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Obere
Ausbuchtung (see Dorsal recess)
Nasendrüse (see External nasal gland)
Oberhäutchen 9:409, 430; 18:154
layer 14:533–535, 538–540, 542–544, 546, 556–557, 564, 575, 577, 580, 584
layer of skin 12:404–405
Oberlieferfortsatz (see Maxillary process)
Obesity 19:524
Obex 10:204, 213; 18:42
Obligatory hibernators 13:66–67
Oblique muscle 6:451
Observation time 5:129
Obturator
fenestra (see Thyroid fenestra)
foramen 21:34, 137–139, 144, 191
lymphatic vessels 6:342
nerve 4:53,63
Occipital 4:108, 316, 374, 419–420
arch(es) 4:249, 251–252; 11:10, 12–13, 15, 28–29, 37, 40–41, 44–46, 52, 56, 59, 66, 74, 93, 117, 121, 136–138, 140–141, 144–145, 151, 159–160, 166, 170, 173, 193–194, 197, 204–207, 209, 211, 213, 231, 238, 242; 14:125; 20:10–11, 25, 28, 30, 33, 589
bones 20:363, 374, 381–382, 392, 408, 414, 416, 478, 526
condyle 1:7, 22, 106, 204, 210, 226–227, 273–274, 289–290; 4:116–117, 147, 204–205, 211–214, 216–221, 224–225, 238, 253, 256–257; 11:12, 15, 22, 28–29, 36–38, 52, 56, 59–60, 66, 68, 76, 93, 106, 112, 123, 140, 144, 150–151, 160, 173, 179, 185, 192, 209, 211, 213, 218, 224, 238, 240, 242–243; 20:28, 70, 75, 115, 124, 128, 135, 137, 156, 163, 192, 215, 232, 238, 246, 248, 357, 382, 398, 405, 408, 416, 432, 438, 4762, 475, 478, 480, 507, 511, 513, 525–526, 540–541, 543, 566; 21:544
muscles 11:366
pillar 9:3
recess 11:29, 112; 20:28, 75–76, 78, 88, 91, 101–102, 104–105, 112, 115, 124, 127, 135, 147, 150, 156, 163–164, 172, 182–183, 204, 207, 209, 215, 222, 225, 231, 234, 238, 240, 270, 281–282
region 11:25–30, 39, 56, 121–123, 134, 144, 197–198, 213, 238
segment 20:47–49, 51, 54–55, 58–59
surface 4:201, 203
tectum 11:3, 29, 53, 59, 80, 93, 116, 193, 197, 204, 240
Occipito
-capsular fissure 11:138, 140–141, 145, 166, 173, 204
-vertebral joint 1:210; 20:408, 257, 288–290
Occiput 20:7, 77, 93, 129, 139, 152, 159, 161, 167, 175, 211, 213, 219, 227, 237, 257, 579, 585, 587, 590, 592
Occlusal (surface of tooth) 1:118, 189
Occlusion 1:118
Occult excitement 5:37
Ocellus(i) 1:318; 2:279
Octadecanolide 18:203
Ocular
membranes 5:374, 381
shield 2:49
water loss 12:290, 445, 453–454, 472–476
Oculomotor
foramen 4:205, 224, 229
nerve 2:7, 11, 41, 49–50, 74; 11:15, 21–22, 24, 40–41, 74, 90, 105–106, 112, 115–116, 121, 124, 155, 160, 163, 187, 189, 195, 210, 217, 224, 229, 231, 236–237, 243; 14:133, 429
Oculorotatory
muscles (see Muscles of eye)
nerves (see Abducens; Oculomotor; Trochlear
nerves)
Ocypoda 16:397, 403
Odatria 19:32; 20:229
axial skeleton 1:261
Odaxosaurus 20:196
Odland bodies (see Lamellar bodies)
Odontoblast(s) 1:125, 142, 144, 146; 11:39; 14:526
Odontoceti 19:538
Odontoclast 1:142, 144, 146–147
Odontogenic epithelium 1:125
Odontoid process 1:204, 226–228, 236, 273, 276, 288–289; 11:37–38, 41, 56, 137, 144, 192; 21:544–545
process of the axis 20:408
Odontology (see Dentition)
Odoriferous gland 14:413
Odor(s) 18:144–145, 160–163, 170, 182–184, 195, 199, 202, 204
cloacal 18:470–471
discrimination, premating isolating
mechanism 18:471
conditioning 18:425, 475
electrophysiological response to 18:451–452, 455
excitation 18:453, 455
suppression 18:453, 455
habitat 18:465
habituation 18:425, 486
imprinting to 18:426, 465–466
orientation to 18:426
prey washes 18:456
production 18:426
social 18:465
Oedura 7:51, 57, 468; 8:681; 12:122, 253; 15:327– 328; 16:115, 259, 461, 463–465, 474, 513; 19:408, 418; 20:117–118, 121, 123, 296; 21:79–80, 3997
axial skeleton 1:259–260
dentition 1:162
ear 2:271
karrowia 20:296
monilis 20:306
nose 2:120
tryoni 20:306; 21:7
Oesophagus 4:158–159, 168, 173, 421; 11:146, 240, 368
Oestradiol 6:87 17β 6:101
Oestriol 6:87
Oestrogen 6:76–77, 80, 83–84, 90, 101, 103, 115
Oestrone 6:80, 87, 92
Oestrous 6:83, 90, 104
Öffnungsmuskel (see Dilator muscle of naris)
Ogmodon 8:24; 19:223; 20:545
dentition 1:177
vitianus 8:24; 19:197; 20:628
Oil-droplet(s) 2:2, 34–35, 41–42, 45–46, 48, 54, 65, 72, 76, 87–88; 17:12–18, 28, 40, 91, 99, 101–102, 137–138, 215
of cloves 18:203
of wintergreen 18:145
storage 1:311
Old Testament 8:95
Olecranon 1:95, 101, 109, 111; 4:17, 27
process 21:115–116, 264, 289, 302 3β-Ol-dehydrogenase 6:102
Oleic acid(s) 18:123, 194, 199; 19:351
Olfaction (see also Odors) 8:2; 18:119, 124, 127, 132, 162, 173, 178, 181–182, 190, 194, 196, 206, 355, 424; 19:46
cues 18:127, 129, 132, 160–161, 171, 180–182, 196
homing 18:466
imprinting 18:465–466
nerves 18:125, 132, 426, 433–435, 438
effects of transection 18:494
electrophysiology 18:452–454
EOG recording 18:451
role in reproductive behavior 18:467
olfactometer 18:160–161, 183, 204
receptor 18:124
stimuli 18:355
system 18:127, 132–133, 424
anterior nucleus 18:441–443, 445–447
anterior nucleus, development 18:447
bulbs 18:203
bulbs, accessory 18:433, 435, 440–450, 455–457, 495
bulbs, accesory, development 18:447
bulbs, accessory, electrophysiology 18:426, 455
bulbs, electrophysiology 18:452–454
bulbs, main 18:426, 431, 435, 440–443, 446–450
bulbs, main, development 18:447
epithelium 18:426–431, 436, 447–449, 451, 459
peduncle 18:441, 446
stalk 18:440
tract, accessory 18:443
tract, intermediate 18:442–443
tract, lateral 18:442
tract, lateral, nucleus 18:445–447
tract, medial 18:442–443
tubercle 18:442–443, 445
Olfactory
I 21:581–582
bulb 2:6, 104, 157; 5:94; 8:3; 9:9–10, 22, 29, 33, 44, 46, 55, 69–71, 74, 76, 78–79, 82–84, 86–87, 90–91, 94–97, 99, 102–103, 105–109, 111–113, 122, 126–128, 130–135, 149, 176, 178, 221, 229, 234, 305; 10:134–135, 249, 279, 302, 306, 309, 325; 11:17, 19–20, 22, 122, 124, 170, 179, 181–182, 240; 14:127, 129–130, 400; 17:599, 633; 20:362, 366, 388, 490
accessory 17:607
effect on maze learning 7:609
input 10:307
tract 10:306
tubercle 10:277, 303
capsule 9:3, 26, 34
cells 2:153, 156–158, 160, 162, 164
chamber (see Cavum nasi proprium; Conchal
zone)
cup 14:290
discrimination 7:583–584, 661
epithelium 2:104, 108–109, 118, 129, 131, 133, 136, 143, 151, 153, 155–156, 158–160, 162, 174–176, 181
foramen of fenestra 20:395, 405, 499, 560
gular movements 5:236
gular pumping 5:229
hairs 2:156–157, 162, 176
lobe 2:99
mucosa 11:18, 51
nerve (see also Nerve, olfactory) 2:99, 104, 114–115, 142–143, 160, 162, 164–165, 167, 181–182; 11:15–19, 22, 50, 79, 87, 89, 94, 96, 103, 122, 142–143, 160, 165, 170, 176, 179, 202, 219, 221, 235, 240; 14:129, 133–134
peduncle 9:9–10, 33, 44, 55, 77, 82, 102, 106, 115, 117, 123, 130; 11:20, 22, 24, 32, 93, 104, 110–111, 124, 143, 155, 185, 195, 212, 237, 240; 19:322
pigment 2:157, 159
pit 14:95, 100, 290
process of frontal 20:402, 404–405, 414
region 2:105–109, 111–113
rod 2:157
tract (2) 2:6; 4:228, 232, 251; 9:29, 33, 70, 79, 81, 83, 91, 99, 112, 120, 122; 20:10, 16, 26, 128, 131, 136, 149, 158, 165, 476
tubule 9:235
vesicle(s) 15:14
Oligocene 4:267, 272
reptiles 15:394
Oligodon 7:502; 8:693; 16:15, 147, 232–233; 18:437; 19:211, 230
affinis 19:211
albocinctus 19:211; 20:641
ancorus 19:211
arnensis 19:153, 211; 20:641
barroni 19:211
bitorquatus 19:127, 211; 20:641
brevicaudus 19:211
calamarius 19:164, 211
catenata 20:641
chinensis 19:142, 211
cinereus 19:153, 211; 20:571, 581, 641
cruentatus 19:211
cyclurus 19:153, 211
dorsalis 19:211
ear 2:272
everetti 19:211
fasciolatus 19:211
formosanus (“formosus”) 19:211; 20:641
lacroixi 19:211
maculatus 19:211
meyerinkii 19:211
modestus 19:153, 211
ocellatus 19:164, 211
octolineatus 19:153, 211
ornatus 19:211
parathyroid 3:248
perkinsi 19:153, 211
purpurascens 19:153, 211
quadrilineatus 19:153, 211
signatus 19:211
subcarinatus 19:211
sublineatus 19:153, 211
taeniatus 19:211
taeniolatus 19:153, 211
theobaldi 19:211
torquatus 19:211
vertebralis 19:211
waandersi 19:153, 211
Oligodontini 19:230
Oligokyphus 9:133, 299
Oligodontosauridae 21:688
Oligontosaurus wyomingensis 21:688
Oligophyodonty 1:135
Oligosoma 19:409; 21:112, 397
fallai 21:112
grande 19:401–402, 409–410, 418
homalonotum 21:112
zelandicum 21:208
Oligosynaptic
cells 2:84–85, 90–91
pedicle 2:78–79
Omega oxidation 19:513
Omentum (see also Mesentery) 19:536–537
Ommateremias 16:140
Omnivore 8:606, 632–633
Omnivorous reptiles 5:388, 397, 404
Omohyoid muscle 6:375
Omyohyoideus 21:212
Omphalochorionic membrane 15:543
Omphalomesenteric
arteries 14:146
veins 14:146
Omphaloplacenta (see also Placenta, omphalo) 6:103
Omphalopleure
bilaminar 15:542, 546
trilaminar 15:540, 543, 546
On-off controller 12:214–222
On-Off response 10:291
Onchorhynchus mykiss 19:489, 544
Oncotic pressure (see Colloid osmotic pressure)
Ontogenetic
change 12:10; 13:243–244, 274–282
change in metabolism 13:184, 238
changes in tooth shape 1:124, 154, 170
variation 20:38, 176, 392, 573
Ontogeny (see also Age; Antipredator mechanisms;
Caudal autotomy; Development) 19:67, 151, 157, 560, 578; 21:19
of skull 4:249–253, 259
Oocyte(s) 6:50–51, 82–83, 92, 101, 104, 111, 120; 14:46, 51–56, 58–62, 64, 66–68, 70, 118, 317, 342
amoeboid movement 14:52
binucleate 14:51
degeneration 14:64
growth 15:265, 271, 463
maturation 15:462
Oogenesis 6:92, 104, 116; 12:230; 14:53, 51, 66, 69, 210
in parthenogenetic species 15:478–479
Oogonia 6:50–51, 79, 81–82, 111; 14:50–51, 342; 15:38, 463
Oolemma 6:84
Oophagous 20:549
Oophagy (see Eggs)
Operant conditioning 18:327
Operative
environment 12:275
environmental temperature (see Operative
temperature)
temperature 12:277, 294–295
Operculum 11:207, 222
Opetiosaurus, epiphyses and sesamoids 1:108
Opheodrys 5:134; 7:297, 226, 393, 502; 13:97, 104, 107, 115, 117, 122–123, 127–129, 131; 15:646, 651, 661–662, 671, 675; 16:50, 120, 147, 286, 295, 483, 519, 531, 543, 546; 19:231
adrenal 3:281
aestivus 19:211; 20:641
blood chemistry 3:51
ear 2:269, 272
vernalis 20:641
Ophiacodon 9:298–300
bone 1:75
dentition 1:193
origin and evolution 1:4
Ophiacodont 9:125, 298
Ophiacodontia
dentition 1:121, 193
origin and evolution 1:14, 35
Ophidia (see also Serpentes; Snakes) 5:19, 254, 337, 347, 349, 367, 369, 373, 377, 379, 386, 393, 453, 466, 487; 19:95, 97, 100, 104, 111, 115, 121, 126, 134, 158, 168, 412–418
adrenal 3:267, 271, 273–274, 284, 298
axial muscles 11:357–358, 360–362, 367, 376, 379, 382–383, 387, 389, 393–394–417, 421–423, 425, 427–432
axial skeleton 1:203, 207, 240–241, 247, 249–250, 252, 257, 259–260, 268, 276, 280–299, 301–302
blood cell morphology 3:77–79, 82, 84–85, 88
blood cell numbers 3:94, 97–98, 103
blood chemistry 3:1–3, 5–6, 10–11, 13, 15–22, 26, 28–29, 31, 34–36, 39, 42, 44–46, 51–52
bone 1:47, 61–63, 67, 71, 75
chondrocranium 11:-2–5, 7, 11, 20, 23, 31, 53, 70, 78, 105, 108, 131–132, 136–194, 200–204, 220, 242
dentition 1:124, 127, 133, 138, 141, 148, 173–184
ear 2:194, 221, 226–228, 232, 251–255, 258, 262–263, 271–272
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:84, 106
eye 2:3, 6, 48–63, 76, 81–82, 84–87, 89–92
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:152, 162, 166
histology of gut 6:226–231, 234–235, 243, 246– 248, 265, 269–274, 277, 279, 287, 301–302
internal relief of gut 6:159, 179, 192–212, 218–219, 221
jaw muscles 4:286–289, 313–314, 316–318, 370, 372, 374, 394–396, 405, 407,411, 414–416, 420, 471, 480–483
lymphatics 6:316–317, 321, 326, 329–331, 336, 338, 343, 349–353, 355, 359, 361, 372, 386–387, 396, 399, 403–404, 409, 411, 415, 421, 423, 427, 433, 443, 454–455
macrostemata 20:385
microstemata 20:395
muscle tissue 11:271–272, 274–275, 283–286, 288–289, 292, 294–295, 297, 317, 323, 325, 327, 331–332, 336
nose 2:101, 120–122, 126–127, 130, 135–136, 139–140, 142–144, 159, 161, 172–174, 178–179
origin and evolution 1:2, 6
pancreas 3:322–324, 328, 331, 341
parathyroid 3:247–250
phylogeny 19:157
pit organs 2:277–314
pituitary 3:135–136, 140, 142–143, 154, 160, 163, 165, 181–188, 193
pulmonary terminology 19:173–180
saccular lung function 19:155
systematics 19:96
taxonomic literature 2:316, 320–324
thymus 3:113–114, 117, 121, 124
thyroid 3:202–203, 207, 209, 217, 221–224, 227–228
urinogenital system 6:6, 8, 12, 15, 20–21, 24, 26–27, 29–31, 33, 35, 37–38, 41, 43–44, 54, 56–57, 59, 65–67, 70–71, 74, 78, 81–83, 85, 89–90, 94, 96–103, 105–106, 110–111, 113–114, 116, 118, 120
Ophidian
kidneys 5:491
lung 5:232
reptiles 5:447
sense organs 5:7
Ophidine 11:292
Ophidiocephalus 20:132, 135
eye 2:88
taeniatus 18:312; 20:297, 307
Ophioden, axial skeleton 1:242, 255, 261, 266, 267, 269
Ophiodes 15:626, 671; 16:266; 20:200, 202–206, 208–209
jaw muscles 4:479
striatus 20:309
Ophiomorphus 20:595
Ophiomorus 7:287–288, 307; 15:325, 376, 379, 636–637; 16:141, 266
blanfordi 21:402
brevipes 21:402
chernovi 21:402
ear 2:271
eye 2:13, 27
nuchalis 21:402
persicus 21:403
raithmai 21:403
streeti 21:402–403
tridactylus 21:403
Ophiophagous 18:159, 161–163, 476
defensive response 18:160
repellants 18:120, 136
Ophiophagus 7:389, 394, 397–398, 505; 8:24, 174, 180, 187, 189, 202–203, 214–216, 223, 242, 244, 246–247, 250, 262, 295–296, 300, 305–307, 316, 324, 326–328, 335, 341, 360, 366, 368–370, 378, 444, 461; 16:10, 41–42, 56, 64, 121, 124, 129, 131, 150, 278, 287, 297, 299, 301, 303; 19:132, 146, 236; 20:535, 544; 21:524, 600
dentition 1:175
ear 2:269, 272
hannah 8:24, 174, 180, 187–188, 202–203, 213–215, 223, 242, 244, 246–247, 250, 262, 295–296, 300, 305–307, 316, 324, 326–328, 335, 341, 360, 366, 368–370, 378, 444, 461; 19:120, 127, 129, 136, 197; 20:537, 548, 550, 625
jaw muscles 4:483
urinogenital system 6:30
Ophioscincus 15:638
eye 2:27
Ophioseps 20:132
Ophisaurus 7:495–496; 8:679; 9:333; 10:290, 313, 317–318; 12:118; 14:617, 658–659, 663; 15:61, 100–101, 110–111, 122, 131–132, 139, 306, 331, 345, 366–367, 626, 672; 16:35, 115, 137, 257, 266, 279, 283, 294, 301, 303, 307, 534; 17:189, 561; 18:189; 19:383; 20:197–200, 202, 206, 208–209, 266, 269, 273
adrenal 3:280, 290–291
apodus 18:444; 19:29–30, 79, 410, 418; 20:201, 204, 302, 308; 21:143
axial muscles 11:357, 382–383, 387–388
axial skeleton 1:242, 247–250, 253, 258, 265–269
blood cell morphology 3:77
blood chemistry 3:5, 10, 28
bone 1:46
chondrocranium 11:101–102
dentition 1:168–169
ear 2:222, 247, 267, 271
gracilis 20:198, 302
harti 19:30, 79
histology of gut 6:242, 287–288
internal relief of gut 6:178, 187, 220–221
jaw muscles 4:315, 374–377, 382, 416, 420, 479
lymphatics 6:349, 355, 358, 402, 411–413, 419, 422, 453
nose 2:120, 133, 159, 178
parathyroid 3:255
pituitary 3:156, 177, 192
thymus 3:113
urinogenital system 6:106
ventralis 18:189; 19:79; 20:302
Ophisops 8:686; 9:333; 15:307; 16:141; 20:168
axial muscles 11:357
dentition 1:167
elegans 20:307; 21:7
eye 2:14, 27
histology of gut 6:278
jaw muscles 4:479
“Ophisthotropis” (see Opisthotropis)
O-phosphodiester 11:292
Ophryacus 19:220
melanurus 20:615
undulatus 19:192; 20:615
Ophryoessoides 15:634
Ophthalmic
artery 2:12, 40, 50, 52, 63, 75; 11:21, 115–116, 121, 209–210, 229–230, 236
ganglion 4:119, 142; 11:15, 24, 26, 30, 32, 212, 214
nerve 2:7–8, 11–12, 49, 74, 176, 180, 281, 289, 294, 297; 11:15, 17, 24, 30, 32, 46, 68, 93, 103, 106, 124, 127–131, 140, 143, 155, 160, 163, 170, 179, 185–191, 212, 217, 235, 237, 242–243
Ophthalmicus profundus 5:423
Ophthalmosaurus 9:297
dentition 1:190
eye 2:80
Opioid peptide 17:614
Ovipeuter 20:187–188
vestus 20:308
Opisthocoely 1:205–206, 211, 213, 215, 217, 219, 225, 300–301
Opisthodonty 1:177–178, 183
Opisthoglyph 8:74, 83, 94, 142, 149, 440
Opisthoglyphous 20:488, 534, 547
Opisthoglyphy 1:177–178, 180–181, 183; 11:152
Opisthomegadonty 1:176, 178
Opisthonephros 6:20
Opisthoplus degener 20:655
Opisthotic 1:12; 4:108–109, 114, 163, 226–227, 236, 252; 11:22, 29–30, 59–60, 81, 112, 124, 150, 153, 185, 213, 216, 218, 237, 242–243; 20:20, 28, 31, 33–34, 43, 69–70, 72–73, 75, 114, 128, 135, 147, 150, 164, 173, 183, 186, 193, 195, 206, 209, 216–217, 230–231, 246, 248, 270, 272, 278, 282, 421–422, 425, 428, 431, 434, 442, 485, 589
bone 2:202, 227, 232
Opisthotropis 16:147, 286, 301; 19:233; 21:501, 577, 579
andersoni 19:142, 211
balteata 19:211
jacobi 19:211
jaw muscles 4:441
kuatunensis 19:211; 20:556; 21:501, 579
lateralis 19:211
latouchi 19:211; 20:556
maxwelli 19:211
typicus 19:211
Opluridae 21:396
Oplurinae(ine) 20:79–81, 85–86, 88–90, 305
Oplurus 7:479; 9:329–330; 20:45, 79–80, 88, 90, 292; 21:230, 275, 279, 294, 298
cuvieri 20:305
dentition 1:155–156
ear 2:271
eye 2:26
jaw muscles 4:477
quadrimaculatus 20:305
Opossum (see also Didelphis) 8:378
Opsin 17:6
Optic 21:533
capsule 9:34, 58, 83
chiasm(a) 2:13, 33; 3:164; 9:10, 56, 176; 10:253; 11:21, 240; 17:175, 207, 301
cup(s) 2:4–6, 24, 53; 14:131–132, 173, 398, 509; 15:14
fenestra 2:6–7
fissure (see Embryonic fissure)
foramen 2:6, 4950, 67; 4:205, 224, 229
foramen or fenestra 20:357, 374, 381, 389, 391, 398, 404, 407, 411, 415, 426, 431–432, 434, 438, 441, 443, 457, 463, 478, 484, 486, 490, 503–505, 508, 523, 526–527, 539–541, 543, 559, 564–565, 567, 569
lobe(s) (see also Optic tectum) 5:94; 9:46–47, 50, 70, 72, 86, 88, 90, 92, 109, 132, 258, 305, 366; 17:242
nerve (see also Nerve, optic) 2:5–8, 12–13, 15–16, 24, 32–34, 39–41, 48–49, 52–53, 63, 65, 67, 72, 74–76; 11:12, 15, 21–24, 32, 84–85, 90, 106, 124, 127–129, 131, 155, 158, 160, 168, 171, 179, 184, 199, 217, 241, 243; 14:133; 17:175, 177, 210, 293, 307
papilla 2:3, 53, 76; 14:131
placode 14:397–398, 459
stalk 2:4–5; 14:128, 132
tectum 2:89; 9:18, 25, 44, 47–48, 52, 57, 75, 78, 83, 87–88, 91, 96, 118, 178, 194–196, 198–218, 220–221, 225–228, 237–238, 240, 285; 10:91, 122, 127, 134–135, 167, 169, 174–176, 179, 183, 188, 191–192, 224, 236–237, 254, 263–264, 266, 269, 280, 289, 291–292, 294, 296–298, 301–302, 311, 315, 320–321; 11:240; 14:129–131; 17:176, 213, 216, 219, 242, 317, 323, 328, 330, 612, 632
tract 3:137; 10:174–175, 177, 232, 253; 17:175, 177, 190, 242, 293, 310–311
vesicle(s) 2:4; 14:99, 128, 131, 173, 287–288, 459, 502, 508; 15:14
Optical
axis 2:2
illusions (see Senses)
rotary dispersion 8:356
Optimal
diet, models of 7:65–66
habitat range, model of 7:66
Optimality (see also Caudal autotomy, costs
and benefits; Parental care, cost-benefit
models; Reproduction) 16:62–63
models (see Costs and benefits)
Optimum 12:36, 40–45, 300
temperature 5:28
Optokinetic nystagmus 10:293; 17:533
Opuntia 8:607
Ora
serrata 2:6, 16, 20, 32, 40–41, 51, 65, 70–71, 75
terminalis (see Ora serrata)
Oral
cavity 2:101, 113, 118, 133, 136, 139, 143, 151, 168; 3:159; 6:226–234, 375, 381–382; 8:51, 151; 20:419, 549, 587
epithelium 1:129–130, 141, 143–145, 147; 6:232–233, 385; 8:51
glands 6:226; 8:43–141, 144, 148, 151; 20:534
lobe of Adenohypophysis (see Anterior lobe
of adenophpophysis)
mucosa 4:172; 20:384, 478; 21:568, 614
opening 20:585, 587–588
route 5:47
surface 8:2
Orange G 3:141, 144, 146, 150–151, 156, 158, 162, 167, 170, 173, 175, 177, 179–180, 182–184, 186, 189, 191
Orangeophily (see also Erythrophily) 6:115
Orbicular vein (see Ringvein)
Orbiculus cilaris 2:51
Orbit(al) 2:1, 6–15, 40, 48–50, 52, 63–64, 66–67, 73–75, 79, 81–84, 151, 172–173, 239; 4:107–108, 113, 117, 119, 126, 137–138, 142, 201, 212, 215, 222, 230, 232–234, 244, 248, 252–253, 272, 274–277, 374, 407, 410, 434, 439; 5:102; 11:11, 24, 31, 61, 63, 71, 83, 122, 128, 131, 143–144, 155, 163, 166, 170, 179, 181, 195, 200, 202, 206, 212, 234; 20:14–15, 18–19, 63, 82, 84, 88, 108, 120, 131, 142, 170, 189, 210, 220, 225, 234, 236, 240, 244, 275, 282, 356, 360–363, 372–373, 381, 388, 406, 409, 415, 420–422, 426, 428, 437, 439–440, 456–457, 470, 477, 485, 492, 503–504, 507, 513, 524, 540, 542, 544–545, 563, 565, 567, 571, 588; 21:512, 541, 558, 564, 582
artery 2:75
cartilage(s) 2:6; 11:10, 12, 16, 20, 50, 115, 128, 144, 158, 163, 166, 168, 171, 173, 199, 203, 220–221; 14:125; 20:10, 362, 366
cavity 21:533
collectors 6:378, 386
(end of optical axis) 2:2
fascia 2:9, 11–12
foramen 21:528, 533, 591
glands 2:81, 83, 161, 176; 5:387–388, 394, 396–397, 408
lamina 20:560, 569
membrane 2:7–9
plexus 2:11
salt gland 3:15
segment of eyeball 2:15
sinus 2:11–13, 41, 50, 53, 64, 67; 5:316; 6:374, 381, 385; 11:31, 50
wing of the prefrontal 21:554–555
Orbitalgewölbe (see Orbitonasal trough)
Orbitalmulde (see Orbitonasal trough)
Orbitonasal
canal 11:96–98; 21:548
fenestra 20:82, 188; 21:581
fissure 2:13; 11:15, 18–19, 55, 87, 96, 119, 142, 195, 202, 208–209
flange 20:18, 68, 84, 142, 178, 190, 211–212, 217, 220, 225, 230, 234, 237, 244
foramen 21:582
lamina of the prefrontal 21:560, 582
membrane 2:9, 11
septum 20:254, 282
trough 2:123, 138–140; 19:102, 117, 174; 21:546
Orbitopterygoid groove 4:126
Orbitosphenoid 4:290, 292, 362, 367; 11:21–23, 58, 82, 90, 95, 110, 112, 127, 129–132, 134, 150, 158, 168, 188, 200–201, 216, 241; 20:26–27, 49–50, 70, 75, 88, 91, 101, 104, 112, 115–116, 124, 128, 134, 137, 146, 150, 156, 158, 163, 172–173, 182, 186, 192, 204, 215, 222, 225, 231, 234, 240, 246, 248, 269
bone 2:6–8, 13, 74
Orbitotemporal
artery 4:226
membrane 2:9, 12–13
region 9:2, 5; 11:3–4, 7, 9–10, 15, 20–25, 53, 57, 64–65, 68, 78, 83, 90, 94–95, 97, 101, 104–105, 107–110, 116, 121, 130, 136, 144, 155, 161–162, 178, 187, 189, 192–193, 195, 197, 199–200, 202–203, 210–223, 227–228, 234–238, 243; 20:25, 28
Orchidectomy (see Castration)
Orchitis 14:635
Oreocalamus 19:228
hainitschi 19:211
jaw muscles 4:441
Organ
of Corti 2:210
of Jacobson (see Jacobson’s organ)
samples 5:68
system 5:59, 128
weights 19:537–538
Organelles 5:418
Organic
acids 5:497–498
buffers 5:58
phosphates 5:251, 257; 13:33
Organizational
effects 18:71, 77, 80–82, 85, 88
levels 1:331–332, 336–337
Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis 17:607, 649
Orientation 18:197, 424
movement 17:332, 335
of embryo 15:4, 9
Orienting response 10:293
Orlitia 14:182
Ornithine 3:23
-citruline-arginine cycle 19:515
-urea cycle 5:489
Ornithischia 7:61; 9:56, 67, 101, 103, 114, 304
bone 1:73
chondrocranium 11:246
dentition 1:121, 124, 187–189
eye 2:80
Ornithischians 19:74
Ornithocheiridaem dentition 1:189
Ornithomimid 9:92
Ornithomimidae, dentition 1:120, 186
Ornithopoda 9:67, 101, 137, 304
dentition 1:120, 187–188
nose 2:152
Ornithorhynchus 5:254; 14:431
anatinus 19:569
eye 2:84
Oronasal cavity 14:401, 404–405, 420, 426–427
Oropharyngeal membrane 14:681, 684–685, 693, 695, 711–712
Orthagoriscus 9:93
Orthochromasia 6:279
Orthomerus 9:101
Orthosuchus, skull 4:272–273, 276, 278–279
Oryctolagus
muscle tissue 11:291–292
pancreas 3:331–332
thymus 3:127
thyroid 3:214
urinogenital system 6:22
Oryzias 13:260
Os cloacae 21:141
Os entoglossum (see Hypoglossum; Processus
lingualis)
Os hyoide (see Corpus hyoidei)
Os styloideum (see Cornu branchiale I)
Os transiliens 1:108; 4:105
Oscillating competition 7:87–88
Oscillograph 5:95
Oscilloscope 5:85–86, 89–90
Osmic acid 3:238
Osmiophily 3:266–268, 293; 6:111
Osmium 3:238, 241–242, 244, 301
tetroxide 3:333; 6:226
Osmolality 5:345, 348, 455, 469–470, 473–475, 477
Osmolar concentration 5:54
Osmolarity (see also Osmotic pressure) 5:55
pressure 3:1, 3, 4–7, 13–15, 17, 29, 39
Osmometers 5:102
Osmoregularity budget 5:414
Osmoregulation 5:365, 382, 394–396, 398, 404; 12:325–326, 341–345, 347–348, 386
Osmosis 5:384
Osmotic
balance 5:406, 408, 415
concentration 12:327–333, 341–343, 345, 348, 351, 353–354, 368–369, 487
conditions 5:397
equilibrium 5:402, 472
gradient 5:385, 472
on egg 14:118
independence 5:365
pressure 5:102, 225, 384–385, 458, 490; 13:85, 88–89
role 5:387
strategy 5:398
stress 5:366, 396, 429
water movements 5:380
Osseous
common crus 2:202–203, 206
labyrinth 2:201–203, 206, 215–216, 252, 256, 259–260
nasal septum 20:379–380, 386, 424
necrosis 1:65
Osseus common crus 20:31, 113, 115
Ossification 14:126, 132, 156–158, 172, 312–314, 406, 456; 21:27, 29
cartilage tube 14:369
centrum 15:312, 314
endochondral 15:80
epiphyses 15:81
in limb development 15:72–81, 114
neural arch 15:311, 314
perichondral 14:80, 119, 312–313
vertebrae 15:311
Ossified
tendons 1:109, 111–112
trabecula 21:520
Osteichthyes 9:248; 19:535, 563–567, 573, 576–577
eye 2:79
Osteoblast(s) 1:46, 83, 93–94, 99–100; 15:312
Osteoclast(s) 1:100, 144, 171; 3:243, 259; 15:352, 386
Osteocranium 4:203–244, 251–253; 11:4, 7, 9, 58–63, 65, 70, 73, 80–82, 91, 95, 100–101, 108, 111–114, 123–125, 136, 150–157, 159–162,164, 168–169, 174–175, 178, 183–185, 205, 216–220, 241–245; 14:312, 431, 514
Osteocytes 1:49, 63, 68, 88
Osteocytic necrosis 1:56, 59, 63, 68, 74
Osteoderm(s) 4:209, 212, 246, 274; 11:63, 71, 82, 157; 14:450; 20:40, 47, 81, 140, 151, 154, 157, 160, 165, 167–169, 173, 184, 194, 196, 200, 208, 210, 217–219, 221, 224, 27, 233, 236, 240
Osteodermic crest 4:218, 220, 230, 246
Osteoderms 2:13
Osteogenesis 14:157; 16:527; 21:27
Osteogenetic relations 1:313
Osteogenic
layer 1:83
sites 14:312, 315, 424
Osteolaemus 7:238; 8:676; 14:344, 349, 355; 16:281; 18:491, 503, 507
axial skeleton 1:228
chondrocranium 11:244
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:87
histology of gut 6:255
internal relief of gut 6:212, 217
skull 4:206–208, 212–215, 222–223, 227, 229– 232, 234–236, 238, 242, 253, 274–275
tetraspis 19:526
Osteology 19:94–95, 168
Osteone (see Haversian system)
Osteons 4:246
Osteoscutes (see Osteoderms)
Ostia tubae 14:150, 175
Ostium 5:278
abdominale 6:24–25, 52, 54–55, 85–90, 92–93, 105–106, 437–438
tubae (see also Ostium abdominale) 15:175, 179, 182–183
Ostrich (see Struthio)
Otic
ampullae (see Anterior ampulla; Lateral
ampulla; Posterior ampulla)
capsule 2:193, 197–203, 226–227, 230, 232–233, 248, 251, 256, 259; 4:249–250, 252, 286; 9:2, 52, 111; 11:3–4, 8, 10, 12, 15, 20–21, 25–32, 35, 39, 41–45, 52–57, 59, 63, 66–70, 74, 76, 78–79, 84, 93, 98–99, 103, 106, 110, 112, 116–119, 124, 137–141, 144–147, 149–151, 156, 159–160, 166, 170, 173–174, 179, 183, 187, 189, 192–194, 196–197, 203–207, 209–217, 219, 221–227, 229–233, 236–238, 241–243, 245; 14:125, 136, 172; 20:7, 9–12, 14, 25, 27028, 30–31, 33–34, 47, 70, 89, 102, 112, 115, 126, 140, 144, 203, 222, 246, 255, 270, 278, 287, 361–362, 364, 370, 376–377, 381, 384, 393, 400–401, 405, 416, 426, 429, 435, 443, 484, 493, 524, 530–531, 563, 578, 589–590
duct 2:204, 207,209
fluid 2:202–203
labyrinth 2:201–215, 248, 251–252, 256
meatus (see Recessus oticus externus)
notch 1:7–8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 23, 27, 30–32; 2:232–233; 4:277
pit 14:399
placode (see also Otocyst) 14:135–136, 397
process of palatoquadrate 4:251
process of quadrate 11:12, 25, 30, 33–34, 45, 55–56, 112, 115–116, 145, 192, 199, 243
region 1:12; 11:25–30, 65, 69, 121–123, 170, 197–198, 237–238
sac 2:196, 204, 207–209, 238–239, 242, 244–245
valve 4:244, 277
vesicle(s) 14:288, 290, 398; 15:14
Oticoccipital region 20:25 28, 382, 388, 390, 401, 404, 406–407, 414, 437–438, 442, 456, 458–459, 485, 502, 526, 565
Otocryptis 16:29, 137, 258–259; 20:96, 102; 21:398
axial skeleton 1:258, 260
eye 2:27
jaw muscles 4:477
nose 2:119, 124, 129, 142, 154, 178
wiegmanni 20:305
Otocyst 2:202; 11:8, 25, 221–222; 14:402
Otooccipital 11:22, 59–60, 107, 112; 20:14, 31–33, 69, 72–73, 89, 91, 102, 104, 113–114, 124, 126–127, 133, 135, 148, 156, 164, 172, 183, 193, 206–207, 216, 223, 226, 232, 234, 239–240, 246, 270, 282
Otosaurus, ear 2:271
Otostapes 4:251; 11:35, 149
Ototriton 21:685, 688
solidus 21:685
Ouabain 5:472; 8:641
Ouchterlony technique 8:346, 349, 355–356, 358, 363
bite identification 8:358
Outer
choana (see Choana)
connective layer 2:283, 285
dental epithelium 1:146
limiting membrane 2:16, 33, 35–36, 38–40, 57, 61–62
molecular layer 2:16
nuclear layer 2:16, 36, 38, 40, 48, 61, 63, 66, 72, 84–85, 91
plexiform layer 2:4, 33, 36, 3, 40, 48, 66, 72, 77
segment 17:3, 10–12
segment of visual cells 2:34, 4143, 45–46, 53–54, 56, 58–60, 62–63, 65, 72–73, 76–77, 84–85, 91–92
(Outer) tongue-sheath 21:594
Oval window (see Vestibular window)
Ovarian
artery 3:273; 6:83
collectors 6:441
cycles (see Reproduction)
follicle(s) 3:36–37; 6:50, 81–84, 91, 96–101, 103–104, 116, 437, 441; 14:43, 56–64, 66– 68, 118, 209, 218, 274, 341–342, 346–347
and gonadotropin 15:39
as gestation chamber 15:529
atresia 15:38
development 15:38, 265, 267
false 15:484–485
growth 15:38–39, 592
postovulatory 15:579
hormones (see also Estradiol; Progesterone) 15:591–592, 594–595
lymph cavity 6:82
lymphatic net 6:437, 442
sinus 6:440
vein 6:83
Ovariectomy 6:101–102, 104; 15:278, 581–587, 589–590, 592, 594–595; 18:35, 38, 52, 147
Ovary 3:36, 218–219, 271; 6:24–25, 49–51, 58, 76–77, 81–84, 87–93, 96, 98, 101–104, 106, 113, 116, 118, 120, 349, 437–442, 458; 14:58, 274, 341–342; 18:54; 19:515
cortex 15:158–159, 162, 242, 265, 269, 272, 276, 282
cycle 18:34
development 14:149, 151, 175, 441; 15:154, 158, 162–164, 166, 254, 269, 275–276; 18:43, 45
embryonic 15:242
follicles 18:357–358, 363–365, 375
in tetraploid hybrid 15:477
in triploid hybrid 15:463–465
maturation 18:55
medulla 15:242, 269, 272
ovulation 18:34–35, 54–55, 361–363, 369, 398
regulation 18:33–45
stages 18:54
steroid 18:35–36, 41, 55
Oven-drying 5:69
Overstepping 21:52
Overview 5:1
Overwintering sites (see Hibernation sites)
Oviducal
collectors 6:437, 441
funnel 15:40, 47
glands 6:85, 87, 89–92, 95
lymphatic net 6:437–439, 441
Oviduct 5:12; 6:1, 20, 24–27, 44, 49–52, 54–56, 81–83, 85–96, 98–103, 105–197, 113, 116, 118, 120, 274, 287, 338, 342, 353, 437–442, 458; 14:240, 278, 341; 18:51–52, 155–156, 192
AVT 18:51
constriction 18:53
contractions induced by hormones 15:589
development 14:150, 175, 441; 15:174
eggs 18:358, 363–364, 367
glands 14:274, 441
hypertrophy 15:251
in triploid hybrid 15:463, 466
progestin receptors 15:591
prostaglandin 18:51
reduction 15:462
rudimentary 15:185, 468
secretions 14:278, 367
shell-forming segment 14:274–275
Oviparity (see also Life history traits, mode of reproduction) 1:147, 149, 161; 6:85, 97–100, 105; 14:9–10, 15, 20, 341; 18:75
and heteromorphic sex chromosomes 15:285
cost vs benefit 15:608
definition 15:530, 607
Oviparous species 15:4, 40, 51–52, 579, 581, 593, 607, 625–660, 662, 667, 671, 674, 678
Ovipary 5:365
Oviposition 6:99–100, 117–118; 8:142; 17:595; 18:358, 361–363, 376, 398
egg laying 14:10, 13, 18, 177, 184, 190, 216– 217, 219–220, 272, 275, 279, 317, 341–344, 347–349, 363, 397, 496–497
hormonal induction 14:11, 184, 216, 220–221, 281
egg deposition, effect of
lutectomy 15:582–584, 589
ovariectomy 15:582–584
oxytocin 15:588
temperature 15:62
preferred sites 14:20–21
sites, competition among females 18:371
Ovocyte 6:106
Ovomacroglobulin 14:377
Ovomucoid 8:330
Ovophis 15:657; 19:220
chaseni 19:192
monticola 19:192; 20:615
okinavensis 19:192
Ovotestis 6:106; 15:254, 261, 265, 272, 282, 286
Ovoviviparity 1:149; 6:87, 100, 102–103; 14:169; 15:531, 608
Ovulation 3:36–37, 218–219; 6:62, 81–84, 87, 90, 94–96, 99–103, 116–117; 14:199, 213, 215–216, 218, 274–275, 278–279, 317, 340–341, 343, 347–348, 352, 357; 15:3, 40–46, 50–51; 16:359
and steroids 15:592
and temperature 15:39, 49, 609
hormonal induction 14:240, 346, 349, 357
Ovulatory cycle 6:84
Ovule (see Ovarian follicle)
Ovum 6:81–83, 92, 94–98, 100–102, 106, 116
Owl 14:7
Ox 8:486
Oxalate(s) 3:2, 46; 5:60; 14:211
Oxidase 3:32
Oxidation 19:310–311, 516
Oxidative
enzymes 11:267, 282, 284, 309, 321, 335; 13:72
metabolism 5:321; 8:513–516, 527
phosphorylation 5:320; 19:497–498
respiration 8:641
Oxidoreductase 6:231, 238, 247, 252, 264, 269, 280, 284, 289, 296, 300–302
Oxybelis 7:387, 501; 8:41; 14:30; 16:50, 123, 125, 147, 173, 215; 19:157, 231; 20:565
aeneus 19:211; 20:565, 641
axial muscles 11:357, 402, 415
brevirostris 19:211
ear 2:269, 272
fulgidus 8:41; 19:211; 20:642
jaw muscles 4:441, 482
nose 2:165
Oxydation
of foodstuff 5:172
of hemoglobin 5:255
products 5:55
Oxygen (see also Anoxia; Hypoxia; PO2; Respiratory
gases and embryos) 3:17, 19, 42–46, 53; 5:28, 50, 58, 76, 79, 128, 183, 191, 196, 198, 227, 230, 239, 241, 243–244, 249, 289, 318– 320, 352, 375, 407; 12:245, 428–430, 444, 447; 13:22–24, 26, 28–35, 38, 120, 185, 238–240; 19:50, 52, 63, 154, 298–305, 312, 317, 319, 323, 327, 329–330, 332, 336, 345–346, 399, 438, 451, 460, 465–467, 489, 524
acquisition 5:195
affinity 5:251, 253, 256, 258–260, 265–266; 19:156–157
affinity of hemoglobin 13:24, 30–33, 71
capacity of blood 13:28–29, 90–91, 96
concentration in blood 5:281, 287
conductance 19:465
consumption (see also Aerobic metabolism;
Metabolism) 2:311; 3:45, 220; 5:33, 36, 70, 73–76, 78–83, 129–130, 160, 165, 167–170, 172, 175–180, 182, 186, 190, 193, 195, 197, 227, 283, 304, 325, 352–353, 355, 371–372, 375, 377, 395, 401, 407; 9:383–385; 19:57– 59, 62, 497
consumption of embryos 15:562, 592–593
content 19:345, 433, 446, 464, 467–469
debt 5:179, 187–188, 302; 19:64
delivery 5:253, 297, 302–303; 19:465–467
demand 19:64, 459
depletion 19:466
diffusion 19:2, 28, 53, 58
dissociation 19:464
dissociation curve 5:247, 251–253, 256–259, 261–263, 301, 356
equilibration 5:256
equilibrium curve 3:42; 19:466–467
exchange 19:471
extraction 5:302; 12:449; 19:48, 59, 62
inspiration rate 19:62
pulmonary 19:325
pulse 5:299, 301–304
saturation 5:256; 19:432, 434, 459, 472
storage 13:9, 14–15, 23–24, 28–29; 19:155, 333–335, 463–465
stores 5:318, 320–321
supply 19:63
tension 5:198, 304
transfer 19:323, 340, 463
transmission in placenta (see Placental transmission)
transport 3:1, 39–44, 49; 5:128, 183, 225, 250, 253, 256, 265, 300, 303; 13:29–30, 96, 160, 165–166; 19:345, 459, 464, 467–468, 470–473
unloading capacity 5:258
uptake 5:76, 79, 195, 197–198, 225, 240, 250, 261, 318; 19:65, 298–299, 310–312, 337, 340
uptake from water 13:35–40
Oxygenation 5:58; 19:138, 471
Oxyhemoglobin 3:43; 5:250
Oxymorphone 5:44, 47
Oxyntic cells (see Serous cells)
Oxynto-peptic cells (see also Serous cells) 6:261–262
Oxyphil cells 3:236, 238
Oxyrhabdium 19:211, 233; 21:500–501, 555, 577
ear 2:272; 20:556, 573/
jaw muscles 4:441
leporinum 19:211
modestum 19:211; 20:642
Oxyrhopus 5:134, 148; 8:664; 16:185, 230–231; 19:226
clathrata 19:211
doliatus 19:211
dorbignyi 20:655
fitzingeri 19:211; 20:655
formosus 19:211; 20:655
guibei 19:211
immaculatus 20:655
jaw muscles 4:481
labialis 20:655
leucomelas 19:153, 211
marcapatae 19:211, 226
melanogenys 19:211
petola 20:655
petolarius 19:211; 20:655
rhombifer 19:211; 20:655
trigeminus 19:153, 211
Oxytalan fibers 1:146
Oxytocic activity 5:464
Oxytocin (see also Arginine oxytocin) 5:386, 464, 477; 6:94, 118; 14:11, 15, 184, 220, 281, 349; 15:588–589, 591; 17:590, 593, 665, 688; 18:51
Oxyuraniini 19:222
Oxyuranus 7:389, 394, 505; 8:24, 262, 293, 310, 316, 325–326, 369, 444, 456, 491, 493; 12:132; 15:654; 16:150; 19:222; 20:542, 545
adrenal 3:281
blood cell morphology 3:78
microlepidotus 18:312; 19:197
pituitary 3:186
scutellatus 8:24, 293, 310, 316, 325–326, 369, 444, 456, 491, 493; 18:312; 19:127, 197; 20:628
Ozonolysis 8:225
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