Biology of the Reptilia: Index M | Gans Collections and Charitable Fund

M. (see Musculus)

M band 3:124

line 11:269, 275–276, 278, 293–295, 321, 323

Mabuya 5:200, 204; 7:51, 69, 82, 140–141, 167–169, 172–174, 177, 179, 182, 189, 199, 263, 287, 494; 8:687; 9:4, 251, 264, 270, 332, 336, 363; 12:112–114, 462, 471; 13:311; 14:29, 48, 502, 617, 626, 628–629, 695, 712; 15:5–7, 15, 44, 51, 61, 91, 121, 152, 212, 240–241, 325, 348, 365–366, 379–380, 382, 384, 533, 550, 559, 564, 570, 574, 584–586, 594, 608, 638–639, 641–642, 662, 670, 675; 16:118, 141, 266, 462–465, 473, 517; 19:409; 20:138, 142, 144–146, 148, 298; 21:84, 287, 397

axial muscles 11:357, 383

axial skeleton 1:248, 257, 270

blood cell numbers 3:103

capensis 20:298

carinata 19:418; 20:298

chondrocranium 11:19, 65, 67, 69

dissimilis 20:298

ear 2:222, 267, 271

epiphyses and sesamoids 1:92, 100, 102, 111

eye 2:13, 27

jaw muscles 4:360, 362, 420, 478

macrorhyncha 18:189

multifasciata 20:142–143, 145, 298, 307

nose 2:120, 140

punctatus 20:298

quinquetaeniata(us) 18:254; 19:550, 552, 554, 579

urinogenital system 6:70, 72, 97, 99, 110

Macaca 10:93

Machaeroprosopus 9:79

Macrelaps 8:41; 19:220; 20:522, 527

microlepidotus 8:41; 19:195; 20:527, 530, 620

Macrocalamus 19:228; 20:574

ear 2:272

lateralis 19:209; 20:631

Macrocephalosaurs 20:174, 176

Macrocephalosaurus chulsanensis 20:300

Macrochelys (see Macroclemys)

Macroclemys (Macroclemmys) 7:345, 350, 459; 8:55, 660, 670; 9:164; 13:205, 300; 14:87, 91, 101, 104, 165, 179, 181, 190, 195, 212, 223–226, 235; 15:269, 281; 16:9, 25, 27, 212–213, 348, 358, 362, 391, 398, 436

axial skeleton 1:211

blood chemistry 3:40

head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:103, 105, 108, 110, 112–114, 124, 153, 162–163, 178–181

histology of gut 6:269

limbs 4:4

shell 1:314, 334

temminckii 19:404, 417

urinogenital system 6:64

Macrocnemis 15:338

origin and evolution 1:7

Macrophage(s) 3:128, 284, 327; 6:46, 77, 97, 103; 14:66, 602, 620, 625, 632, 642, 644; 19:506, 508, 521, 524, 541–542, 549–550, 555–556, 558–559, 561, 568–569

Macrophagy 4:420–421

Macropisthodon 7:501; 9:30; 16:120, 127, 146, 233; 18:122; 19:104, 209, 233, 236

flaviceps 19:209; 20:647

nose 2:179

plumbicolor 19:209; 20:647

rhodomelas 19:209

rudis 19:209; 21:503

Macroprotodon 8:94, 693; 19:230

adrenal 3:281

blood cell morphology 3:78

cucullatus 8:94, 693; 19:209; 20:641

Macrorhineura 21:685

skinneri 21:685..

Macrorhynchus 9:304

Macroscincus 20:138; 21:397

axial skeleton 1:248–249

coctei 20:298

Macrosteatosis 19:503

Macrostomata(atan)(ate)(ous)(y) 20: 362, 395–396, 584–588, 590–592, 595

Macroteiids 19:27

Macrothyreocytes 3:209, 224–225

Macrovipera lebetina 20:618

Macula 2:216

neglecta 2:204–205, 261, 263; 10:215

Macular zone 3:340

Madagascar 2:324

Madagascarophis 8:41; 19:225; 21:605

colubrinus 19:209; 21:494

meridionalis 19:209

Madtsoia bai 20:596

madagascariensis 20:596

Madtsoiidae 20:594–596

Magnesium 3:4–7, 13, 46, 53; 5:36, 58; 12:327–333, 345, 350, 363–364, 366; 13:84–87; 14:315

in eggshells 14:374

ions 8:171, 242, 466, 504

plasma levels 14:341

Mailles 19:8

Main

gastric glands 6:227–231, 244–246, 253–260, 263–265, 267–268, 270–272, 301

gland cells of stomach (see Serous cells)

lymphatic trunk 6:315–357

olfactory organ 18:427–431

Maintenance 13:234–235, 246–247, 256–257

of experimental animals 5:20–22, 26, 49

of life 5:402

processes 5:179

Major member of double cell 2:3, 42, 44–45

single cone (see also Type A2 cone) 2:65–66, 72–73

Malaclemys (Malaclemmys) 5:135, 320, 367–368, 373, 377, 385, 389, 391, 395–397, 415, 420, 440; 7:462; 8:672; 12:327, 334–335, 337, 342, 349, 351–352, 358–359, 364, 375, 379, 426, 429; 13:85–86, 88, 102–103, 119; 14:27, 114, 160, 162, 166, 168, 210, 213–214, 227, 229, 233; 15:251, 263; 16:112, 391, 394, 403, 409, 437, 541; 19:453, 474

blood cell numbers 3:95

blood chemistry 3:8, 15, 41, 43–44

eye 2:72

geographica 19:355

head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104, 119, 123

internal relief of gut 6:160, 169, 175, 222

limbs 4:4, 6. 60

muscle tissue 11:315–316, 338

shell 1:319

terrapin 18:28

terrapin tequesta 18:197

urinogenital system 6:94, 106, 116

Malacochersus 14:84, 87, 154, 157–158, 213, 215, 222; 16:26, 126, 135, 392, 400, 439; 18:10

eye 2:68–69

internal relief of gut 6:160, 165, 169

shell 1:321

tornieri 19:66, 77

Malar thorns 20:528

Malaria (see also Pathology) 19:521

Malate dehydrogenase 5:203–204; 6:231, 249, 269, 284; 15:439

Malayemys, blood chemistry 3:42

Malaysia 2:323

Male(s)

combat (see Social behavior and aggression,

combat)

heterogametry 18:76, 78

-identifying pheronome 18:149

mate choice 18:356

maturity criteria 16:354–356

parental care 18:355

reproductive cycles 16:357–358

Malformations (see Developmental abnormalities)

Malic enzyme 5:204

Mallory’s triple connective tissue stain 3:239

Malnutrition 5:26

Malonate 19:498

Malpighian

body 6:2, 9, 11, 14–15, 36, 49

cell (see also Cell) 18:311

corpuscle(s) 3:266–267, 312; 6:3, 11–17, 20, 36, 43, 46, 53; 14:440; 15:155, 164–165, 170–174; 19:541

Malpolon 7:389, 393, 501; 8:41, 91, 94, 663; 10:239; 12:423; 16:120, 146; 19:226, 507

axial muscles 11:357

blood cell morphology 3:84–85

blood cell numbers 3:97

chondrocranium 11:136, 146, 157–160, 164, 168

dentition 1:177

ear 2:272

eye 2:52–53, 63

histology of gut 6:278

internal relief of gut 6:193

insignatus 20:645

jaw muscles 4:482

moilensis 19:209; 20:645

monspessulanus 8:41, 91, 94, 663; 19:158, 209, 505, 525; 20:645

nose 2:179

thymus 3:114

thyroid 3:203, 227

Maltase 3:29; 8:613

Mammal(s) 5:5, 7, 12–14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 52, 69, 82, 97–98, 128, 140, 145, 157–159, 169–170, 174, 182–183, 190, 195–196, 198–199, 206, 208–210, 227–229, 238, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253–256, 259–260, 275, 277, 282, 288, 303– 308, 314, 321–323, 325–326, 346, 366, 383, 387–388, 391, 394, 415, 468, 479, 481–483, 486, 488; 7:13, 29, 72, 187, 600–601, 665; 9:9–11, 14, 19, 26, 39, 59–60, 63, 92, 133, 136, 156, 158, 166–167, 248, 323, 372, 383, 389, 408–409, 419, 422–423, 436; 8:5, 8, 148, 654, 657; 10:1, 3, 7–8, 11, 13–14, 21–22, 24–25, 27, 29–30, 32, 37, 41–42, 44, 63, 74, 77, 84, 91–92, 95, 111, 118, 120–121, 123, 137, 166, 173–174, 178, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191–193, 201, 206, 213, 220, 224, 226, 229, 232, 238, 249–252, 260, 263, 274–276, 278, 281, 292, 294, 296, 299–300, 314–315, 320, 324, 327–328; 12:4–6, 8–10, 61, 94, 168–170, 172, 183, 185, 196, 200, 203–204, 216, 227–231, 235, 237–238, 241, 243–246, 251, 254, 256–257, 259, 280, 340, 353, 364, 385, 399, 401, 404, 409, 415–416, 418, 420, 431, 433–434, 493–495; 13:12–13, 16, 25, 28, 30, 35, 92, 135, 155, 162, 167, 170, 172–174, 182, 188, 192, 241, 275–276; 16:6–7, 10–11, 13, 15–16, 27, 31, 33, 37, 39, 41, 51–53, 57, 60–62, 64, 112, 239, 403–404, 416; 20:374, 495; 21:38, 83–84, 174, 192, 273–274, 322, 327, 331, 334, 336–337, 364–366, 373, 386

amniochorion 14:18

and crocodiles 14:431

appendix testis 14:441

branchial cleft 14:4, 16

castration 15:245

corpora lutea 15:580

cutaneous water loss 14:551

dermis 14:528, 536

development 14:7, 17–18, 20, 501

diaphragm 14:438

enamel protein 14:431

epidermis 14:529

fetus 14:352

genital tubercle 15:240

granulation tissue 14:570

heart 14:437

hemoglobin sequences 14:331

hemopoiesis 14:635

immune system 14:601, 604, 612, 624–627, 631–632, 637, 643, 645, 655, 657, 660, 662, 666

integument 14:530, 549, 559, 587–588

lingual development 14:427

liver regeneration 15:303

malformed embryos 14:352

monocytes 14:609

palatal development 14:331, 424

parental care 14:355

pituitary development 14:711, 714–715

placenta 15:530, 540, 559, 561, 593

plantar surfaces 14:527

pre-implantational arrest 14:199, 202

primordial germ cells 14:43, 46, 48–49

regeneration capacity 15:387

respiration of fetus 14:362

sexual differentiation 15:246

thymus 14:624–626

tongue development 14:427

tooth development 14:431

viviparity 15:529

Mammalia(n) (including commonly named taxa

therein; see also Homo sapiens) 19:2–4, 7, 9, 14, 19–20, 28, 39, 41–42, 44, 46, 48, 50–60, 68–69, 74–75, 107, 116, 120, 302, 308–309, 312, 315–320, 323–324, 328, 330, 332–334, 337, 340, 345–348, 350, 352–353, 376, 397, 399, 401, 426, 429–430, 436, 446, 454, 462–463, 466–467, 473, 486–489, 491, 493, 495–498, 501, 503–504, 506–507, 511, 514–516, 519, 524, 534, 536–544, 547, 568–570, 572, 574–577; 21:504

adrenal 3:263–264, 295–296, 298, 303–304, 309–310, 312, 317–318

axial muscles 11:363–367, 371, 373, 383

axial skeleton 1:203–204

blood 5:344

blood cell morphology 3:86

blood cell numbers 3:94, 100

blood chemistry 3:1, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22–23, 25, 29–30, 32–35, 38, 42, 44–46, 52–53

bone 1:49–50, 53–55, 58–59, 70–71, 74–75

chondrocranium 11:5–6, 8, 10, 21, 23, 27, 29, 31–32, 35, 38, 61–62, 120, 134, 175, 190–192, 208, 223, 234, 241–242

circulation 5:281, 288

coronary circuit 5:309

dentition 1:118–120, 125–126, 129, 134–135, 194

distal tubles 5:473

ear 2:193, 197–198, 201, 205, 210, 261–263

electrocardiograms 5:293

embryos, apical ridge 15:66

epiphyses and sesamoids 1:81, 84–85, 89, 92, 94, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106, 108–109, 111–112

eye 2:17, 19, 53, 81–85, 90

formations 5:55

head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:103, 113, 125, 152, 177, 179, 186

histology of gut 6:232, 244, 252, 259, 264, 269–279, 274–275, 277, 280, 283–284, 301–302

kidney 5:394, 494–495, 497

limbs 4:5, 67

lymphatics 6:315–317, 357, 367, 378, 381, 385, 390–391, 412, 414, 424, 429

muscle tissue 11:266–268, 271, 275–277, 279–280, 282–283, 289–291, 294–296, 298–300, 303, 314–317, 323, 325, 328, 330, 333–335

nephrons 5:478

nose 2:100–101, 103–104, 113, 138, 141, 150–151, 153, 156–157, 161–162, 164, 174–175, 180, 183

origin and evolution 1:2

pancreas 3:327–329, 331–332, 338, 341

parathyroid 3:235–238, 254

parathyroid extract 5:483

pes 21:182

physiology 5:74, 100

pit organs 2:279, 282, 286–287

pituitary 3:135, 157, 165, 196

pressoreceptor responses 5:310

proximal tubules 5:469, 498

salivary glands 5:428

secretion 8:7, 91

shell 1:311

skull 4:245, 281

solutions 5:54

thymus 3:111, 117, 121, 124, 126–127

thyroid 3:204, 209, 223

tubule cells 5:467

tubules 5:497

urinogenital system 6:2–3, 8, 13, 21–22, 30–33, 35–36, 44–46, 48, 56, 58, 70, 73, 75, 78, 80, 96, 101, 103–104, 109, 116–118, 120

Mammilary body 12:219, 222, 228

Man (see Human)

Mandible(s) 1:8, 108, 146, 151, 154, 158, 164, 166, 170, 193; 2:198; 3:113; 4:107–108, 110, 112–113, 115, 118, 124, 126, 131–132, 134, 138, 140–143, 145–148, 166, 170, 172, 176–177, 182, 186, 188, 191, 201, 203, 205, 209, 211, 215, 217, 219, 221, 223, 225, 239–241, 243, 245–256, 248, 258, 263, 266, 274, 277, 279, 285–287, 296, 306–307, 315, 317–319, 329, 335, 341–342, 349–351, 355, 363–365, 373–374, 378–379, 382, 391, 393, 396, 405, 407, 409, 411–412, 414–420, 427, 430, 432, 434–443, 446–447, 451, 455, 458, 460, 464, 468, 470; 8:105, 121; 19:118; 20:8, 37, 67, 74, 165, 184, 193, 196, 232, 274, 278, 355–356, 370, 376–378, 383, 385, 394, 399, 401, 407, 411–413, 418, 421, 423, 425, 429, 433–435, 437, 441, 443–445, 452–453, 455, 459, 461, 463, 465, 467, 471, 473–474, 482, 487, 493, 496–497, 501–502, 505–507, 511, 513, 519–521, 523, 530–533, 538–539, 541, 543, 550, 552, 566, 569, 576, 579–582, 586–588, 590–592, 595–596; 21:593, 595, 603–604

development 14:294, 296, 381, 419

Mandibular

abduction 20:592

adductor 21:568

adductor attachment surfaces 20:563

adductor fossa (see Adductor fossa)

adductor muscle (see M. adductor mandibulae)

adductor tendon 4:131–132, 138–139, 145–146, 148, 248

arch 11:3, 12, 30–31, 56–57, 116, 145–147, 199, 222, 232, 238; 14:138, 288, 417, 420, 428, 445, 462; 15:14; 20:12

articulation 2:195, 221, 224–225, 233

canal 11:156

cartilage (see Meckelian cartilage)

collectors 6:385

condyle 4:236–237, 239, 245, 259; 20:487

dental lamina 8:148

depressor space 20:549

foramen 20:74–75

fossa 11:64; 20:357, 401, 413, 418, 430, 481, 487, 493, 519, 531, 550, 580; 21:613–614

fossam (see Adductor fossa)

gland (see Gland, mandibular)

gland of Gabe 8:49–50, 76–78, 80–81

hinge 20:224, 228, 273

kinesis 20:366

musculature 2:227

nerve 2:282, 289, 294; 11:15, 17, 24, 31–32, 64, 68, 106, 124, 127, 129, 131, 150, 153, 156, 160, 181, 185–187, 189–190, 212, 214, 217, 235, 237, 243

process 14:288, 290, 292

raking 20:371, 378, 590

rami 18:192

rami of the trigeminal 21:524

sinus 6:321, 361, 363, 386–387

symphysis 4:118–119, 146, 172, 190, 203, 223, 240–241, 249, 270, 279, 307, 310, 376, 417–418, 420–421, 427, 433, 446, 465; 6:375; 11:31, 47, 57, 63, 135, 147, 162, 184, 195, 204, 207, 220, 226, 238

teeth 8:83

transport mechanisms in colubrids 20:550

trunk 6:319; 21:595

Mandrillus 16:194

Manganese 8:172–174, 243, 245

in eggshells 14:404

Mannitol 5:456

diuresis 5:490

Mannose 19:495

Mann’s stain 3:300

Manolepis 19:226

putnami 19:153, 209

Manometer 5:72, 75–78

fluids 5:75, 78

U-tube 5:72, 77

Manometric systems 5:78–79

techniques 5:129

Mantle layer 9:182, 240

Manuronate 5:61

Manus 21:40, 52, 58–59, 111, 115, 124, 131–132, 135–136, 187, 244, 282–284, 286, 292– 293, 303–305, 311–312, 318–319, 334, 394–395

Marcano’s fluid 3:94

Marginal

bone (see Peripheral bone)

canal (see Longitudinal canal)

cell 6:275–276, 280, 282, 284–286, 288–292, 295, 297, 302

layer 9:179–182

plate (see Peripheral bone)

rim 17:540

shield 1:314–315, 317, 328–330, 333

teeth 1:3, 119, 150–153, 161, 165, 168–170, 173, 179, 190, 193

Margo

inferior 1:202, 277, 284

lateralis 1:202, 229, 284, 285

ventralis (see Margo inferior)

Mariguana, ear 2:271

Marine (see also Sea water) 8:8

algae 5:11, 318, 391

birds 5:413, 436

diets 5:392

environments 5:318, 385, 422

habits 4:265–268

Hydrophiinae 20:532, 534, 552, 675, 679, 684, 686–687

iguana (see also Amblyrhynchus) 20:81–82, 87

invertebrates 5:391

mammals 5:260

reptiles 5:98, 101, 366, 380, 391, 408, 413, 437

snakes 5:431, 438

turtles 5:416, 451–452, 455, 458

Mark-recapture estimates (see Capture methods;

Life history methods; Marking methods)

(substrate) (see also Pheromone) 18:117, 175–178, 202, 205

Marker 5:66, 68–69, 100, 104, 381

Marking methods 16:49, 340–343

Marmoretta 20:252, 259, 264, 268, 273, 279, 285, 287

Maroc 2:324

Marmorosphax 21:397

Marrow cavity 1:84

Marsupialia

eye 2:84

urinogenital system 6:70

Marsupials 14:7; 16:239, 253

placenta 15:540, 584

Martes pennanti 21:336

Maschen 19:8

Masculinization 15:247–248, 251, 276, 280; 18:78–81, 84

Masking 18:250

Mass spectrometer 19:447–448

Masseteric muscle 6:348, 382

Masson-Goldner’s stain 3:283, 297

Masson’s trichrome stain 6:226

Masson’s triple chrome 11:318

Mast cells (see also Basophils) 6:256, 268, 270, 284, 289; 8:500–501, 520–521; 14:602, 623–624

Mastication 4:124–127, 143–149; 8:148

Masticatory cushion 4:305, 318, 324, 335, 343, 351, 361, 391, 405, 411, 416, 419

Masticophis 5:38; 7:205–206, 216–218, 220, 225, 393, 501; 12:129; 13:65–66, 76, 78, 82–83, 96–98, 104, 111, 113, 115–118, 122–127, 129–131, 161, 163, 181–182, 187–188; 15:45; 16:14, 18, 21–23, 53, 120, 131, 146, 483, 519, 534; 19:157, 231

anthonyi 19:209

aurigulus 19:209

bilineatus 19:209

blood chemistry 3:5, 51

flagellum 18:162, 476; 19:209; 20:641

flagellum piceus 18:160

internal relief of gut 6:193, 196, 202, 208

lateralis 19:209

mentovarius 19:209

taeniatus 19:209; 20:641

taeniatus taeniatus 18:135

Masticodryas 5:133, 148; 7:501; 16:146–147; 19:231

bifossatus 20:641

blood chemistry 3:3, 33

danieli 19:209

Match-head epiphyses (see Lappets)

Maternal

antibodies 14:655

behavior 14:10, 21, 342, 353, 355–356

blood

oxygen affinity 15:562–563

urea content 15:566

capillaries 15:551, 556, 558, 575, 626

care (see Behavior, maternal)

influences 18:78–79

inheritance 15:466

Mathematical

analysis 9:150

models 12:227–291

Maticora 7:386, 504; 8:21, 106; 16:150, 202–203, 233; 19:154, 221; 21:602

bivirgata 8:21; 19:196; 20:537

ear 2:272

intestinalis 8:21; 19:196

jaw muscles 4:453–454, 483

Maticorini 19:221

Mating (see also Breeding) 15:39–46; 18:52, 137, 141, 143, 145, 152, 155, 157–158, 167, 169, 172–173, 175, 177–180, 182–184, 186, 188, 190–191, 195, 198, 202, 425, 467

and social hierarchy 14:350

assortative 18:384

balls 16:210

behavior (see also Stereotyped behavior) 7:422–424; 14:272, 340, 342, 355, 496–497; 15:463

blocking 18:53

duration 15:40

evidence for 15:506

female

mate choice 18:341–342, 377, 392

sexual behavior 18:38, 53–55

forced copulation 18:26

head-bobbing 18:194, 383, 426

head-challenge 18:195

head-nodding 18:145–146

hip-sway 18:174

mate 18:147, 156, 158, 172, 249

choice 18:56

mate guarding 18:53, 138, 147

recognition 18:115, 424

mate recognition

mating plugs 18:482

role of nasal chemical senses 18:467

multiple 18:53, 56

systems 18:382

polygynous 18:77

promiscuous 18:77

Matrix

layer 9:177, 179, 181–182, 184–188, 192, 198–199, 211–212, 215, 220, 222–223, 228–229, 231, 235–236, 240

of mitochondria 2:397, 311–312

Maturation of eggs 14:218–219, 342

Maturity (see Life history traits, reproductive

maturity)

Mauremys 7:463, 583, 585, 611–612, 617, 642– 643, 646–648; 8:618–621, 672; 9:306, 317, 319; 10:314; 12:227, 230, 328, 342; 14:9, 81, 83, 90, 92, 95, 106, 110, 112–116, 119, 144, 148, 160, 165–170, 190, 207, 215–216, 219, 221–222, 231, 235, 606, 609–611, 628–631; 15:201, 250, 263; 16:112, 391, 437

axial muscles 11:356

caspica 18:327; 19:545, 547, 549, 578

japonica 18:327, 455; 19:547–548

limbs 4:4

Mauremys (Clemmys) 17:20, 45, 49, 63, 71, 149, 151, 596

Mauritius 20:367

Mauthner cell 10:119

Maxilla 1:12, 18, 119–121, 124, 139, 151–153, 156–170, 172–173, 175–187, 189–193; 2:9, 48, 66–67, 150, 281; 4:116–117, 134, 137–139, 170, 202, 204, 209–210, 212–213, 215–216, 218, 220, 223, 225, 229–232, 234, 241–243, 246–248, 250–251, 254–256, 258, 272–273, 276, 278, 280, 329, 357, 364, 374, 397, 420–421, 436–439, 442, 451, 453, 455; 9:22; 11:17–20, 39, 48–50, 60–62, 68, 72, 79, 81, 84–85, 88, 103, 106, 110–111, 119, 122, 129–130, 133, 142–143, 151–153, 164–165, 170, 176, 179, 181, 184, 209, 212, 218, 231, 233, 235, 237, 244–245; 20:14–18, 23–25, 41, 44, 46, 49, 54, 57, 59, 61–62, 65, 67, 69, 74, 76, 78, 84, 88, 91, 94, 96–98, 101, 104, 106–109, 115, 118, 120–124,128, 130, 132, 134, 136–137, 142–143, 145–146, 149, 154, 158, 160–161, 163, 166, 168, 170–171, 173, 175, 178, 180–182, 185, 188–190, 194–196, 200–202, 204, 206, 208, 211–212, 214, 217, 220–222, 225, 228–231, 233–234, 236–237, 240, 242, 244–248, 252, 257–258, 260, 275, 279, 287, 356–357, 363–364, 367, 369–371, 373, 375–376, 379, 382–383, 387, 389, 391–393, 397–405, 407–412, 414–415, 417, 421–422, 425, 427–429, 431–434, 437–445, 447, 451, 453, 455, 457, 463–465, 467–469, 472–476, 482–483, 485, 491–492, 494–499, 501–517, 522–523, 526–529, 531–533, 536, 538–548, 551, 553–554, 559, 562–564, 566–567, 569, 571–572, 575–577, 587–590, 592, 596; 21:547, 551–552, 558–559, 562–563, 565, 568, 571–572, 581, 585, 587–588, 613

development 14:126, 294, 296

-ectopterygoid joint 20:544, 548

ossification 14:312, 314

Maxillary 21:524

artery 11:35

bone 14:421; 17:368

bulla 4:138

dentition (see Maxillary teeth)

development 20:517

excursions 20:517

foramen 20:442

foramen for suborbital branch of maxillary

(V2) nerve 20:481

lappets 20:17

motion 20:501, 544

movement 20:491

nerve 2:10–12, 50, 74–75, 281, 289, 294; 11:15, 17, 24, 31–32, 68, 79, 103, 106, 122, 124, 127, 129–131, 150, 153, 160, 163, 165, 176, 179, 181, 185–187, 189–190, 212, 214, 217, 235, 237, 243

nerve foramen 20:382, 517

-prefrontal joint 20:572, 574, 589, 611, 615

-premaxillary relationships 20:583

process 2:166, 168; 11:175; 14:290, 292, 401–404, 413–414, 417, 419–422, 459, 713; 20:24

process of palatine 20:357, 402–403, 422, 425, 427, 429, 434, 439, 442, 446, 450, 452–453, 455, 457, 463–467, 469, 472–473, 480–483, 485–486, 512, 514, 527, 531, 540, 542–544, 548, 562, 569, 573, 575, 577

raking 20:394

(V2) ramus of the trigeminal 21:513

rotation 20:496, 508

segments in bolyeriids 20:480

sinus 2:113, 145–146, 150, 174; 14:426

teeth 20:384–385, 400, 412, 417, 428, 440, 444, 460, 467–468, 482, 485, 534, 550, 572–574, 581

tooth 8:3, 83

unit 20:219, 260

vein 2:15, 50; 21:579

Maxillo

-ectopterygoid joint 20:478, 516, 570, 574

-frontal support 1:177

-mandibular ganglion 4:119, 142–143

-palatine contact 20:492

-palatine foramen 21:554

-turbinal 2:103

Maximal activity 5:180, 184, 195–196, 208–209, 297–298, 300

aerobic capacities 5:84

aerobic scope 5:180–181

aerobic speed 13:169, 172

heart rate 5:298, 300, 304

Maximum metabolic rate 5:177, 179

oxygen 5:228, 230, 250

rates of oxygen consumption 5:178

voluntary tolerance 12:19

May-Grüunwald-Giemsa technique 3:74, 82–83, 85, 94

Maze

arrow 7:600–601

Lashley 7:605–606

learning

comparisons among taxa 7:609

effect of ecdysis 7:607

effect of handling 7:603–604

effect of temperature 7:605–606

spatial recall vs. external cue 7:606

studies 7:595–610

Crocodilia 7:596–597, 603–604

Rhynchocephalia 7:598–599, 609

Sauria 7:596–599, 605–606

Serpentes 7:598–599, 606–609

Testudines 7:595–603

Mealworm(s) 5:169; 8:595

Mean

activity temperature 12:19, 22, 32–33, 37, 145

preferred body temperature 18:264

selected temperature 12:22, 38

Measurements of reptilian energy metabolism 5:130

Mecamyline 10:29

Mechanical

response 11:268

stimulation 5:177–178

stresses in skull 11:21, 199

Mechanics 11:298–314

of respiration 5:225

ventilation 5:226, 228

Mechanisms of salt gland function 5:438

Mechanoreceptor(s) 5:322; 9:409, 413, 417, 419, 422, 431, 436; 10:206; 17:323; 19:320

Mechanotransducers 5:83, 103

Meckelian (Meckel’s)

canal (see also Meckelian fossa) 20:481, 519

cartilage 1:142, 145–146; 4:107, 112, 114; 115, 118, 136–138, 148, 223, 239, 241, 250–251, 357; 2:233; 11:10, 12, 15, 17, 24, 30–31, 42, 45–46, 56–57, 59, 63–64, 98, 106, 113, 115– 116, 119, 124, 135–137, 139, 143, 145–148, 151, 156, 162–163, 170, 179, 181, 184, 187, 194–195, 204–207, 211–212, 214–215, 218, 222, 226, 231, 233, 235, 237–240, 243, 246; 14:419, 422; 20:12, 35–37, 377, 412, 430, 444; 21:595, 599–601, 604–605, 608–609, 611, 614

fossa 4:107–108, 112, 114–115, 119–122, 132, 137–138, 142, 147, 223, 239, 241, 248, 258, 357, 374, 388, 392, 417; 20:36, 43, 74, 89, 91, 102–104, 114, 116, 126, 128, 136–137, 148, 150, 158–159, 164, 166, 172, 174, 184, 186, 193, 195, 2–7-208, 216–217, 224, 226, 232, 234–235, 239, 241, 247, 249, 274, 276, 285

groove 20:401, 418, 423, 430, 444, 460, 465, 482, 487, 532, 550; 21:600

Medial

branch of dorsal ramus 11:358

branch of olfactory nerve 2:114, 142, 181

caudal trunk 6:334, 344

centrale 21:10, 119–121, 123

cochlear crest 20:72

column of epaxial muscles (see M. transversospinalis)

ethmoidal branch of ophthalmic nerve 11:15–19, 46, 72, 79, 87–88, 93–94, 96–98, 103, 108, 110, 126–127, 129, 140, 142–143, 165, 176, 179, 208, 232, 235

flange of pterygoid 20:474

foot process of prefrontal 20:439, 445, 447, 453, 464–466, 472–473, 477

foramen for the glossopharyngeal nerve 20:156

forebrain bundle 10:153, 165, 177–178, 192, 253, 269–271, 276, 194, 309

frontonasal process 21:580

Grenzfalte 2:105–111, 113, 169

internal thoracic lymphatics 6:359

jugular collector 6:410

jugular sinus (see Subtracheal sinus)

lamina of prefrontal 20:510–511

laminae of nasals 20:414, 561

lemniscus 10:121, 139, 141, 143, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157, 161, 163–164, 166, 189, 204, 206, 301

longitudinal fasciculus (see also Fasciculus

longitudinalis medialis) 9:189–191, 193

nasal gland 2:110, 117, 154, 163, 169–172, 180–182; 11:120, 210, 212

nasal process 2:166, 168, 171

opening of recessus scalae tympani 20:34, 112, 126, 128, 135, 137, 157, 164, 166

preoptic area 12:219

process of head of ectopterygoid 20:576

process of humerus 4:14, 16, 18, 22, 26–27, 30–32, 92–93

process of the maxilla 21:554

pterygoid, process of palatine 20:446

recess 2:111

rictal plate (see Inner rictal plate)

scapulosternal ligament 21:62, 71, 97–99, 218, 237–240, 244, 247–249, 262

sulcus 2:106, 109–110, 115, 169, 181

tibial nerve 4:86

traction of the jaw 4:127, 146, 149

transporters 20:493

tuberosity 21:103, 105

vein 11:368

vessel 5:63

vomeronasal fenestra 20:557

wing of the prefrontal 21:587

Mediale

Grenzleiste (see Medial Grenzfalte)

Nasendrüse (see Internasal gland)

Seitenfalte (see Vomerine cushion)

Medialer Nasenfortsatz (see Medial nasal

process; Neurohypophysis)

Median

basisphenoid apophysis 20:478

dorsal process 21:579

eminence 3:137–141, 143, 147, 157–161, 163–166, 168, 170, 176, 179–180, 182–185, 188–198, 193–194; 6:117; 10:253, 258, 263; 17:597, 601, 612, 629, 637, 650, 670; 18:47–48

foramen 1:286

head vein 20:31

jugular trunk 6:320, 381–382, 385–386

nerve 4:23; 6:389

pelvic plexus (see Sacral plexus)

sacral plexus 6:332, 342–343

sternal elements 20:585

Mediastinal

plexus (see Precardiac plexus)

trunk 6:381

Mediastinum 19:26, 40

Mediosacral plexus (see Sacral plexus)

Medulla (see also Myelencephalon) 5:310; 9:44, 48, 52, 58, 70, 72–74, 84, 95, 97, 99–100, 102–103, 107, 109, 111, 114, 118, 121, 123, 125–128, 131, 137, 176, 178, 183–188, 235, 295, 305; 10:14, 82, 201, 204, 206, 211, 220, 226–227, 257–258, 274, 276, 279, 326; 12:219, 223, 229, 235, 243, 247

oblongata 8:121; 11:27–28, 69, 214, 237, 240

of adrenal (see Adrenal tissue)

of bone 1:51, 73

of embryonic gonad 15:265, 269, 272

of gonad 6:49–51, 77, 441

Medullary

cords 6:49–50, 106; 15:158, 162

plate (see Neural plate)

Megalosaurus 9:98

Megapodiidae

eggs 14:90

respiration at hatching 14:362

Megasaurus diazromerali 21:172.:

Megatheriidae, dentition 1:121

Mehelya 16:39, 120, 146; 19:224; 20:556, 561, 563; 21:512, 5554, 563, 576, 586, 600, 606

axial muscles 11:357

axial skeleton 1:298–299; 2:49

capensis 19:153, 162, 164, 209; 20:580, 634; 21:607

crossii 19:141, 153, 166, 209

guirali 19:209

jaw muscles 4:481

nyassae 19:209

poensis 19:141, 153, 209; 20:555, 563, 580, 634

stenophthalmus 19:209

vernayi 20:634

Meiolaniidae, shell 1:336

Meiosis

in parthenogenetic species 15:434, 464, 478–480, 491, 498, 513–514

in tetrapods 15:475, 507

in triploids 15:472

molecular aspects 15:497–498

prophase 15:154, 158–159, 254, 258–261, 265–267, 271, 478

Meiotic restitution 15:479

Meissner’s plexus 6:270

Meizodon 15:652; 16:120, 233; 19:231; 20:641

coronatus 19:209; 20:641

loveridgei 20:641

plumbiceps 19:209

regularis 19:209

semiornatus 19:209

Melanin 2:76; 3:251; 18:302, 305, 307, 311, 316, 320, 345, 398; 19:508, 524, 543, 568

colchicine effects 18:310

-dispersing hormone 10:42

MSH effects 18:310

Melanism 1:318; 18:331

Melanochelys 14:78, 85, 89–90, 106, 112, 114–115, 119–120; 16:135

Melanocyte 8:117; 14:528, 543, 642

differentiation 15:359

cold effects 18:321

receptor 18:318, 347

-stimulating hormone (MSH) (see also Melanin) 17:616–617; 18:309, 314, 316–322, 345–347, 391–392, 394–395

synergism with beta-endorphin 18:318–319

Melanoma (see also Tumor) 19:523

Melanophidium 19:218.; 20:403–404, 408–409, 589

punctatum 20:410, 601

urinogenital system 6:30

wynaudense 19:186; 20:402–403, 406, 411, 413, 601

Melanophore(s) (see also Melanocyte-stimulating

hormone) 3:207, 277–278, 281, 284; 9:408; 18:305, 307–311, 322–323

Melanoseps 15:636; 20:144, 148–149

occidentalis 20:307

Melanosome(s) (see also Melanocyte-stimulating

hormone; Pigment granule) 9:408; 18:305, 308–309, 317–318, 323

Melanosuchus 7:239, 507; 8:675; 9:252; 15:392– 393; 16:281, 528

nose 2:144, 148–149, 151, 173, 179

skull 4:201–202, 212, 222, 225, 227, 233–234, 243, 246, 278

Melanotropes 14:686, 688, 704, 709

Melanotropin 18:309–310, 316, 318–319, 340, 345–348, 392, 394–395

Melatonin 9:387; 12:225, 227–228, 253; 13:217; 14:433; 17:158; 18:316, 318

implants 18:267

injections 18:247, 252, 267

light and temperature effects 18:235–242

pulse 18:248, 267, 272

reproduction 18:272

rhythms 18:232, 235–242

role in entrainment 18:247–248

sites of synthesis 18:234–235, 239

synthesis of 18:234

thermoregulation 18:267

Mellivora 16:6, 10, 14

Melopsittacus 10:278

undulatus 19:58

Membrana

granulosa (see Granulosa of ovarian follicle)

propria 2:204–206, 208–210, 214–216, 218, 220, 236, 238, 250, 253, 256–257, 260; 6:57

Membrane

bone 11:5, 186, 245

bones 14:126, 514

conditioning 8:7

constants 11:285–288

permeability 8:468–470, 500, 502, 504, 507, 517, 524–525

potential 11:314

Membranous

braincase 20:16, 23, 25–26

common crus 2:204, 206–207

labyrinth 2:201, 235; 20:578

Menetia 16:118, 464–465, 472, 517

Menidia, effect of temperature on sex 15:281– 282, 286

Meninges (see also Dura; Leptomenix) 2:219–220, 251, 255, 59, 261; 9:2–3, 24, 34–35; 14:127

Meningococci 14:653

Meminx primitiva 9:17–20, 22, 35

Meniscus 1:91, 108, 206

pterygoidei 20:25, 49, 222, 267

Meniscometatarsal ligament 21:177

Meniscus 21:10, 104, 152–153, 155–157, 165, 168, 176–177, 179, 181

on the basipterygoid process 21:479

Menitia 21:400

Mental

foramen 20:401, 412, 487

gland (see Gland, mental)

groove 21:597

scale 2:302

Meotarsal joint 21:22

Meperidine hydrochloride 5:44, 47

Mephitis 16:403 2-Mercaptoethanol 14:656, 658

Mercenaria 8:193

Merck Index 5:43

Mercuric

chloride 6:277

sulfate 18:123

Mercury 5:65

bromphenol blue 8:106

bromphenol blue test 3:239

thermometers 5:31

Merkel cell(s) 9:414, 422–424, 426–427, 436; 13:426

Meroles 12:110; 16:117, 516; 20:300

–Aporosaura 20:170

Merrifield solid-phase method 8:228

Mertesian mimicry (see Coral-snake mimicry;

Mimicry)

Mesalina 12:110; 15:307; 16:140–141

olivieri 20:307

Mesectoderm 11:39

Mesencephalic locomotor region 10:92

root of trigeminal 10:227

Mesencephalon (see also Optic tectum; Tegmentum) 9:44, 52, 57, 83, 100, 102, 104, 114–115, 133, 135, 173–174, 176–177, 184, 196, 236–237; 10:133, 143, 145, 151, 153, 158–159, 163–165, 174, 201, 232–233, 238, 255, 264, 274, 279–280, 282, 288, 317, 320, 326; 12:216, 227, 242; 14:128, 130; 15:12

Mesenchyme(a) 1:146, 312; 2:147, 202; 3:118, 266; 6:4, 45, 52, 107, 237; 9:17–19, 34; 19:114, 560; 21:25, 28

and hemopoiesis 14:635

branchial arch 14:417

deficiency 14:459

dental papilla 14:431

dermal 14:153, 570, 580, 588

epidermal 14:534

in limb development 14:159

in limb girdle development 14:154–156

in palatal development 14:421–422, 424, 426

in pituitary development 14:686, 695–697, 700–702, 796, 712–713

in rib development 14:154

mandibular 14:128, 426

maxillary 14:420

pre-chordal 14:128

Mesenosaurus 9:296

origin and evolution 1:11

Mesenteric artery 3:274; 6:346, 354, 419, 421

collectors 6:346, 348–349, 417–419, 426

lymphatic vessels 6:344

plexus 6:346, 422

trunk 6:346, 349

vein 6:419, 421

Mesentery 3:266, 320–321; 6:50, 58, 95, 107–109, 315, 346, 349–350, 417, 420–421, 424, 434, 446; 10:9; 19:141, 148, 487, 566, 572

dorsal 19:40, 535, 545, 557, 560–561, 564–568, 577

mesosalpinx 19:40

mesovarium mesorchium 19:40

ventral 19:40, 564, 576

ventral hepatic 19:27

Mesethmoid 20:98

Mesial

ccollateral ligament 21:372

femoral condyles 21:153

femoral epicondyle 21:372

flanges of the frontals 21:572

frontal flange 20:370, 394–395, 397–398, 402, 405, 414–415, 424, 426, 432, 447–448, 456, 462, 476–477, 491, 540, 561

plantar tubercle of the fifth metatarsal 21:177, 180, 185, 377, 379

(surface of tooth) 1:118–119

Mesobaena 21:635, 644, 661–662

axial skeleton 1:272

huebneri 21:662, 666, 731

muscle tissue 11:283, 336

Mesoblast 6:4; 11:355

Mesocardium 19:379, 408

Mesocarpal joint 21:282, 292

Mesochelydia, shell 1:332–336

Mesocin 5:386, 464, 477

Mesocleidosternal ligament 21:71, 87, 97, 99, 255

Mesocoracoid 21:76

Mesocortical system 10:251

Mesocricetus, pit organs 2:294

Mesoderm 2:5–6, 20, 25, 52–53; 3:266; 6:2–5, 12, 18–19, 109–110; 11:5, 39

allantoic 14:160; 15:546–548

amniochorionic 14:160, 503

amniotic 14:168, 381

and chordamesodermal canal 14:115

branchial arch 14:417

cephalic 14:116

chorionic 15:543, 559

cloacal membrane 15:189–190

extra-embryonic 14:116, 161, 167, 191, 282, 285; 15:9, 18, 20, 24, 536, 543, 560

formation 14:501

intravitelline 15:540–542, 547–549, 559

limb bud 15:61, 66, 73, 88–89, 94, 107–109, 113, 124, 127, 132

migration of 14:116, 502

omphalopleure 15:541

phallic analgen 15:227

somatic 14:145, 160, 380, 390, 525

somatopleural 15:67, 212, 216, 223, 542

somitic 14:116, 123; 15:9, 61, 132

splanchnic 14:145, 149, 160, 380, 390, 440; 15:536, 541

unsegmented 14:288

yolk sac 14:160

Mesodermal

conus 2:6

enamel 1:125

Mesogastrium 6:356

Mesokeratin 9:409

Mesokinesis 11:7, 107, 161, 198–199; 20:49–52, 54–59, 61–62, 94, 130, 146, 152, 160, 168, 176, 200, 210, 219, 228, 236, 242, 253–254, 260–261, 369, 276, 278, 280–281, 286–288

Mesokinetic 21:574

joint 20:371, 484, 486

Mesolimbic system 10:251, 277–278, 280–281

Mesomegadonty 1:176

Mesometrium 6:24, 90

Mesonephric

blastema 15:154

chamber 6:11

duct (see also Wolffian duct) 15:153, 175

tubule(s) 6:2–4, 8, 12–17, 19, 50, 52, 70; 15:171, 175, 253

vesicle 6:14; 15:153, 168

Mesonephros 3:265–268, 271, 312; 6:1–4, 6, 8, 11–21, 49–55, 108, 117, 120; 14:148–149, 175, 311, 401–402, 440–442, 446; 15:152, 155, 165, 171–175, 177, 181–182, 252

degeneration 14:441

Mesophis 20:595

origin and evolution 1:6

Mesoplastron 1:320, 330–331, 333–334

Mesopneumonia 19:4, 20, 26–28, 30, 32, 39–41, 71

Mesopodium 21:59

Mesorchium 3:269–270, 278; 6:24–25, 56–58, 67, 443

Mesorhinosuchus 9:57, 78

Mesorhinus 9:297

Mesos 18:153–154

layer 14:533, 535, 538–540, 542, 544–546, 549–553, 558, 565, 577

layer of skin 12:404–405, 421, 430, 435

Mesosalpinx (see also Mesentery) 6:92

Mesosauria 7:6; 9:65–66, 296

origin and evolution 1:1–2

skull 4:245, 267

Mesosaurus 15:339, 342

nose 2:152

Mesoscapula 21:14, 16

Mesosternal fontanelles 21:67

rib 1:261–262; 21:268

Mesosternum 1:230, 237, 261; 21:62–63, 65, 67, 69, 234, 268

Mesostomate 20:396

Mesosuchia 9:81–82, 297, 304

axial skeleton 1:205, 226

chondrocranium 11:234

dentition 1:185

eye 2:73, 75

origin and evolution 1:2

skull 4:264–268, 272–280

Mesosuchus, dentition 1:153

Mesotabarium 6:83, 85, 91, 93, 439, 441

Mesotarsal

ankle 21:168

joint 4:58–59, 66, 82, 88; 21:48, 111, 162, 166, 168–169, 171, 173, 175–178, 182, 186, 191, 364–365, 370, 373, 384

Mesothelium 2:15, 22; 6:57; 19:540, 547

Mesotocin (see also Isoleucine oxytocin) 17:593– 601, 665, 692

Mesovarium 3:269–270, 278; 6:81, 83, 106, 437, 441

Mesozoic era 14:5

lizards 15:334

reptile life 5:266

Messenger DNA, inhibition 15:134

Met-enkephalin 17:159

Metabolic

acclimation 5:166

acidosis 12:362–363

acids 5:335

adaptations 5:163, 318

autoregulation of blood flow 12:245–246

calculations 5:154

capacity 5:208

chambers 5:174

compensation 5:164, 193

correlates 5:166, 176

demand for oxygen 5:225

depression 5:168–169; 13:61, 63, 67–73, 96, 120, 133, 159

differences 5:138, 143

effects 8:518, 665

endocrinology 5:210

enzymes 5:161

evolution 5:128

fluctuations 5:161

functions 5:127, 170

heat, embryonic 14:91, 221, 227, 231, 352–353, 395

heat generation 5:188, 190

homogeneity 5:145, 209

increment 5:174–175

inhibitor 5:60

levels 5:137, 143, 153–154, 159, 167, 170, 209

load 5:353

measurements 5:129, 136, 149, 156, 161, 175, 183

pathways 5:168, 199, 318

physiology 5:145, 154

plateaus 5:160, 178

rate (see also Aerobic metabolism) 3:14, 20, 30, 38, 214, 217, 219–220; 5:5–6, 14, 29, 31, 70, 73–74, 81, 83, 103, 128–129, 137–138, 140–143, 145–151, 153–157, 159, 161, 163–164, 166–169, 172, 174–175, 177, 179–180, 182, 188, 190–191, 193, 196, 198, 209–210, 238, 241, 253, 256, 349–350, 352, 370–371, 375; 12:5, 8, 20–21, 30, 34, 41, 43, 236, 254, 294

resting reptiles 7:45, 59

response 5:391

rhythms 5:167

scope (see also Aerobic metabolic scope) 5:179, 250

stability 5:167

wastes 5:389

water 5:9, 98; 12:286–287, 325, 353–355, 466

Metabolism (see also Aerobic metabolism; Anaerobic

metabolism; Field Metabolism;

Total metabolism; Metabolic depression;

Parental care, shivering thermogenesis;

Respiratory gases and embryos; Thermal

balance) 5:33, 39, 73–75, 78–79, 127–136, 138, 144–145, 154, 156, 159, 161, 164, 166–169, 171, 175–176, 191, 193, 196–198, 209, 225, 230, 242, 296–297, 299–304, 314, 318–319, 321, 325, 356, 375, 394, 465, 477, 480, 483, 489–490, 498; 6:119; 19:38, 151, 165, 300, 302, 305, 310, 312, 353–354, 469, 486, 491, 497–498, 507, 511, 516, 524

abnormalities 19:517, 524

acidosis 19:156

activity 5:191

aerobic 19:75, 157, 333, 335

aerobic versus anaerobic 16:30, 50, 62, 64–65

amino acid 5:196

bile acid 19:513–514

bile pigment 19:515–516

carbohydrate 19:511–512

electrolyte 5:97

embryos 16:536–538, 541–542, 567–569, 572

energy 5:7

fat 19:489, 512–513

hormone 19:516

in hypoxic environments 5:191

ion 5:3

metabolic water 16:554–556

oxygen demand 19:68

pathways 19:499

protein 19:514–515

purine metabolism 19:501

rate 19:68, 75, 298, 304, 306, 311–312, 318, 322, 332, 335–337, 340, 426, 465–466, 511, 524

reserves 19:512

standard 5:83

stress 19:48

temporal patterns of embryos 16:537–538, 546, 575–576

thermal dependence 16:546–547, 550, 586

urea effects 16:567

water dependence 16:567–569

-weight relation 5:140, 142–143, 145, 149–150, 153–154, 156, 158, 160, 178

Metabolites 3:1, 29, 53

Metabolized markers 5:68

Metacarpal(s) 1:93, 104; 4:18–20, 38–39, 41–42, 46–47, 51, 94; 14:160; 15:74, 77, 80, 86; 21:10, 13, 59, 111, 117–120, 125–127, 129–132, 136, 306, 308

I 21:120

III 21:127–128

Metacarpodigital ligaments 21:111

Metacarpophalangeal

joints 21:131, 294, 306, 308, 318–319

ligaments 21:318

Metacarpus 6:390

Metachelydia, shell 1:332, 334–336

Metachromasia 3:238, 329; 6:248, 256, 268, 270, 272, 279, 283, 291; 8:122

Metacoracoid 21:76

Metakinesis 11:7, 56, 104, 107–108, 161, 198–199; 20:28, 48–52, 58, 67, 69–70, 81, 89, 113, 140, 147, 152, 168, 176, 188, 192, 200, 228–229, 236, 242, 256–257, 262, 267, 269, 271, 276–278, 280–281, 285–288, 366; 21:510, 543

Metakinetic intracranial joint 20:363

Metal ions 3:32

Metamesosuchia skull 4:264

Metamorphose(sis) 3:214; 12:8–10; 19:316

Metanephric

duct (see Ureter)

tubule 6:4, 20

Metanephritic vesicula 3:267

Metanephros 3:312; 6:1, 3–4, 6, 13, 16–17, 19–48, 120; 14:148–149, 175, 441; 15:203

Metaphysical reduction 1:53, 55

Metaphysics 1:48, 53, 62, 67, 85, 93, 96, 98, 107

Metaplasia

chick chorionic ectoderm 14:551

of cartilage 1:90

Metaplastic of bone 1:88, 91–95, 99, 101–104, 107, 109–110

Metapoceros, axial skeleton 1:269

Metaposaurus, origin and evolution 1:23

Metatarsal 4:57–60, 82, 84–85, 88–89

I 21:171, 177

III 21:175

V 21:176

collectors 6:394–395

Metatarsals 15:79–80, 110, 114; 21:13, 19, 42, 47, 56, 120, 136, 163, 165, 169, 173–177, 179, 181–185, 191, 381

Metatarsophalangeal

articulations 21:157, 179–180

joint capsule 21:370

line 21:48, 174, 181

Metazoans 5:128, 156, 413

Metencephalon (see also Cerebellum) 9:55, 57, 104, 174, 177; 10:201; 14:128

Methacholine 12:383

chloride 5:103

Methemoglobin 3:1, 39; 5:155–256; 13:29

reductance 13:29

Methiolate 5:98

Methionine 3:23, 40

Methods 5:19, 52

of anesthesia 5:52

Methoxyflurane 5:49–51

Methyl

esters 18:199

green 3:86, 279, 306; 14:606

green pyronin 6:111

ketones 18:151, 154–155, 171, 482–483

violet 6:69, 246 3-Methyl histidine 3:45, 52

Methylene

blue 5:98; 6:247

chloride 18:134, 161–163

N-Methyltryptamine 8:194

Methysergide 8:507

Metischial process (see Lateral process of

ischium)

Metofane 5:49

Metopocerous, internal relief of gut 6:182

Metoptic membrane 2:7, 11

Metotic

cartilage (see also Subcapsular process) 2:233; 4:251

fissure 2:197, 203, 237, 242, 251, 256; 11:3, 12, 15, 26–27, 29, 43–45, 99, 115, 121, 138–139, 141, 145, 194–195, 204, 207, 209, 213, 238, 242, 246; 20:6, 11, 31, 33, 70, 72–73, 75–76, 246, 249, 270–271, 276, 278, 287, 485

process 11:222

Metriorhynchidae, urinogenital system 6:114

Metriorhynchus

eye 2:75

skull 4:269

Mett tubes 8:597

Mexican beaded lizard (see Heloderma horridum)

Mexico 2:321

Meyasaurus 21:65, 82, 90, 97

Mice 5:1, 406; 13:239

Micelle 3:37

Michaelis constant 8:614

Micrelaps 8:83, 85; 19:131, 220; 20:526, 528, 532

bicoloratus 20:531, 620

boettgeri 19:195

ear 2:227, 269, 272

muelleri 19:195; 20:620

Microbials diseases 5:27

Microblepharis 21:400

Microbrachis, origin and evolution 1:20

Microcephalophis 8:29, 59, 357, 442, 695; 19:121–122, 223

adrenal 3:281

cantoris 8:29; 19:199; 20:538, 627

ear 2:272

gracilis 8:29, 59, 357, 442, 695; 19:199; 20:628

Microcephaly 14:452

Microcirculation 5:305

Microclots (microemboli) 8:494, 498

Microcomplement fixation 15:647; 20:430

Micro-electrodes 2:288

Microenvironment 5:315; 12:282–293, 293–294, 358, 385, 457–469

Microfibrils 6:241

Microfilaments 14:51, 57, 422, 700, 702, 707

in apical ridge cells 15:65

Microgecko, ear 2:271

Micrognathia 15:136

Micro-Kjeldahl method 8:579

Micronucleoli 14:55, 57

Micro-organism(s) 8:7

Microornamentation of scales 12:406–407, 423

Micropechis 8:21; 19:223

ikaheka 8:21; 19:197; 20:628

Microphthalmia 11:43, 50; 14:452, 456, 458–459; 15:135; 17:209

Micropinocytosis 6:84

Micropisthodon 21:605

Micropodia 6:112

Micropuncture 5:448, 450, 469, 471, 475, 477, 480

Micropynocytosis 14:65

Microradiography 1:75

Microsaura pumila 20:294

Microsauria (see Bradypodion)

ear 223, 239, 266, 271

nose 2:119, 142

Microsauria, origin and evolution 1:20–22, 25, 36

Microsaurus 7:613

Microspectrofluorometry 10:265

Microspectrophotometry 17:137

Microsporidia 19:521

Microsurgical instruments 5:63

Microswitches 5:83

Microteiid 17:248; 19:27; 21:135

Microtomy of eye 2:2

Microtubule(s) 2:213, 253–254; 6:79, 112, 115; 9:346; 14:57, 707; 19:497, 501, 504

in apical ridge cells 15:65

Microtus 13:182, 189

Microvilli(us) 2:57, 162, 204, 207, 209–210, 212–213; 3:122, 126, 327; 5:418, 425, 427, 437; 6:33, 46–48, 241, 257, 259, 284–286, 289, 292–293; 14:62, 65, 423–424, 687, 701–702, 708; 18:435, 438; 19:16, 29, 44, 47, 493–496, 504

of bilaminar omphalopleure 15:546

rete cell 15:158

Microvilli (microvillar) 8:627

absorption 8:630, 635–647

absorptive cells 8:627

digestion 8:628–635

enzymes 8:627

intestinal 8:627

large 8:632

motility 8:647

pH 8:629

regulation 8:654

small 8:632

Micruroides 7:504; 8:21, 109–110, 191; 16:42–43, 54, 64, 126, 130, 150, 175–191, 230; 19:221

ear 2:272

euryxanthus 8:21, 109–110; 19:196; 20:621

Micrurus 7:380, 504; 8:21–23, 99, 106–107, 168, 174, 190–191, 246, 250, 290, 296, 305–306, 334, 353, 360, 368–372, 443, 458, 468, 481, 483; 16:10, 14, 38, 53–54, 121, 129, 133, 150, 155, 175–191, 230–231, 253, 287, 483, 520; 19:196, 221; 20:544; 21:602

albicinctus 8:21

alleni 8:21

altirostris 20:621

ancoralis 8:21

annelatus 8:21

averyi 8:21

axial muscles 11:357

baliocoryphus 20:621

bernardi 8:21

blood chemistry 3:6, 11

bocourti 8:21

bogerti 8:21

brasilensis 20:621

browni 8:21

carinicaudata 8:21, 443

corallinus 8:21, 168, 250, 296, 334, 353, 369, 371, 443; 19:196; 20:540, 621

decoratus 8:21; 20:621

dentition 1:177

dianba 20:621

diastema 8:21; 19:196; 20:621

dissoleucus 8:22; 20:622

distans 8:22

dumerilii 8:22, 371, 443; 20:622

ear 2:269, 272

elegans 8:22

ephippifer 8:22

eye 2:55, 61

filiformis 8:22; 20:622

fitzingeri 8:22

frontalis 8:22, 168, 334, 353, 369, 371, 443; 20:622

fulvius 8:22, 99, 106–107, 174, 191, 246, 262, 290, 296, 305–306, 360, 368, 370–371, 443, 458, 468, 481, 483; 18:30; 19:196; 20:622

hemprichii 8:22

hippocrepis 8:22

ibiboboca 8:22; 20:622

isozonus 8:22; 20:622

jaw muscles 4:450, 452, 483

langsdorffi 8:22

laticollaris 8:22; 20:622

latifasciatus 8:22

lemniscatus 8:22; 19:164, 196; 20:622

limbatus 8:22

margaritiferus 8:22

mertensi 8:22

mipartitus 8:22, 191, 371, 443; 19:196; 20:622

multifasciatus 19:196

narducci 20:622; 21:571

nigrocinctus 8:22, 371, 443; 19:196; 20:537–538, 545, 552, 622

nuchalis 8:22

peruvianus 8:23

proximans 8:23

psyches 8:23; 20:622

putumayensis 8:23

pyrrocryptus 20:622

ruatanus 8:23

spixii 8:23, 371

spurrelli 8:23

steindachneri 8:23

stewarti 8:23

stuarti 8:23

surinamensis 8:23; 20:622

tricolor 20:622

tschudii 8:23; 20:622

Mid-Cretaceous 20:584, 594

Midbrain 2:293; 11:28, 104, 187, 214, 237; 14:398, 400, 411, 432, 508, 513–514

Middle

cerebral vein 11:31–32, 112, 124; 21:515, 518

concha 11:234–235, 240

ear 1:7, 30; 2:193–201, 220–234, 236, 253, 262; 4:202, 225–226, 233, 237, 244, 256, 277–278, 425; 11:3–4, 67, 80, 83–86, 94, 99, 103, 105–106, 108, 113, 132, 149, 161, 180, 193, 218, 226, 246; 20:364, 366

jugular trunk (see Paratracheal trunk)

turbinal (see Concha)

Midgut (see also Small intestine; Gut; Intestine) 14:400, 402; 19:564–565

Mid-turbinal sinus (see Caviconchal recess)

Migration (see also Behavior; Hibernation sites,

movement to and from; Pheromone,

trail) 12:232; 16:401, 408, 416, 419; 18:135, 141; 19:32

cellular 9:181, 187–188, 192–193, 198, 200–202

of replacement teeth 1:191

Miliary tuberculosus (see also Pathology) 19:521

Milieu interieur 5:225

Milking of snakes 8:95–97, 99, 130, 133–135, 138, 140–141, 577

Milleretta 9:296

Milleretops 9:296

Millerina 9:296

Millerosauria 9:65

origin and evolution 1:7

Millerosaurus, origin and evolution 1:4

Millon reaction 6:228, 252, 294

Milzprobleme 19:534, 541–542, 577

Mimeosaurus 20:78, 99, 101–102, 104

crassus 20:293.

Mimicry

abstract mimicry (homotypy) 16:157, 160, 164, 169–174, 180, 190, 193, 215

aposematic/cryptic coloration 16:157, 160, 175–178, 183–187, 196–198, 206, 210

arthropods 16:17, 155–158, 160, 163, 217

automimicry 16:208–209

Batesian 16:48, 63, 155, 157, 160–162, 190, 206

beetles 16:206–208

behavior 16:158–162, 187–196

body size 16:166–167, 206, 209–210

by Boiga 16:196–197

by insects 16:170–174, 216

camouflage (see crypsis)

centipedes 16:206

“charming” birds 16:214–215

classification 16:158–160, 163, 209

concordant geographic patterns 16:174, 183–187, 191–192, 194, 197–198, 215

concrete mimicry (homotypy) 16:160, 209

controversies 16:156–159, 161–162, 168, 174–205, 215

coral snakes (see Coral-snake mimicry)

crypsis 16:48, 159, 162, 191, 205

definition (see classifications)

difficulties of studying 16:160, 162–163, 172–173, 180–181, 194, 197, 199, 205

dual mimics 16:169–170, 185–186

egg-eating snakes (see Egg-eating snakes)

empathic learning 16:168, 190, 194, 196

evolution 16:157, 190–191, 194, 197, 199, 205

experiments 16:156–157, 163, 175, 180, 187–191, 196, 202–204, 206, 210, 212, 215–216

feeding 16:212–215

female (see sexual)

frequency models versus mimics 16:156, 180–183

generalization versus precision (see Mimicry,

abstract mimicry)

genetics 16:157, 168, 172

geography 16:172, 181–182, 184

historical development 16:155–158, 174–175

homotypy 16:159–164

human biases 16:162–163, 202, 217

innate avoidance of models 16:168, 176, 179, 187–191, 215

intraspecific (deception) 16:208–210, 215

learning 16:168, 190, 194, 196

lethality of model 16:164–168, 180, 183, 190–191, 194

lizards 16:173–174, 200–201, 205–208, 242, 252

lures 16:212–215

Mertensian mimicry 16:183

model, mimics, and dupes 16:159–162

Müllerian 16:155, 158, 160–161, 183, 194, 197

noxiousness (see lethality of model; palatability

spectrum)

objections (see controversies)

other defenses 16:158, 161

palatability spectrum 16:158, 167

paradox of deadly model 16:168, 183

pheromones 16:210

phylogenetic aspects 16:161–162, 181

predictions of theory 16:168–205

properties of model 16:164

ratio models to mimics 16:156, 168–169

scorpions 16:205–206

sea snakes 16:183

selective agents 16:156, 170–171, 194, 206

senses 16:162–163, 176–180, 199–200, 202, 217

sexual 16:160, 209–210, 215

taxonomic distribution 16:162–164

theory 16:63, 156–157, 164–170, 180

tripartite nature 16:159

uncertainty of venom delivery 16:166–167

unprofitable prey 16:210–212

venomous snakes (mimicry of) 16:155, 164–205

venomous snakes (unusual features) 16:164– 170, 216

vertebrates 16:164

vocal mimicry 16:199–200

weapon automimicry 16:208–209

Mimophis 19:167, 226

ear 2:272

mahfalensis 19:209

pituitary 3:185

Mineral

deposits 1:63

oil(s) 5:65, 97; 8:566

Mineralization 1:92, 146

Mineralocorticoids 5:470

Miniature

eggs 8:459–460, 465–467

end-plate potentials (see Miniature junctional

potentials)

junctional potentials 11:285, 288

Miniaturization 20:579, 590

Minimum

convex polygon 9:60

lethal dose (MLD) 8:438

Minor member of double cell 2:3, 42, 44–46

single cone (see Type A2 cone)

Mintacol 6:280

Miocene 4:274; 20:594

vertebrae 20:367

Miodon

acanthias 20:620

collaris 20:620

dentition 1:177

jaw muscles 4:481

notatus 20:620

robustus 20:621

MIT (see Monoiodotyrosine)

Mites 5:27

Mitochondria 2:33, 35, 38–39, 43, 46–47, 57–61, 77, 180, 213, 285, 288, 305–314; 3:121–122, 125, 237–238, 241, 244, 289, 306, 318, 327–328, 334, 338, 340–341; 5:225, 242, 415, 418–419, 422–423, 427, 433, 437, 439, 467; 6:33, 45, 47–48, 75, 79–80, 110–112, 238, 241–242, 252, 257–260, 263–264, 275, 279–280, 284–285, 289, 291–295; 8:289–291, 514–518; 11:267, 275, 281–282, 293–294, 315, 320; 19:16, 29, 340, 494–498, 501, 504, 511, 515

apical ridge cell 15:64–65

corpora luteal cell 14:64–65, 580

follicle cell 14:57, 59, 61

limb mesoderm cell 15:66, 73, 108

oocyte 14:51–52, 54, 56, 64

oogonial 14:51

primordial germ cell 14:44; 15:170

rete cell 15:146

-rich cells 8:125

somitic cell 15:67–69, 104

thymocyte 14:619

Mitochondrial activity

in chronic epithelium 15:564

“cement” 14:60

crescent 15:159

DNA 15:437–438, 440, 490

Mitochondrion 9:415

Mitogens 14:643, 660

Mitoses

and cell shape 14:709

in follicle cells 14:58

in lymphoblasts 14:619

in oogonia 14:51

in pituitary cells 14:709

Mitosis 6:76, 113; 8:472

in regeneration blastema 15:352–353, 358

Mitotic figures 2:166; 3:75, 207

Mitral cell 10:309

Mittelplatte (see Vomerine cushion)

Mittelraum (see Vestibulum)

Mixed tubules 8:87

“Mixing” hypothesis 5:275, 281

Mm. (see Musculus)

Mochlus 7:141

Mode of reproduction (see Life history traits;

Parental care)

Models 12:39–40, 216, 219, 222, 245

autoregulation of blood flow 12:245

Bertalanffy 13:284–285, 287–290

blood viscosity 12:248, 250

circannial rhythms 13:215

copper 12:294

cutaneous water loss 12:277

energy budget 13:244–249

energy exchange 12:275–321

evaporative water loss 12:252

fitness 13:134

growth 13:236, 284–290, 304

heat flow 12:247–252, 280–281, 296–300

life history 13:241–244, 256–261

logistic 13:285–290

optimality (see Costs and benefits)

reproductive strategies 12:305

respiratory water loss 12:277

temperature regulation 12:47–48, 214, 217, 219, 221, 255, 301

water flux 12:487–493

Moisture conservation 18:139

Molar 1:160

Molariform teeth 1:124

Mole 9:431

Molecular

biology 14:5

layer 18:443

sieves 3:27

weight(s) 5:48, 59; 8:304, 319

Molluscivorous habit 1:121, 150, 164, 170–171, 192

Mollusk(s) 8:6

regeneration 15:303

Moloch 5:381, 387; 7:20, 305–306, 320, 488; 9:331; 12:107, 360; 16:30, 59, 61, 137, 462–465, 474, 512; 20:94, 97–98, 100–103, 161; 21:78, 80, 398, 400, 402

axial skeleton 1:258

dentition 1:159–160

eye 2:27

horridus 20:294, 305

Molting 5:378

cycle 3:1104, 209, 220–222, 224–225; 5:36

Molybdenum 8:174

Monestrus species 15:37–38, 40, 51–52

Mongoose 8:378

Monimostyly 11:218, 242

Monjurosuchus 21:166

Monkey 8:456, 476, 481, 486, 511

Monoamine(s) 10:10, 248, 252; 12:229, 242

oxidase 5:416; 6:231, 238, 240, 249, 280, 282, 284, 293, 295–296, 300; 10:280; 12:235; 17:399

Monoaminergic neuron 10:252

system 10:275

Monoclonius, eye 2:80

Monocytes 3:74, 83, 86–87, 102–104, 107; 14:603, 606, 609, 612, 642

Monoiodotyrosine 3:201–202, 214–215

Monomesokinetic 20:49

Monometakinetic 20:49–51

Mononeury in M. iliocostalis 11:403, 431

Monopeltis 12:459; 15:625–626, 669; 16:114; 19:557; 21:142, 622–624, 632–633, 635, 648, 676, 678–679, 682, 687–689, 695, 699, 707

anchietae 21:699, 701, 706–707, 731

axial skeleton 1:271–273, 276–278

capensis 21:626, 699, 706, 731

chondrocranium 11:126–128, 131–135

decosteri 21:699, 703, 706–707, 731

ear 2:268, 271

infuscata 21:699, 702, 706–707, 731

jaw muscles 4:480

jugularis 21:626, 699

leonhardi 21:699, 706–707, 731

nose 2:120, 122, 127

rhodesianus 21:699–700, 706–707, 732

sphenorhynchus 21:626, 699

sphenorhyncus 21:732

zambezensis 21:699, 704, 706–707, 732

Monophyly of reptiles 1:39

Monorhiny 14:456, 458–459

Monosaccharides 8:640–642

Monotremata 19:575–577

ear 2:263

Monotreme(s) 14:7; 21:83–84

caruncle 14:451

penis 15:240

Monovalent 8:574

Montane reptiles 5:193, 195

situations 5:196

species 15:618, 624, 626, 638

Montaspis 19:225

gilvomaculata 19:209

Montatheris 19:219

hindii 19:192; 20:499, 618

Montivipera

raddei 20:619

xanthina 20:619

Mopsköpfigkeit (see Brachycephaly)

Morel-Sisley reaction 6:252

Morelia (see also Liasis; Python) 5:248; 7:393, 498; 8:691; 12:127, 198; 14:652, 662; 16:285, 289, 300–303; 17:373, 375; 19:156, 161, 234

amethistina 19:154, 161, 186, 414–415 (as Liasis

amethystinus), 419; 20:442, 605

argus 20:605

blood cell morphology 3:77, 82

blood chemistry 3:35–36

boeleni 19:187; 20:442, 605

carinata 19:187; 20:440

eye 2:52

jaw muscles 4:481

pit organs 2:289, 292–293, 295, 301, 303, 307

spilota 19:64, 125, 140, 145, 154, 161, 187, 328, 356; 20:605

viridis 19:161, 187; 20:440, 605

Morelini 20:435

Morethia 16:118, 250, 464–465, 517; 21:397

lineocellata 20:307

urinogenital system 6:105

Mormosaurus 9:299

Morphine 8:654

Morphocline 20::459, 483, 491, 547, 556

Morphogenetic

fields 1:325; 8:149

mechanisms 14:587–589, 682

movements 14:17, 713

Morphological

alterations 5:159

of organ systems 5:128

differences 5:378

examination 5:414

factors 5:226, 371

intermediacy 15:440–441

properties of blood 5:225

specializations 5:172

Morphology (see also Anatomy) 5:39, 63, 101, 431, 433; 18:116, 124, 149, 191, 199; 19:1–82, 375–416, 534–535, 577

antipredator mechanisms 16:24, 28–29, 38–39, 56–57, 67, 133–134, 208–209

anterior rib elongation 16:39

fangs, for spitting 16:39

gliding/parachuting 16:51, 57

horns/spines 16:30, 52, 59, 130

lung 5:226

noxious flesh 16:43, 56, 127

rattlesnake rattle (see Rattlesnakes)

reptilian 5:100

scales/osteoderms 16:34, 36, 59, 192–193

skin tearing 16:32, 51–52

sound production (see Antipredator mechanisms)

tail autotomy (see Caudal autotomy; Tails)

toe fringes 16:29, 51, 57–58

Morphometric

data 5:232; 14:14, 305, 394–395

diffusing capacity 19:56–58

Morphometry 19:10, 12, 18, 24, 36, 49–65

Morphospace 21:58

Mortality (see also Caudal autotomy; Embryos; Life

history traits, survivorship; Nests) 12:302; 13:67, 77, 109, 125–129, 243, 299, 303

Crocodilia 7:231–234, 237

density dependence 16:419

rates 16:342, 404–405

Sauria 7:173–185

Serpentes (see also Survivorship) 7:218–224

Morunasaurus 20:79, 89

annularis 20:292

groi 20:305

Mosaic

basking 12:144

chromatophore (see Coloration, chromatophore)

evolution 4:166

pattern 1:312, 314–315, 319–323, 325–330, 334–337

Mosaics, chromosomal 15:453

Mosasaur(s)(ids) 5:437; 9:65, 296; 13:2; 15:333; 20:352, 366–367, 582, 584, 86–588, 591; 21:17, 123, 172, 569–570, 574, 603

Mosasauridae 20:196; 21:484, 593

chondrocranium 11:114, 149

dentition 1:171

eye 2:32, 79

skull 4:245, 267–268

Mosasauroids 20:75

Mosasaurus 21:82

dentition 1:171

eye 2:32

hoffmanni 21:145

Moschops 9:299

Moschorhinus 9:299

Mosquitoes 5:27

Moths 5:2

Motility, gastric 10:21

Motivators (see Reinforcement)

Motoneuron

gamma 10:78

spinal 10:69, 72, 75, 78, 84, 92, 96, 117, 119, 122–123, 125–126, 206

trigeminal 10:225

Motor

end-plate (see also Motor terminal)

development 15:630

insertion 21:202

nerve 11:333

reflexes 5:51

tendon 21:256, 258, 264

terminal 11:266–268, 270, 275, 277, 286, 317, 326, 335

Mounting (see Mating)

Mourasuchus, skull 4:270–271, 275, 279

Mouse 8:94, 101–104, 381, 463, 471–472, 475, 484, 486, 508–509, 511–512, 523, 528, 594–595; 21:332

development 14:13

epidermis 14:531, 551

lymphocytes 14:643

mast cells 14:624

oocytes 14:55

palatal shelves 14:424

Mouth (see also Oral cavity) 5:101; 11:61, 234; 20:371, 385, 392, 394, 401, 412, 535, 548, 573, 577, 585–586

brooding 15:529

formation 14:137

-gaping 18:463, 478

Movement

detection 10:293

of axilla (see Fangs, erection)

MRF (see Reticular formation)

Mucicarmin 6:246, 264

Mucilaginous cell 6:91

Mucin(s) 3:238; 6:36, 234, 244–245, 287, 291; 8:58

Mucinase (see Hyaluronidase)

Muco-ciliary escalator 19:353

Muco-cilatory band 19:14

Muco-sereux 8:45

Muco-serous cells 6:299

gland 2:11

Mucocytes 8:48, 56, 68, 80

Mucoid

cells 3:156; 5:424; 6:235, 244, 268

substance 6:36, 234, 246

Mucopolysaccharide(s) 3:238; 5:418, 422, 491; 6:272, 301; 14:375, 530, 567; 18:200

urodeal epithelium 15:198

Mucoprotein 3:156, 209; 6:43, 237

Mucosa 19:506

negative 5:384

of digestive tract 6:159, 222, 458

of esophagus 6:235–239, 242–243, 263, 301

of intestine 6:243, 274–277, 279291, 293, 297, 300–302, 416–417, 419, 423

of oviduct 6:85, 87, 91–92

of stomach 6:225, 235, 243–247, 249–250, 252–253, 255, 263, 265–272

Mucosal lymphatic net

of esophagus 6:410–411

of large intestine 6:421–424

of rectum 6:425

small intestine 6:415–416, 420–421

stomach 6:413, 415

urinary bladder 6:435–436

Mucosubstance 3:292

Mucous 2:157, 159, 175; 6:268, 276, 290, 293, 297; 19:353, 506

cells 3:122, 128; 6:34, 38, 42, 85, 90, 244–247, 251–252, 265, 268, 272, 276, 287, 298–299, 301;8:45, 47, 122; 14:624

gland 2:11, 154, 158, 176, 180–181, 201

membranes 5:48

secretion 6:40–41, 92, 241, 289

Mucus (see Mucous)

Muellerianella, parthenogenesis 15:493

Müller cells 2:33–34, 36, 38–39, 53, 57–59, 61, 78

Müllerian

canal (see Müllerian duct)

duct(s) (see also Oviduct) 14:150, 440–441; 15:152, 174–175, 184, 190, 192–193, 199–202, 241, 243–245, 249, 261, 264, 269, 280–281; 19:40

as gestation chamber 15:529

degeneration (regression) 15:152, 182–185, 191, 243, 247, 253, 265, 268, 272, 277

effect of estrogens 15:253–254, 256, 260–262

effect of oxytocin 15:588

effect of testes 15:180, 183, 245–246

effect of testosterone 15:184, 249–253

explanted in vitro 15:245, 251, 253

in male embryos 15:180, 185

malformations 15:185

vascularity 15:536

epithelium 6:52

mimicry (see Coral-snake mimicry; Mimicry)

plague 6:54–55

Müllerscher Trichter (see Ostium abdominale)

Multicellular plants 5:156

Multimodal cell 10:291

Multiple

inert gas elimination technique (MIGET) 19:332–333

innervation (see Plurisegmental innervation;

Polyneuronal innervation)

physiological optima 12:40, 45, 145

she-males 18:149, 152, 483

within-sex phenotypes 18:80, 86–87

Multivariant analyses (see Statistical analyses)

Multivesicular bodies 2:58; 5:433; 6:112, 259, 261, 284, 286, 289, 292

Multiway contingency analyses (see Statistical

analyses)

Mumps 14:664

Mundplatte (see Rictal plate)

Munsell system of color notation (see Coloration)

Mundplatt 21:614

Muraenosaurus 9:297

Muramidase 8:321

Murichthys 16:204

Murophis 16:204

Mus

muscle tissue 11:287, 289, 292

musculus 18:489

thymus 3:118, 120, 122, 127

Muscarinic

agents 11:290–291, 296

antagonist 10:25, 27

binding 18:446

Muschel (see Concha)

Muschelförmige Wulst (see Concha)

Muschelwulst (see also Concha) 2:105–106, 109, 111, 168–169, 183

Muschelzone (see Conchal zone)

Muscle(s) (musculature) (see also Musculus;

Smooth muscle; Striated muscle) 3:126, 220; 5:58, 65, 82–85, 196, 228–229, 233; 9:434, 436; 12:333, 342, 347–348, 351; 13:19, 25, 32, 70, 72, 87, 95; 16:130, 289–291; 19:52, 94, 107, 120–121, 333, 340, 376, 384, 386, 392, 394, 401, 404, 409, 413, 460, 512, 547, 549

abdominal 15:592; 21:209

abducens complex 14:429

activity 5:86, 234, 319

adductor 20:17, 62, 67, 74, 82–83, 97, 116, 119, 136, 149, 176, 180, 185, 189, 194, 212, 220, 229, 234, 236, 240, 243, 248, 254, 256–257, 275, 282, 284, 366, 377, 422, 426, 430, 452, 488, 522

anterior pterygoid 14:422

architecture 21:201, 204

axial (see also Axial musculature) 21:60, 217

biochemistry 21:205

body wall 11:278

branchial 10:27, 30

bulbospinal 19:383

cardiac 8:480, 508; 11:265–266, 292; 19:379, 387, 392

caudal 15:317–323, 330, 334, 361, 368

circular 19:383

compact 19:381, 406

contraction 19:398, 430

costocutaneous 17:458

dedifferentiation 15:359

development 14:160, 622

diaphragmatic 11:278

differentiation 15:356, 383, 386

digastric 5:65

dorsal constrictor 20:376, 384, 416, 442, 474, 476, 492, 496, 502, 504, 507, 556, 558, 565, 589, 591

dorsal-lateral sheets 5:231–232

dorsal longitudinal 11:278

efficiency 19:469

epaxial 5:318; 21:60–61; 20:62, 422, 466, 471, 474, 586

esophageal 5:358–359

external adductor 20:60, 108, 110, 259

external mandibular adductors 20:460

extrafusal fiber 10:78

extraocular 11:20–21, 50, 68, 84, 166, 190, 199, 279, 293, 295

extrinsic eye 21:539

fascia 14:529, 560, 563

fiber types 21:204

fibers 8:90; 13:95; 19:121, 126, 382–383, 390, 401–402

skeletal 8:454–469, 508, 512

smooth 8:439, 473–474, 508, 522, 524

stimulation 8:110

fibers in coordination 8:441

fine structure 11:265, 273–277

geniohyoid 14:427

glycolysis 21:208

histochemistry 21:208

homologies 4:5, 21, 458, 460, 466–471

hypaxial 15:318–319; 19:46, 338, 340; 20:586

hypobranchial 10:206

ilio-costal 15:123

inferior oblique 21:578

innervation 11:325–327

intercostal 5:229, 231, 235; 11:276, 278; 19:46

intracranial 20:28

iris 11:294, 338

jaw adductor 20:16, 53–54, 60, 63, 430, 488

jumping 11:308, 317

lactate 19:463

lateral rectus 17:334

leg 11:273, 276, 278, 282, 288, 298, 302, 306, 310, 314, 317

lingual 14:427

liver 5:358–359

longitudinal 5:65

mandibular adductors 20:377, 477, 492, 508, 549, 579

maxillary retractor 20:393

middle ear 11:279

monoarticular 21:203

morphology 11:273–284

noise 5:88

oblique 21:539

oculomotor 14:122, 131–133, 173, 429–430

of accommodation 2:51, 84

of autotomy segment 15:316

of eye (see also Muscles, extraocular) 2:4, 8, 14–15, 48–50, 63, 75

of extracolumella (see Tympanic muscle)

of larynx 14:436

of mandibular arch 14:122

of pectoral girdle 14:155

of rudimentary limbs 15:122–123

one-joint 21:202, 204

oviducal 11:314–316; 15:587, 592

papillary 5:308; 19:403

parallel-fibered 21:201

paravertebral 11:278–279, 286

pectineal 19:404, 406, 411, 415–416

physiology 11:265, 284–291

pinnate 21:201

posterior adductor 20:157, 184, 196

posterior rectus 10:238

postural 11:274

pulmonary 5:229

rectus group 19:46

rectus of the eye 21:533

regeneration 15:356, 359, 368

relaxants 5:53

respiratory 5:229; 19:306, 311

retractor of maxilla 21:562

ridge 19:378, 384, 386–387 (see for synonomies), 390, 392, 404, 406–413, 415–416, 427–428, 441, 445, 447, 449–451

scale elevators 11:278, 285, 287, 289

scars 21:204

septal 19:44, 386, 392, 395

shaker (rattlesnake) 11:285, 293, 300, 314

single-joint (see Muscle, one-joint)

skeletal 11:265–314

smooth 10:1, 27; 11:265, 294, 314–316, 335, 338; 19:11–12, 14, 17, 43–44, 46, 63–64, 76, 108–109, 146, 149–150, 155, 396, 454, 489, 495, 504, 506, 511

in amnion 14:381

spasms 5:52

specific (see Musculus)

spindle(s) (see also Spindles) 9:434, 437; 11:266, 316–333, 335, 338; 17:454

spindle development 15:360

spinospiral 19:382

stomach 11:338

striated 5:358–359; 19:11, 406

striated costal 5:229

striated in thymus 14:622–623

subdivision 21:200

subvertebral 20:416, 504, 508

superficial adductor 20:194

superior oblique 10:238

suprazonal group 21:76

tail 11:266–267, 277, 282–283, 292

tension 5:28

terminology 21:192

thigh 11:282

tissue 19:111, 405

tongue 11:293

transverse 19:46

transverse ridge 19:133

triceps-coracoid head 21:263, 409

triceps-lateral humeral head 21:264, 409

triceps-medial humeral head 21:264, 410

triceps-scapular head 21:263, 409

trunk 11:282–283; 14:153

two-joint 21:203–204, 247, 261

uterine 15:591–592

vascular 11:314–315

vascular bed 5:315

vascular resistance 5:311

venom gland 15:654

ventral-lateral sheets 5:231–232

ventricular 5:359; 19:383, 406

Y 21:596

Muscular

contractions 5:190

dystrophy 11:266

lymphatic net of esophagus (see Superficial

lymphatic net of esophagus)

lymphatic net of large intestine 6:422–423

lymphatic net of small intestine (see also Subserosal

lymphatic net of small intestine) 6:417, 419, 423

lymphatic net of stomach 6:413

lymphatic net of urinary bladder 6:434

ridge 5:278–279, 281–282

Musculo-tendinous bundles 11:356, 374, 376, 382, 387–389, 391, 398–402, 415, 428, 430–431

Musculoskeletal 19:94

Musculotropic action 8:457

Musculus(i) (M., Mm.) (see also Muscles)

abdomino-costalis 11:379, 427

abductor digiti minimi 4:19–20, 22, 25, 40, 44, 48–51, 92–94

abductor digiti minimi brevis (see M. abductor

digiti minimi)

abductor digiti quinti 21:386, 391, 421

abductor digiti quinti dorsalis 4:42

abductor digiti quinti volaris (see M. abductor

digiti minimi)

abductor digiti I (see M. supinator manus)

abductor digiti V (see M. abductor digiti

minimi)

abductor femoris (see M. iliofemoralis)

abductor hallucis 4:59, 62, 71, 73, 77, 81, 83–85

abductor pollicis (see M. abductor pollicis

brevis; M. extensor radialis intermedius;

M. supinator manus)

abductor pollicis brevis 4:19, 22, 25, 40, 44, 48–49, 51, 92–94

abductor pollicis dorsalis 4:42

abductor pollicis volaris (see M. abductor

pollicis brevis)

acromialis (see M. deltoideus)

adductor brevis 21:359

adductor dentalis 4:443

adductor digiti minimi 4:19, 44–45, 48, 50, 92–94

adductor digiti quarti et quinti (see M. adductor

digiti minimi)

adductor digiti quinti (see also M. peroneus

posterior) 21:386, 391, 421

adductor et extensor hallucis et indicus 21:365, 386, 388, 421

adductor externus (see M. adductor mandibulae

externus)

adductor externus medialis 20:460, 579

adductor externus profundus (see also M.

adductor mandibulae externus medialis) 8:119; 20:377, 393

adductor externus superficialis 8:90, 105, 111

adductor femoris (see also M. puboischiofemoralis

externus) 4:52, 56, 62, 68–69, 71–72, 74–75, 80, 95–96; 15:85; 21:327–328, 338, 351, 359–361, 363, 418

adductor hallucis dorsalis (see M. extensor

hallucis proprius)

adductor humeri (see M. supracoracoideus)

adductor internus pterygoideus (see M.

pterygoideus)

adductor internus temporalis (see M.

pseudotemporalis)

adductor labii inferioris 4:346–347

adductor mandibulae 2:195, 197; 4:101–118, 128–142, 150–152, 164, 237, 246, 275, 285–286, 292–307, 315–319, 326, 354, 356, 367, 369, 373, 375–376, 390–391, 394, 401, 407, 414–417, 422–425, 430, 433, 466–471; 11:124, 214

adductor mandibulae 1b (see also M. compressor

glandulae; M. levator anguli oris) 4:285, 293, 295–296, 311–312, 317, 322, 329–330, 341, 349–350, 355, 359, 361, 363, 378, 382, 387–388, 396, 401–402, 407–408, 415, 422–423, 431–434, 436, 450–451, 455, 458–462, 464, 466–467, 460–470

adductor mandibulae anterior et posterior

(see M. intermandibularis)

adductor mandibulae externus 4:102, 105, 107–110, 114, 119, 124–129, 131–137, 143, 150–151, 285–288, 306, 308, 311, 313–315, 317–319, 323, 351–355, 359, 367, 369, 371–372, 375–377, 380, 382, 386, 391, 396, 399, 405, 414–416, 421–422, 424–425, 431–432, 435, 438–439, 443–445, 448, 450, 466–471, 473; 11:216

adductor mandibulae externus 1 (see M. adductor

mandibulae externus superficialis)

adductor mandibulae externus 1a (see M. compressor

glandulae; M. levator anguli oris)

adductor mandibulae externus 1b posterior 4:402

adductor mandibulae externus 1c (see M.

retractor anguli oris)

adductor mandibulae externus 2 (see M. adductor

mandibulae externus medialis)

adductor mandibulae externus 2a 4:299–302, 323–324, 328, 332, 338, 380, 389, 397, 399–402, 435, 466

adductor mandibulae externus 2b 4:299–302, 304, 323–324, 328, 332, 338, 379, 389, 397, 399–401, 435, 466

adductor mandibulae externus 2c 4:299–302, 304, 397, 399–404, 406, 435

adductor mandibulae externus 2d 4:299–301, 312

adductor mandibulae externus 2e 4:299, 312

adductor mandibulae externus 3 (see M. adductor

mandibulae externus profundus)

adductor mandibulae externus 3a 4:300, 303–304, 306–307, 313, 318, 333–335, 363, 366, 376, 378–379, 388, 390, 402–404, 406, 415, 460, 464

adductor mandibulae externus 3a anterior 4:378–379

adductor mandibulae externus 3a posterior 4:378–379

adductor mandibulae externus 3b 4:300, 303–304, 314, 317, 324, 332, 334–335, 338, 341, 344, 350, 353, 356–357, 360, 363–364, 366, 376, 378–381, 383, 388–390, 401–404, 406, 415, 434, 460, 464, 470–471

adductor mandibulae externus 3c 4:378–380, 389, 402, 404, 406, 460, 464

adductor mandibulae externus 3d 4:460, 464

adductor mandibulae externus anterior

(see M. adductor mandibulae externus

superficialis)

adductor mandibulae externus medialis (see

also M. adductor mandibulae posterior) 4:102, 107–109, 111–112, 119, 131, 133, 135–138, 143, 286–288, 293–299, 301–302, 304, 312–314, 317–318, 322–323, 330, 333–336, 341–343, 349–350, 353, 356, 361, 363–364, 371–372, 375–376, 378–380, 382–383, 386, 388–389, 394, 396–400, 402–403, 405, 407, 409–410, 414–416, 422, 431–436, 438–439, 442–445, 451–452, 454–455, 458–461, 463–471, 474; 8:84

adductor mandibulae externus medialis a (see

M. adductor mandibulae externus 2a)

adductor mandibulae externus medialis v (see

M. adductor mandibulae externus 2b)

adductor mandibulae externus medialis c (see

M. adductor mandibulae externus 2c)

adductor mandibulae externus medialis

dorsalis 4:467–469, 471

adductor mandibulae externus medialis

posterior 4:349–350

adductor mandibulae externus medialis

profundus 4:467

adductor mandibulae externus medialis

ventralis 4:467–468

adductor mandibulae externus posterior

(see M. adductor mandibulae externus

profundus)

adductor mandibulae externus profundus

(see also M. pseudotemporalis) 4:102, 105, 107–113, 119, 131, 133, 135–136,143, 222, 246, 286–288, 296, 298, 300, 303–304, 307, 312, 314, 317–319, 323–324, 331, 333–336, 341, 344, 349–350, 353, 356, 361, 363, 365–366, 371–372, 376, 378–379, 383, 386, 388–389, 394, 396, 399–400, 402–404, 406–407, 409–411, 414–416, 422–425, 431–436, 439–445, 451–455, 457–471, 474; 8:84, 105, 119

adductor mandibulae externus profundus

dorsalis 4:341, 344

adductor mandibulae externus profundus

ventralis 4:341, 344