 108, 110, 112, 114, 155–157, 159–162, 174–176; 11:103; 18:428, 431, 433–435
layer (of cornea) 2:15, 50, 68, 75
space 6:46
Box turtle (see Terrapene)
Brachauchenius 9:297, 298
Brachial
fascia 4:32–33, 93
patella 21:116
plexus 1:255; 4:22; 21:199
Brachialis 21:31, 212
Brachiopterygii 19:563
Brachiosaurus 9:61, 63, 98, 100–101
bone 1:74
dentition 1:187
eye 2:80
nose 2:152
Brachium 21:19–20, 59, 100, 103, 105, 278, 304, 319
conjunctivum 10:141, 143, 145, 149, 151, 157, 164, 180, 192, 233; 17:507, 536, 545–546, 548, 551–552, 567–568
Brachyaspis curta 20:627
Brachycephaly 4:243–244
Brachydactyly 15:136
Brachylophus 7:475–476; 8:682; 13:308; 15:330, 374; 16:283,300; 20:79, 81, 291; 21:223
axial skeleton 1:265, 269
dentition 1:156
ear 2:270
fasciatus 19:22, 78; 20:304
jaw muscles 4:324, 477
Brachymeles 7:166; 15:636–637, 671
bicolor 21:401
ear 2:271
gracilis 21:401
schadenbergi 21:401
Brachyophidium 19:218; 20:403
rhodogaster 19:186; 20:402, 601
Brachyophis 19:131, 220
krameri 19:123, 194
revoili 19:194; 20:620
Brachyorrhos 19:228
albus 19:201
Brachyphalangy 21:135
Brachypodion 15:532, 573, 581, 583, 585, 628–629
Brachyrhyton plumbeum 20:650
Brachyurophis
ear 2:272
jaw muscles 4:482
Brackish water 3:15
Bradycardia 3:18; 5:8, 37, 303, 305, 321–325; 8:481; 12:239; 13:19, 25; 19:452, 455, 458
Bradykinase 8:331
Bradykinin 3:23; 8:329–330, 484, 523–525, 571; 17:684
hydrolysis 8:331
releasing enzyme (Bradykinogen, Potentiating
factor) 8:166, 185, 194–196, 527
Bradymetabolism 12:20
Bradypodion 14:28; 16:115; 20:105–106, 108, 110, 112–114; 21:66–67, 69, 94, 227–228, 260, 269, 275–276, 279
pumilis(um) 18:319–320, 350–351; 20:111–115, 294, 306; 21:84
Bradypodium 13:219, 311
chondrocranium 11:95–101
Bradysaurus 9:296
Brain 2:165, 167, 196, 209, 219, 228, 279; 3:116, 220; 5:30, 40, 57, 126, 193, 198, 200, 201, 203, 205–206, 208, 306, 310, 316; 11:6–7, 16, 22, 27, 39, 50, 59, 84, 106, 110, 131, 134, 146, 148, 170, 188, 190, 221, 229; 12:214, 219, 221, 225–226, 229, 231, 233–236, 247, 253; 13:90, 94–96; 19:537
-body relation 9:27
development 14:126–131, 172, 309, 398, 400, 411, 508, 514
formation of 15:13
fourth ventricle 19:314–315
histogenesis 14:130
isolated stems (see also Decerebrated animals) 19:302
medullary region 19:316
medullary respiratory neurons 19:312
size 9:59, 61–62,64–65, 135–136
stem 19:312–314
study
autoradiography 18:98, 102, 459
electrical recording 18:73
electrical stimulation 18:73, 99
electroencephalogram 18:203
electrmyography 18:203
electro-olfactogram (EOG) 18:451, 454
electrophysiology 18:124, 450–458
electroretinogram (ERG) 18:245, 328
hormone implants 18:71, 91, 93, 102
lesions 18:73, 99, 102, 132
main olfactory system 18:450–454
vomeronasal system 18:454–458
weight 19:537
Braincase 2:11, 13, 40, 48–50, 66, 74; 4:202, 224, 228, 232, 235–237, 259, 271–272, 274, 285, 290, 292, 303, 315–317, 321, 324, 326–328, 350, 354, 362, 367, 372, 375, 377, 382, 385, 391, 394–395, 407–409, 420–421, 436, 439, 467, 471; 6:226; 9:1–5, 8–9; 11:4, 8, 22, 40, 58, 73, 90, 104, 108, 111, 114, 124, 126–132, 151, 159, 161, 184–185, 191–192, 227, 242–243, 245; 20:6, 10, 15, 23, 25, 27–29, 32, 42, 47–49, 51, 55, 67, 70–71, 74–76, 81, 100–103, 108, 111, 115, 119, 126, 128–131, 134, 139–140, 146–147, 149, 155, 160, 163, 165, 173, 175, 183, 185, 188–189, 192–194, 206–207, 210, 212, 215, 217, 222, 226, 229, 231, 233, 238, 241–242, 246–247, 255–256, 262–263, 269, 272, 275–276, 280, 284–286, 288, 352, 355–356, 370, 374, 377–378, 380–381, 386, 390, 397–399, 404–406, 411–412, 414–416, 320, 424, 426–427, 437–438, 456–459, 462, 464, 466, 468, 470–471, 475, 477–478, 480, 484, 489–490, 492, 499–500, 502, 504–505, 518–520, 522, 524–525, 529–531, 540, 542, 548–549, 561–565, 568, 578, 582, 586–588, 592, 596
floor 20:387, 391, 407, 416, 450, 590
wall 20:364, 366, 401, 414, 422, 429, 478
Brainstem (see also Medulla) 10:77, 88, 101, 119, 122, 172, 177, 183–184, 192, 206, 251, 253, 259, 263, 265, 269–270, 272, 274–276
Brancasaurus 9:121
Branchial
arch 11:30, 36, 58, 71, 83, 91, 95, 100, 111, 123, 150, 192, 196, 198
cleft(s) 14:398, 400–403, 416, 419, 436; 15:14
horn 11:42, 239; 14:309, 395, 397–404, 416–419, 427, 436
groove 14:400–401, 419
placode 3:118
plexus
development 15:82–84
reduction 15:122
pouch (see also Pharyngeal pouch) 14:416– 417, 446
sinus (see also Pharyngeal) 14:398, 400–403, 417
vessels 5:276
Brachiostoma 17:675
Branchnecta 13:260
Branchiomeric musculature 21:217, 241
Branding (see Marking methods)
Brazil 2:322
Breast-shoulder apparatus 21:59–62, 72, 75, 93, 97, 99, 135, 267, 281
Breath hold 19:61, 302–304, 328–329, 389, 464–467
holding 5:241, 243–244, 247, 258, 262, 265, 375
-holding period 19:156
Breathing (see also Ventilation) 5:47, 51, 228–229, 240, 375; 19:305, 317, 335–336
burst 19:312
cycle(s) 5:85, 242; 19:303–304
depth 5:95
episodic 19:42, 49, 302
frequency 5:229–230, 236; 19:48–49, 59, 301, 304, 308–310, 322–323, 337–338, 340
intermittent 19:50, 346, 426, 455, 458, 466
masks 5:71–72, 74, 83, 100
mechanics 19:2, 38–49
in first amniotes 19:46–47
in Recent reptiles 19:48–49
movements 5:231
panting 19:157, 306
pattern(s) 5:247–248, 250, 258, 304–305; 19:115, 156, 338
rate 5:39, 95–96, 241
regulation of 19:316
work of 19:17, 48–49, 61, 65, 76–77
Breeding (see also Mating) 19:155
and social order 14:340
in captivity (see also Captive breeding) 15:28–29
laboratory 14:9, 191
season 14:219, 343, 347; 18:119–120, 124–125, 129–131, 135, 138–143, 147–148, 155, 166–167, 175–177, 182, 184, 186–188, 192, 202–203
territory 18:175
Bretylium 5:237, 307; 10:14–15, 21, 23, 29–31, 37; 19:452–453
Bruer-Hering reflex 19:320
Bridge 1:312, 320, 330
of shell 4:17, 30
Bridging callus 1:77
Brillar space (see Brille)
Brille 4:421–422; 8:3; 17:216
British Guiana 2:322
Brodie’s fluid 5:75, 78
Bromine 12:427 5-bromoindoxylacetate 6:293
N-bromosuccinide 8:225, 321
Bromphenol blue 3:31
Bronchial
cartilage 19:102, 144
entry 19:22
foramina 19:175
length 19:102
orifice 19:5–6, 9, 24
ring 19:102, 145, 165–167, 170
Bronchioles 19:51
Bronchoalveolar lung 19:4, 69, 74
Bronchocoela, epiphyses and sesamoids 1:101
Bronchogenic carcinoma 3:332
Bronchus(i) 3:203; 6:428–429, 431, 433; 14:141, 436; 19:6, 8, 21, 27–28, 30–33, 37, 66, 69–73, 96, 102, 104–115, 122, 130, 132–133, 135, 141, 143, 159–162, 164–170, 180, 348
right 19:30, 96, 102, 104–105, 143–145, 159, 170–171, 175
Bronia 21:635, 644, 661–662
axial skeleton 1:272
bedai 21:731
brasiliana 19:412, 418; 21:626, 662, 665, 731
Brontosaurus 7:7; 9:67
Brooding (see Reproduction, behavior)
Brookesia 7:297, 470; 8:56, 65; 9:331; 15:416, 428, 514; 16:29, 137; 18:433; 19:23–24, 38–39, 78; 20:46, 105–108, 110–114, 295; 21:275, 400
axial skeleton 1:242, 267
ear 2:223, 271
minima 20:105
stumpffi 20:46, 109–110, 114, 294
superciliaris 18:351; 20:46, 107, 114, 294, 306
Broomia 21:166
Brown fat 6:428
Brucella 14:645, 655–656
Bruch’s membrane 2:33
Brücke’s muscle 2:16, 18, 21–22
Brumation (see also Hibernation) 5:168
Brush border 6:13, 33, 36, 45–46, 48
cells 2:38
Brygophis 19:101
Buccal
cavity 18:124; 19:115, 118
epithelial flaps 19:117
novements 19:306
mucosa 5:249
pump 19:46
region 19:148
secretion 8:7
(surface of tooth) 1:118–119
Buccopharyngeal
membrane 14:137, 174, 420
oxygen uptake 5:250
region 5:197, 249
respiration 3:17
Buffering 3:27, 30, 40–41, 47, 52
capacities 19:467
Buffers 5:54–55, 58, 240, 250, 344, 350–351, 357–358, 481; 13:33–35
Bufo 5:342, 344–345, 354; 8:2; 13:127, 180; 16:9; 17:640; 19:314, 316–317, 568
effect of temperature on sex 15:281
marinus 19:305, 317, 319, 468
muscle tissue 11:301, 305, 310, 314
pancreas 3:341
paracnemis 19:319
Bufoniceps 20:100, 293
Bufotenine 8:194
Buhoma 19:101, 225
Bulbospiral muscle 19:383
Bulbus cordis 5:276; 10:20; 19:379, 396
Bulbuslamelle 5:279; 19:392, 411, 428–429
Bulgaria 2:322
Bulk fluid flow 19:331, 347
Bullfrog 10:93
Bungarinae 19:221, 236; 20:543, 536–537, 539–540, 542, 544–545, 548, 552, 623
Bungarini 19:221, 236
Bungarotoxin (see Bungarus)
α-Bungarotoxin 8:202, 449, 451, 453, 455, 458–464
β-Bungarotoxin 8:196, 449, 451, 453, 455, 458–459, 461, 465–467
μ-Bungarotoxin 8:458, 461
Bungarus (see also Bungarotoxin) 7:389, 503; 8:18, 99, 106–107, 170, 173–174, 176, 180–181, 187–189, 191, 193, 198–201, 214–216, 219–220, 224, 238, 242, 244, 248, 250, 262, 290, 294–296, 299–302, 304–305, 307, 309–310, 316, 325–328, 334, 340, 346–347, 356–357, 360, 362, 368–370, 442, 448–449, 454–455, 457–458, 463, 465–468, 477, 479, 481, 483, 490, 515, 519, 528, 613, 663, 694; 10:204; 16:16, 39, 121, 149, 181, 203, 232–233, 287, 297, 299–300; 19:196, 221; 20:534–535, 542, 561
adrenal 3:281
axial skeleton 1:298–299
blood cell morphology 3:78
bungaroides 8:17, 193
caeruleus 8:17, 99, 107, 174, 188, 191, 248, 250, 295–296, 300, 309, 334, 346, 360, 368–370, 442, 479, 483, 519; 19:127, 195
candidus 8:18, 288; 19:151, 195; 20:537
ceylonicus 8:18; 19:195
chondrocranium 11:164
ear 2:269, 272
fasciatus 8:18, 170, 173–174, 181, 188, 198, 200–201, 218–219, 238, 242, 244, 250, 262, 294–296, 299, 301–302, 305, 307, 310, 316, 334, 340, 346–347,357, 360, 362, 368–371, 442, 468, 479, 481, 515, 613, 663, 694; 20:535
flaviceps 8:18; 19:196; 20:537
internal relief of gut 6:193–195, 197, 201, 207–208
javanicus 8:18
jaw muscles 4:450, 452–453, 482
lividus 8:18
magnimaculatus 8:18
multicinctus 8:18, 180–181, 187–188, 193, 198, 213–215, 218–219, 223–224, 227, 244, 262, 300–301, 304–305, 310, 316, 325–327, 334, 340, 356, 368–370, 442, 448–449, 451, 455, 457–458, 463, 465, 477, 490, 528, 663; 19:124, 196
niger 8:18
urinogenital system 6:71, 94, 96
walli 8:18
Bunopus 12:121–122; 16:138; 20:124, 126, 306; 21:166, 396
tuberculatus 21:89, 122, 124
Buoyancy 4:11; 5:245, 326, 383; 19:136–137, 155, 298, 335
changes 5:96
control 5:227
neutral 5:227–228, 327
Burrowing (see also Fossorial adaptations) 5:24; 18:119; 19:123, 137–138, 140, 169, 302, 323; 20:379, 385–386, 390, 406, 414, 420, 454, 528, 554, 563–565, 570, 578, 583; 21:57
animals 8:150
habits 1:206, 296–297; 2:23, 41, 46, 49, 81, 83–84, 87, 89–90, 221–224, 226–228, 235–236, 243–244, 246, 252–253, 262, 277; 4:56, 422
modification for habits 3:17, 144–145, 157, 176, 184–185, 188, 192, 194–195
Burrows (see also Burrowing) 5:245, 371, 374, 397, 399
Bursa 21:70
dependant cells 19:540, 569
of Fabricius 14:446, 601, 629, 631
Bursalis muscle 2:7–12, 14, 49, 82
Bürstenbesatz (see Proximal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
Butanoates 18:203
Buteo 7:572; 16:6
Butorides 16:204
Butterflies (see Invertebrates)
Buttressing 20:381, 403, 454, 492, 324
Butyl esters 18:203
Butylcholinesterase 6:43
Butyrate 8:189
Butyrylcholinesterase 3:305
Buzzard 8:378
Bypass 19:375, 390–391, 397, 430, 435, 465
BZL blue 3:292, 297, 302
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