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Saccular
macula 2:204, 208–210, 218, 257, 263
scala (see Scala sacculi)
Saccule 2:196, 203–204, 207–210, 218–219, 228–229, 231, 234, 236–239, 242–250, 252–253, 255–260; 17:5
Sacculocochlear duct (see Reunient duct)
Sacculus 9:13, 15; 11:26, 84, 140, 148; 21:503
Saccus
endolymphaticus 3:37
lacrimalis 4:109
lacrymalis (see Lachrymal sinus)
Sacral
anomalies 1:264
plexus(i) 6:318–319, 337–338, 342, 347–348, 357, 393, 396–397, 403–404, 422, 424, 434, 442; 21:35, 325–326, 333
region 10:2
rib(s) 1:32, 208, 222, 225–226, 232–233, 238, 263–265, 300, 322; 4:65
vertebrae 1:203, 205, 208, 224–226, 232–233, 235, 238, 240, 263–267, 273, 282, 293–294, 300, 322, 324; 21:143–144, 357
vesicle 6:452
Sacroiliac articulation 21:143, 320
Sacrolumbar plexus 15:84
Sacrum (see also Sacral vertebrae) 4:52, 55, 62, 65–66, 71–72, 75, 95; 6:338; 21:140
Saculus 10:215
Safety test 8:580
Saffranophily 6:68–69
Sagittal
crest 11:218–219, 227; 20:426, 446, 477
flexure of neck 1:213
Sagittarius 16:6, 10, 167
Saimiri 10:93
Saiphos 15:639–640, 643, 651, 662, 670, 675; 21:399
equalis 21:403
Sakaguchi reaction 3:41
Sakter (see also Extraconchal space) 21:560
Salamanders 12:69, 398, 453; 13:191; 16:8–9, 112; 21:37, 41, 385
autotomy 15:303, 305, 344
Salamandra 5:22; 8:3; 9:156
Saline control 5:38
Salinity 12:358–359
Saliva 5:70; 8:94, 148, 698
secretion 8:605
Salivary
fluid 5:415
gland(s) 4:383, 444; 5:415; 8:1, 70, 698; 10:26; 14:427, 515
Salmo 19:324
Salomonelaps 8:25; 19:223
par 8:25; 19:143, 198; 20:550, 629
Salmonella 5:27, 30; 14:647–648, 651–652, 657, 659
blood chemistry 3:35
Salt 3:1, 3, 53
availability 3:14–15
balance 5:38
exchanges 5:388, 391
excretion 2:67, 176, 180; 5:390, 402, 415, 423, 457
gland(s) 5:10, 101, 390, 394, 396, 402, 408, 413, 420, 441, 447; 8:59, 63; 12:325, 344–348, 354, 358–359, 363–364, 366, 371, 374–386, 497
gland activity 5:101, 422, 424, 436
gland evolution 5:436
intake 5:391
load 12:254
loading 5:415, 422, 437, 440, 451–457, 466, 469, 472, 475, 478
loss 5:389
metabolism 5:394
-secreting tissues 5:430
-secreting system 8:3
solutions 5:388, 414
Salts 5:58, 366, 370, 385, 391, 396, 402, 422, 427, 436, 440
Salvadora 5:134, 148–149; 7:227; 12:129–130; 15:617; 16:120, 148; 19:231
bairdi(i) 19:214; 20:643
deserticola 19:214
ear 2:272
grahami(iae) 19:214; 20:643
hexalepis 19:214; 20:643
intermedia 19:142, 214; 20:643
lemniscata 19:214; 20:643
mexicana 19:214; 20:643
Sammelgang (see Terminal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
Sammelrohr (see Distal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
Sampling
artifacts 5:29
errors 5:143
methods 5:59, 61
of salt gland secretions 5:102
size 5:175
Sand boa (see Eryx)
-dwelling adaptations (see Arenicolous adaptations)
Sand lizards (see also Uma) 20:87
Sandswimming 21:57
Sanitation 5:25–26
Saniwa 20:226, 228, 234
axial skeleton 1:250
ensidens 20:303
Saniwinae, dentition 1:170
Sanzinia 15:646; 19:104, 235; 21:479, 610
axial muscles 11:395
axial skeleton 1:283, 291
chondrocranium 11:169, 171–172, 174, 186
jaw muscles 4:481
madagascariensis 19:189; 20:606
pancreas 3:323
pit organs 2:290, 304
Saphenophis 19:227
antioquiensis 20:655
boursieri 19:214; 20:655
sneiderni 20:655
Saphenous nerve 2:294
Sapheosaurus 9:297; 15:339
axial skeleton 1:234
dentition 1:153
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:104, 106
Saponin 8:487, 566
Saproscincus 21:397
tetradactyla 21:400
Sarcolemma 11:268, 276, 293
Sarcomere(s) 11:267–268, 273–274, 277, 302, 312, 320; 17:464
Sarcoplasmic reticulum 3:125; 8:291, 466; 11:267, 269, 273, 276, 293–294, 297–299, 305, 308, 310, 315, 216, 338; 13:95
Sarcosuchus, skull 4:280–281
Sarcotubules 11:265, 267–268, 271, 274–275, 279, 284, 288, 293–297, 305, 321, 335
Sartorius 17:457, 461
Satellite cell 11:266, 320
Sator 12:102; 18:382
angustus 18:362
grandaevus 18:362; 20:293
Saturation deficit 5:104, 370, 374
Sauranodon 9:297
Sauria (see also Lizards) 5:145, 254, 347, 349, 367, 369, 373, 377, 379, 383, 386, 393, 399, 449, 453–454, 457, 466–467, 487, 489; 7:6, 8–10, 14, 17–18, 20, 24, 68, 98, 102, 158–201, 265–321, 351–378, 456, 465–497, 571, 585–587, 592–594, 596–599, 605–606, 612–613, 617, 623–624, 628, 630, 634, 637, 644–645, 657–663; 19:21–33, 132, 134, 379, 387, 397, 406–412, 415, 579; 21:9
adrenal 3:267, 271, 273–274, 294
axial muscles 11:357, 361, 372, 380–389, 391, 394–396, 402, 411, 417, 421, 425, 427, 429–432
axial skeleton 1:204, 226, 241–271, 276, 280–282, 285, 287–288, 293–294, 301
blood cell morphology 3:75–77, 79, 81, 83–85, 88
blood cell numbers 3:94, 96–98, 100
blood chemistry 3:2–6, 9–10, 13–20, 22, 26, 28, 30–31, 36, 38–39, 45–46, 52–53
bone 1:47, 61–63, 71, 75
chondrocranium 11:2–4, 7, 9, 12, 18, 20, 22–23, 27, 29–34, 36, 39–114, 116, 118, 120–121, 123, 125, 130–132, 134, 139, 142, 144–147, 149–151, 154–159, 161–162, 167, 169, 171–172, 174, 177–178, 182, 184, 188, 190, 192–204, 206, 210, 216, 219, 221, 232, 234, 236, 239, 245–246
dentition 1:121, 127–128, 133, 135–138, 148, 153–171, 178
ear 2:194–224, 226, 229–230, 232–233, 235–254, 256, 258, 261–263, 265–268, 270–271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:84, 90, 92–104, 106, 108–109, 111–112
eye 2:1–48, 53–54, 63–65, 67–73, 81–83, 85–90
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:152, 168
histology of gut 6:226, 244, 246–248, 265, 271–274, 277, 279–280, 287, 296, 301
internal relief of gut 6:159, 177–190, 197, 214, 218, 220–221
jaw muscles 4:286–289, 293, 300–301, 303, 305, 311–424, 430–431, 439, 466–471, 477–479
limbs 4:31, 34, 46, 48, 50, 63, 65, 72, 74–76, 79, 89
lymphatics 6:316–317, 320, 327, 332, 336, 343, 346, 349, 355, 358, 361, 367, 372, 381–385, 392–393, 395, 404, 406–407, 409–410, 413–416, 424, 432, 437, 452–453
muscle tissue 11:272, 275, 278, 283–285, 288, 290–291, 294–295, 322–323, 325, 327, 330, 332, 336, 338
nose 2:100–101, 119–121, 127–128, 130, 135, 137–142, 144, 161, 171–172, 176, 178–179, 183–184
origin and evolution 1:1–2, 5–6
pancreas 3:322, 331
parathyroid 3:247, 250–259
pit organs 2:278, 301
pituitary 3:135–136, 140, 142, 159–160, 163, 165–166, 179, 193, 195
taxonomic literature 2:320–324
thymus 3:112–114, 117–118, 121, 124
thyroid 3:203–207, 210, 214, 216, 218, 221, 223, 225–227
urinogenital system 6:4, 8, 12, 14–15, 20–21, 24–27, 29, 31–33, 35–38, 41, 44, 49, 51, 54, 56, 58–59, 66–68, 70–71, 73, 78, 81, 83–85, 87, 90, 92, 95–99, 101–103, 105–107, 111, 113–114, 116, 119–120
Saurian
glands 5:440
kidneys 5:490
level of metabolism 5:159
patterns of metabolism 5:144
thyroids 5:198
Saurischia 7:6; 9:55–56, 66, 89, 103, 304
bone 1:73
chondrocranium 11:246
dentition 1:186–187
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:2
Saurischian dinosaurs 19:72
Saurodactylus
eye 2:23
mauritanicus 20:306
Saurolophus, eye 2:80
Sauromalus 5:11, 131–132, 141–144, 160, 166, 170–172, 178, 181, 183, 187–188, 194, 200, 202–205, 207, 227, 229, 239, 245, 249, 264, 337, 342, 353, 355, 367, 369, 373–379, 385, 390, 392, 399–400, 402–405, 408, 420, 423, 428–429, 459, 491; 7:16, 21, 50, 54, 165, 168, 176, 182, 187, 270, 272, 275, 303, 305, 308, 310, 368, 438, 480; 8:602, 629, 631, 633–634, 644, 656–657, 683; 9:373; 12:7, 64, 102, 178, 185, 203, 253, 289, 330, 338, 346–347, 349, 353, 355, 358, 366, 375, 383–384, 429, 460, 474, 487–488, 496; 13:34, 36–37, 62, 66, 82, 120, 128, 135–137, 161, 165, 211, 295, 299, 308; 14:648, 658, 663; 15:330, 346; 16:11, 23, 68, 116, 131, 140, 260–261, 461, 464–465, 514; 18:173, 334; 20:45, 80, 82, 84, 89, 100, 293; 21:139, 143, 145–146, 218, 220, 223, 279
blood chemistry 3:5, 9, 13–15, 43
dentition 1:155–156
ear 2:237, 266, 271
hispidus 19:60, 79, 346, 355; 20:305
internal relief of gut 6:179–180, 188
jaw muscles 4:477
klauberi 20:86, 292
nose 2:119, 128, 178
obesus 18:174, 261; 19:79, 299, 355; 20:81, 293, 305
obesus obesus 18:173
obesus tumidus 18:334
Saurophagous 20:549
Sauropod 9:51, 57–58
Sauropoda 19:74
dentition 1:187
nose 2:152
Sauropodomorpha 9:66, 98
Sauropsida, adrenal 3:286–287
Sauropterygia 7:6; 9:67, 118, 298, 304
dentition 1:191–192
Saurornithoides 9:92
Saurosternon 15:340; 21:121, 186
Saurothera 16:13
Savannah monitor (see Varanus)
Scala
lagenae 2:218–219, 236, 238–239, 242, 244, 249–250, 254, 261
sacculi 2:218–219, 238–239, 242–245, 247, 249–250, 255
tympani 2:220, 234, 242, 247, 255, 261; 9:13–15
vestubuli 2:218, 221, 234, 242, 244, 248, 255, 258–259, 261
Scale(s) (see also Epidermal shields; Morphology) 1:27; 2:193, 196, 221; 5:88, 101, 249, 374, 378; 12:401, 404–408, 423, 456–457; 18:151, 167, 194, 199
abdominal 14:572–573, 575
asymmetrization 14:536
axillary 14:527
caudal 15:321, 328
characters 15:440, 466, 468
circumorbital 15:469, 471, 473–474, 477
counts 15:440, 481–482, 485
development 14:296, 300, 405–407, 411, 450, 511, 526, 531–532, 536, 565, 581, 588; 15:16, 356–358, 387
head 14:300; 15:473
interlabial 15:369, 474, 477
neogenesis 14:564–567, 571, 580, 584
organ(s) 2:279; 11:84
parietal 14:296, 299
pattern 14:536; 15:367, 466, 468, 470
periocular 14:296, 299
regeneration 15:367
structure and habitat 12:406, 456–457
sub-caudal 15:654
tail 15:321, 328
tarsometatarsal 14:536
toe lamellar 15:469, 474
variation 14:532, 563
Scaleless, reptiles 12:408, 456
Scaling (see Body size)
Scalopocynodon 9:299
Scandensia 21:81, 90, 97, 145
ciervensis 21:123, 151
Scansorial pad 15:345, 367, 376
Scaphiodontophis 15:337; 16:148, 189–190, 230, 259; 19:224; 21:602
annulatus 19:153, 214; 20:643
axial skeleton 1:299
venuistissimus 20:643
zeteki 20:643
Scaphiophis 19:231; 20:420, 554, 559, 574
albopunctatus 19:153, 214; 20:553, 575, 580, 634
Scaphiopus, jaw muscles 4:482; 16:242
Scaphonyx 9:297
bone 1:63
Scaptira (see Eremias)
Scapula 1:19, 82, 224; 4:13–14, 23–24, 27–28; 14:155–156; 21:13, 29–30, 32, 71, 73–77, 80, 83–84, 98, 217, 222, 224, 227–228, 234, 238, 244–245, 248–249, 251–253, 256–259, 265–266, 270–273, 276, 278
Scapular
fenestra 21:74, 78, 256
lymphatics 6:377
prong 4:12–13, 15, 21, 24–27, 31, 93
region 1:282
sinus 6:324
Scapuloclavicular ligament 3:203
Scapulocoracoid 1:18, 254; 21:10, 12, 45, 59–60, 62, 75, 77–79, 81, 83–85, 93–94, 96, 98–99, 135, 227, 229, 243–244, 258, 262, 270
emargination 21:80–81
fenestra 21:30, 74, 76, 80, 82, 248–250, 258, 270
matrix 21:78
plate 21:71–73, 77–80, 84
rays 21:73
suture 21:75, 78
Scapulodeltoideus 21:31, 212
anterior 21:242
Scapulohumeral
articulation 21:103
ligament 21:97, 248, 263, 265–266
plexus 6:375, 388–389
Scapulohumeralis
anterior 21:30–31, 212
posterior 21:212, 242
Scapulosternal ligament 21:98
Scar tissue 1:323
Scavening behavior 18:487
Scelidosaurus 9:111
Sceloporinae, eye 2:25, 31
Sceloporus 5:33, 132, 138, 140, 142–144, 158, 162, 164–167, 170–171, 174, 189, 193–195, 198, 252–253, 255, 264, 298, 393, 420, 428, 454, 456, 464, 466, 468–470, 475, 477, 479–480, 490, 494; 7:49–51, 53, 55–57, 68–69, 99, 101, 104, 113–114, 148, 163, 165, 168, 170, 173–174, 177–188, 191, 196–198, 244, 246–247, 262, 270, 273, 275, 281, 308–311, 365, 367–369, 406–408, 410–412, 414, 419, 430–434, 438, 442–443, 452, 480–483, 567, 624; 8:596, 606, 657, 683–684; 9:251, 265, 271–273, 330, 340, 342, 346, 384–385; 12:42–43, 52, 61, 64–65, 68–71, 96, 102, 184, 203, 225, 230–231, 234–236, 241, 257, 369, 376, 384, 456–457, 462, 471, 488; 13:57–59, 62, 67–68, 72, 76–79, 83, 91, 93, 95, 97–98, 103, 105, 109, 111, 113–114, 116–118, 120, 122–123, 125–126, 128, 130, 133, 137, 161, 167, 177, 179–185, 187–188, 190, 203, 207, 211, 214, 216, 219–220, 235, 237, 240, 249–252, 255–260, 263–265, 289, 296–297, 299–300, 307, 309, 311; 14:28, 64, 185; 15:41–42, 47–50, 329, 342, 348–349, 374, 507, 532, 536, 543, 550, 552, 579, 583–585, 587–589, 613, 617, 620, 622–623, 633–635, 661–662, 666, 669, 671, 674, 676; 16:8–9, 15, 17,21, 23, 49–50, 116–117, 125, 140, 241–242, 248, 339, 342, 363, 446, 463–465, 474–476, 514–515, 531, 544, 565, 568; 17:8, 10, 26, 626, 631; 18:166–168, 177, 330, 333–334, 336–338, 383; 20:45, 79–80, 82–83, 86, 90, 293; 21:7, 66, 145, 190, 208, 220, 223, 235, 240, 266, 279, 294, 297, 301, 352, 361
adrenal 3:280
aeneus 18:4
augustus 20:305
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:252
biseriatus 19:488
blood cell numbers 3:97, 104
blood chemistry 3:5, 9, 38, 43
chondrocranium 11:86–90, 92, 96
clarki(i) 18:243, 254; 20:305; 21:44, 46–48, 52
cyanogenys 18:328, 338; 21:190
dentition 1:153, 156
ear 2:237, 266, 271
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:102
eye 2:26, 28
grammicus microlepidotus 18:30
grandaevus 20:293, 305; 21:67
histology of gut 6:275
internal relief of gut 6:177, 179, 181–182, 184
jarrovi 18:50, 73, 89–90, 92, 173, 175–177, 463–464, 472; 20:305
jaw muscles 4:477
magister 18:243, 254, 265; 20:305; 21:190
malachiticus 18:469
nose 2:119, 128
occidentalis 18:99, 178–179, 239, 243–248, 252–254, 260, 263–264, 267, 317, 322, 338–339, 386, 472–473; 19:487, 489, 506, 525; 20:305; 21:190, 208
occidentalis biseriatus 18:180
olivaceus 18:243–244, 246–249, 254, 328, 339
orcutti 18:261
parathyroid 3:259
pituitary 3:141, 147, 170
spinosus 20:305
thyroid 3:213–217, 221–223, 227
torquatus 18:173, 383; 20:305
undulatus 18:189–190, 261, 264, 334, 336–337, 380, 387, 397
undulatus consobrinus 18:337–338
undulatus erythrocheilus 18:338–339
undulatus tristichus 18:337–338
undulatus undulatus 18:167
urinogenital system 6:24, 26–27, 38, 59, 62, 68, 70, 72–73, 77, 81, 87–89, 93, 97, 100, 102–104, 116, 118, 121
variabilis 21:37
virgatus 18:177, 264, 276, 337, 357, 362–363, 370, 376, 380, 472
woodi 18:362
Scelotes 15:100–101, 110–115, 121–123, 131–132, 636; 16:118, 266; 20:138, 140, 144–145, 298; 21:399
axial muscles 11:357
axial skeleton 1:253, 266, 270
bipes 20:298
chondrocranium 11:65
ear 2:224, 244,267, 271
nose 2:120, 140
Scent
gland(s) (see also Gland; Pheromone) 6:296
trails (see Pheromone trail)
Schaltstück of uriniferous tubule (see Distal
segment of uriniferous tubule)
Schleifenstück of uriniferous tubule (see Intermediate
segment of uriniferous tubule)
Schleimzellen (see Mucous cells)
Schliessmuskel 2:222
Schmeckzellen (see Neuroepithelial cells)
Schnabel technique 16:345
Schultheis quick-reading thermometer 5:31
Schumacher-Eschmeyer technique 16:343, 346
Schutz-Dale 8:371
Schwann cell (sheath) 2:167, 285, 305–306; 8:470; 9:414, 417–419, 423, 431, 436
Sciatic vein 6:30, 395
Scincella 7:viii, 51, 100, 159, 163, 167, 173, 179, 183, 196–187, 191, 286–287, 494; 9:332; 12:113–114; 13:181, 184, 210; 15:325, 341, 347, 351, 353, 358, 362, 374, 389, 391, 639, 643, 670; 16:118, 141, 239–240, 248, 250, 254–255, 261, 464–465, 517; 20:43, 140; 21:397
lateralis 18:182–183, 190, 469, 473; 20:298; 21:308
muscle tissue 11:266
urinogenital system 6:58
Scincidae (scincid) 5:172, 192, 421, 423; 7:9, 21, 51, 162, 166–167, 179, 263, 286–289, 318, 366, 373–374, 377–378, 492–494; 8:46, 52, 57, 634, 686–688; 9:161, 163, 251, 332, 338–340, 344–346, 361–364, 374, 377; 12:60, 99, 111–115, 379, 472; 13:166; 14:5, 29, 502, 543, 664, 712; 15:7, 44, 84, 115, 129, 306, 324–325, 333–334, 342, 366, 376, 380, 389, 532, 618, 624, 636–645, 663–664, 667–668, 670–672; 16:34–35, 51, 59, 117–118, 123, 141, 257, 282–284, 296, 315, 455, 465, 483, 486, 516–517, 543; 17:248; 19:21, 38, 41, 409–410, 523; 20:15, 43, 45, 53, 57–58, 78, 90, 126, 137–141, 143, 145, 147, 150, 152, 156–158, 160, 163, 170–172, 184, 190, 192, 194, 242, 245, 247, 252–261, 264–271, 273–274, 285, 307; 21:14, 17, 58, 60, 67, 80, 89, 107, 117, 134, 141–142, 153, 222–223, 249–250, 259, 265–266, 271–272, 278–279, 288–289, 396–404, 546
adrenal 3:280, 283
axial muscles 11:357, 384, 386, 422
axial skeleton 1:241–143, 247, 251, 253–255, 258–260, 262–264, 266–267, 269–270, 281
blood cell morphology 3:77
blood chemistry 3:28, 31, 50
chondrocranium 11:7, 19, 23, 57, 61, 65–71, 78, 85, 105, 146, 159, 188, 197
dentition 1:149, 165–166
ear 2:222, 224, 240–241, 244–246, 267, 271
eggs 20:549
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:96
eye 2:13–14, 20, 27, 29–31, 87, 89
histology of gut 6:229, 299
internal relief of gut 6:177
jaw muscles 4:289, 358–361, 413, 418, 420, 470, 478
nose 2:120, 127, 132, 138–140, 143, 178
parathyroid 3:255
pituitary 3:136, 139, 145–146, 150–152, 154– 155, 157, 160, 174–175, 192, 194–195
thyroid 3:205
urinogenital system 6:63, 68, 98
Scincinae 20:138, 140–1432, 144, 146–148, 267, 307
Scincogekkonomorpha 21:17–18, 91, 222, 249– 251, 255, 259–260, 266, 279, 301, 350, 375
Scincoidea 20:137, 159, 280
axial skeleton 1:257
blood cell morphology 3:79–81
pituitary 3:194
Scincomorpha 8:151; 9:338; 15:324–326; 19:11, 27–28, 69; 20:75, 116, 137, 241, 254, 261, 269, 284, 352; 21:9, 18, 60, 89, 96, 112–113, 279
adrenal 3:283–284, 286, 297
axial skeleton 1:242, 246, 259, 262, 265, 267, 293
chondrocranium 11:39–73, 102
dentition 1:164–168
jaw muscles 4:350, 359, 365, 368, 392, 418
pituitary 3:136, 194
thyroid 3:205
Sincopus 21:399
Scincus 7:288, 307; 8:687; 9:151, 153, 157, 332; 12:113, 334, 351–352; 13:87, 95; 15:115, 636, 638, 670; 16:118, 141; 17:208–209; 19:544; 20:138, 142, 146, 148–149, 298, 307; 21:51, 89, 96, 123, 145, 155, 172, 229, 275, 294, 298, 302, 375, 386
axial skeleton 1:257–258, 270
blood cell morphology 3:77, 81
dentition 1:165
ear 2:271
eye 2:14, 27, 30
internal relief of gut 6:177, 183
jaw muscles 4:478
mitranus 20:307
nose 2:120
parathyroid 3:255, 257
pituitary 3:192
scincus 18:469; 19:550, 579; 20:142, 145, 298; 21:396
thymus 3:112
urinogenital system 6:38–39, 57, 61, 67
Sclera 2:5, 15–18, 20, 22, 24, 31–33, 40–41, 50–52, 64–65, 68, 70, 74–75; 11:84, 143, 157, 170, 179, 220, 244
Scleral
cartilage 2:15–16, 19–20, 23–24, 41, 50, 64, 68–69, 75, 84, 87; 11:17, 24, 39, 50, 53, 63, 105–106, 124, 128, 157, 203, 212
(direction of eye) 2:3
ossicle 2:2, 15–21, 23–32, 50, 64–65, 68–70, 75, 79–84, 87, 89, 92; 4:279; 11:17, 24, 39, 63, 84, 105–106, 128, 157, 203, 220, 244; 14:132, 133, 173, 296, 314, 616, 651; 20:142, 145, 298
papillae 14:132, 173
ring (see Scleral ossicle)
Scleroblasts 14:529
Sclero-corneal junction 2:15, 50, 70, 74
Sceleroglossa 19:21; 20:17, 42, 49, 52, 54, 56, 59, 75–76, 78, 82, 84, 86, 116, 122–124, 147–148, 155, 164, 170, 172, 176, 182, 191, 193, 204, 210, 214–215, 222, 241, 252–257, 259–262, 264, 266, 268–272, 274, 277, 280–284, 286–288, 352, 368, 395, 585
Scleroglossa 21:16
Sclerosed cartilage 1:90, 93
Sclerotomal segmentation 11:38, 355
Sclerotome(s) 1:226, 236; 14:121, 152–153, 435; 15:310–311
Sclerotomite(s) 1:226, 236; 15:310
Scolecophidia (see also Typhlopoidea) 8:148– 151; 16:37–39, 151; 19:95, 125, 129, 138, 144–145, 149–150, 165, 170; 20:353, 364– 367, 369–370, 372, 390, 392, 394–398, 400, 585, 589–590, 594–595, 597; 21:478, 484, 507–508, 512–513, 534, 536–541, 546–547, 549–553, 557–558, 560–561, 564, 568–569, 572–573, 575–576, 581–583, 589, 593–597, 600–601, 603, 607, 609, 614
axial muscles 11:399, 411, 417–423, 430–431
chondrocranium 11:4, 152, 180–185, 200–201
internal relief of gut 6:192, 196
urinogenital system 6:113
Scolecophidian 17:216; 21:614
Scolecophis 16:179; 19:232
atrocinctus 19:153, 214
Scoliosis 14:455–456
Scope for activity (see Aerobic metabolism,
aerobic scope)
Scorpaeniformes 19:566
Scorpions 12:418; 21:45
Scotophase 12:227–228
Scotopic
cones (see Polysynaptic cells)
pigments 2:3, 45, 84, 91–92
spectral sensitivity 7:620–621
Screen phosphor 5:85
Sculling 21:56
Scute(s) (see also Epidermal shields) 5:105
abdominal 14:299
clipping (see Marking methods)
development 14:281, 294, 296, 450
inframarginal 14:296, 299
keratinous 14:157
marginal 14:176, 226, 296
thoracic 14:299
vertebral 14:176, 226
Scutellation 19:99, 168
of carapace 14:101
Scutosaurus 9:296
Scylacosaurus 9:299
Scyliorhinus 9:155–156
Scymnognathus 9:299
Scytale guerini 20:655
Sea
snake (see also Hydrophiidae) 13:2–4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24–25, 27, 29, 31–33, 35, 39–40, 57; 21:571
turtle 7:465; 13:2–3, 17, 25, 32–33, 56, 59, 276; 19:19–20, 66, 68–69
water 3:15; 5:366, 380, 388–389, 391, 397, 408, 415–416, 422–423, 436, 440
acclimation 12:364, 430
Seal 8:609
Sealing materials 5:65, 98–100
Season 12:224, 230, 240, 250–251, 256–258, 293, 302, 308, 340, 343, 489
Seasonal
adaptation 12:243
changes in body temperature 5:165–166
cycle(s) 3:19, 21–22, 30, 53, 73, 85, 93, 99–102, 104–107, 128–129, 157, 209, 214–219, 223, 257, 269, 292, 294, 311–312; 5:34, 128–129; 6:37–38, 41, 58–59, 61–65, 67–68, 70–79, 82–84, 87–88, 90–92, 94–95, 99–100, 104–105, 117, 121–122; 13:53, 59, 61, 65–67, 73–83, 101, 295
differences 5:165, 210
fluctuations in metabolic rate 5:167
layering of bone 1:69
metabolic activity 1:319
rhythm 5:169
status 5:3
variations 5:9, 33, 35, 167, 255; 8:639, 642; 19:554
in body composition 13:136–138
Sebaceous gland 18:122
Sebecosuchia 9:83
Sebecosuchia
dentition 1:186
eye 2:73
skull 4:264–268, 270, 273–277, 279
Sebecus 9:81, 83–84
skull 4:270, 273, 279
Second
distal carpal 21:10
distal tarsal 21:10, 176
metacarpal 21:127, 285
metatarsal 21:175, 177, 179–180, 387, 389
order pathway 10:122
messenger 19:495
Secondary
anterior cerebral vein 2:50
anterior vidian foramen 20:416, 422, 427, 471, 484
bone 1:153
bony armor (see Epithecal shell)
cartilage 11:5, 10
centers of calcification 1:92, 97, 106, 111
choana (see Choana)
coracoid fenestra 21:73, 82, 274, 278
coracoid ray 21:234
endosteal bone 1:61
eyelid 2:14
girdle 21:281
Haversian systems 1:61, 77
hypapophysis (see Paraseptal apophysis)
neural spine (see Dorsal paraseptal apophysis)
osteone 1:46–47, 56–58, 73
palate 1:8, 12; 2:101–102, 113, 137–138, 142, 145, 151, 153, 173; 4:202, 212, 223, 229–231, 234, 252–253, 265, 271–273, 276; 6:226; 11:61, 70, 120, 218, 244–245; 18:433; 20:14–15, 109, 120, 140, 145–146, 149, 152, 157, 167, 184, 188, 240, 243, 247, 265–266, 387, 400, 410, 419, 424
rods 2:84
sexual characteristics 6:71–72, 75, 77, 83, 116, 121; 15:280; 16:209–210, 354–356
trabeculae 1:54
tympanic membrane 2:197, 219–220, 222, 224–225, 227, 229–230, 233–234, 238, 242, 244, 246–248, 261–262; 11:27–29, 69, 145–146, 237–238, 246; 20:11, 34, 71; 21:486
vascular canals 1:46
vidian canal 21:520–522, 532
Secretatogue 8:599
Secretin 3:332; 8:618; 17:670, 682
Secretion 8:110; 18:117–120, 158, 163, 165–169, 198–199–204
control of 10:24
cycle 8:80, 136–138
duct 18:200
granules 19:16, 47
lobules 18:192
mechanism 8:91
of enzymes 8:147
of interstitial cells 6:71, 74–77
of sex segment 6:38, 41
rate 5:422, 426, 433, 435; 8:141, 668
Secretomimetic drug 8:91
Secretory
activity 8:110
canaliculi 6:261
cell(s) 5:417; 8:84, 130
nomenclature 8:45
cells of maxillary teeth 8:87
cycle (see Secretion cycle)
droplets 8:111
granule(s) 2:175; 6:35, 38, 41–44, 65, 67, 69, 71–74, 78, 91, 115, 117, 263, 266–267, 289, 293
processes 5:429, 448, 488
tubule 8:93, 138
vesicle 8:132
Sedimentation rates 5:61
Seeds 12:496–497
Segment
à bordure (see Proximal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
à brosse (see Proximal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
Grêle (see Intermediate segment of uriniferous
tubule)
sans brosse (see Distal segment of uriniferous
tubule)
Schweiger-Seidel (see Intermediate segment of
uriniferous tubule)
Segmental
canal 6:7
cellular cord 6:8
duct (see Wolffian duct)
lymphatic sinus (see Costal sinus)
vesicle 6:5–7, 13, 15, 17
Segmentation 19:24
in vertebrates 14:121
of tail muscle 15:368
somitic 15:128
Seitliche Nasendrüse (see External nasal gland)
Seitlicher Nebenraum (see Extraconchal space)
Seitz filtration 8:565, 573
Sekundire Choana (see Choana)
Selachian 17:208
denticles 14:431
Selachii
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:101, 103–104, 114, 152, 162, 168
muscle tissue 11:292
thyroid 3:215
urinogenital system 6:4
Selected body temperature 13:298
Selected temperature 12:22, 37, 39, 98, 217, 228, 230
Selection (see also Evolution) 14:19, 200, 530, 550; 16:49
pressure 19:348
Selenium 8:174
Selfish herd 16:412
Sella turcica 3:148, 168, 176, 178, 181, 192; 9:70; 20:416, 526; 21:533
Semen 6:44
Semi-erect posture 21:58
Semicircular
artery 2:23
canal(s) 2:259; 4:256–257; 9:54, 70, 84, 96, 100, 108, 112, 114, 122; 14:136, 173; 20:11, 76, 89, 101, 114–115, 126, 134, 146, 192, 195; 21:503
anterior 20:31, 72, 89, 102, 113, 164
lateral 20:11
posterior 20:31, 33, 73, 113, 172
ducts 2:203–207, 216, 218, 226, 252, 256, 259
tendon (see Pterygoideus-tendon aponeurosis)
Semilunar valve 6:188
Seminal
canal 14:145
fluids 18:52
furrow 15:197, 201, 205–206, 216, 218–219, 222–223, 225, 227, 229, 238–239
receptacle(s) 6:89–90, 95; 15:47; 18:376
vesicle 6:24, 44, 89–90, 95
Seminatrix 7:227; 16:120; 19:234
pygaea 19:214; 20:648
Seminiferous tubule(s) 6:50–51, 56–61, 63–65, 67–73, 75, 77–80, 83, 106, 116, 121, 442; 14:151, 340, 441, 632, 634
development 15:154, 156, 162, 164–165, 167–170, 249, 269, 276
effect of estradiol 15:254, 260–261, 263, 277, 280
in intersexual gonad 15:265
of hybrids 15:472
secretory activity 15:241–242
Semiochemical (see also Pheromone) 18:25, 115– 116, 131, 133, 153, 159–160, 163, 165, 178, 184–185, 187, 191–192, 195, 202, 205
Sendai virus 14:664
Senescence 16:353, 356, 498
Sense organs 11:7, 9, 228
Senses 16:15–16, 18, 28, 62, 162–163, 177–180, 184, 189–190, 217
Sensitization 7:573
Sensor 12:224, 230, 240, 250–251, 256–258, 293, 302, 308, 340, 343, 489
Sensorimotor transformation 17:333
Sensory
axon 11:320, 324
capsule 9:3
cells (see Hair cells; Olfactory cells; Visual
cells)
hairs 15:367
mechanisms 19:301
modalities 18:77
organs of muscles (see also Muscle, spindle) 11:316–334
“pits” of scales 2:278–279
“plaques” of scales 2:278
“pores” of scales 2:278
receptors 5:303, 316; 8:471
“tubercules” of scales 2:278–279
Senticolis 19:231
triaspis 19:142, 153, 214
Separating fold (see Postvestibular ridge)
Sepedon, eye 2:63
Sephadex 8:183, 191, 225
Sepharose 8:354
Sepsina 15:636
tetradactyla 21:403
Septa
of neurohypophysis 3:140, 183
of thymic capsule 3:118, 120
of thyroid capsule 3:207
Septal
arrangement 19:23
cusp 19:382, 390, 395
defects 19:436
muscles 19:44
organ 18:424
ring 19:24
valve 19:404
Septaldrüse (see Medial nasal gland)
Septale Nasendrüse (see Medial nasal gland)
Septicemia (see also Pathology) 19:519
Septomaxilla 4:202, 230, 278; 11:17, 20, 22, 48, 50, 60, 71–73, 75, 79, 81, 88–89, 100, 106, 119, 122–123, 126, 129, 143, 152–153, 161, 165, 171, 175–176, 179, 181, 184, 218, 244; 20:6, 14, 24, 41, 47, 69, 75, 97, 111, 115–116, 123, 127, 134, 145, 149, 153, 163, 166, 170, 180, 191, 196, 204, 210, 212, 214, 217–218, 221, 225, 227, 230–231, 234, 238, 240, 243, 245, 248, 355, 357, 368–369, 371–372, 375–376, 378–381, 383, 386, 388–389, 391, 397, 399, 402–404, 406–407, 409–410, 414–415, 417– 418, 420–421, 431–432, 434, 437, 439, 445, 447–448, 453–456, 462, 465–467, 469–470, 473, 476, 479, 483, 489–491, 497–501, 503, 505–507, 509–511, 513, 523–524, 527, 532–533, 536–541, 543, 553–557, 559–560, 562, 564, 566, 568–569, 571, 589; 21:545, 557, 571, 574–577, 579, 583–584
-frontal contact 21:574
-frontal hinge 21:578
frontal joint 20:535, 560
-prefrontal ligament 21:585
-vomer conplex 20:406, 426, 436–437, 536, 558
-vomer fenestra 20:539
Septomaxillary 21:559
dorsolateral process (see Conchal process of
septomaxilla)
foramen for vomeronasal nerve 20:406
-frontal joint 20:537
-maxillary ligament 21:560, 562
process of frontal 20:395, 561
Septosphenoid 11:23, 58, 84, 241; 20:125, 128, 135, 137
Septum 10:178, 253, 263, 265, 274, 308; 17:608, 627, 629, 682; 18:35, 41, 48, 97–98, 101, 391, 443, 495; 19:7–8, 12, 14–15, 18, 21–22, 24, 27–28, 30, 32, 37, 42–44, 52, 67, 76, 107–110, 145–146, 407, 426, 554, 566–568
aorticopulmonary 19:387, 394–395, 412–413
atrial 19:412
horizonal 19:427
interaortic 19:395, 400
interatrial 19:381, 384–385, 390, 393–395, 409, 413–416, 427
intercameral 19:6, 9, 38, 61, 72
interedicular 19:11–12, 42
interfaviolar 19:13, 42, 52, 64, 108
interlobular 19:9, 38
internal 19:413
intracoelomic 19:4, 28, 39, 41, 111
intraparenchymal 19:12, 14, 63
intrapulmonary 19:20, 26–28, 30, 33, 36, 67, 70
intraventricular 19:395
laryngeal 19:119
mammalian interalveolar 19:8
membraneous 19:394–395
muscular 19:386, 392, 395
post-hepatic 19:4, 7, 27–29, 40, 487
post-pulmonary 19:4, 7, 20, 30, 32, 39–41, 49
pulmoarterial 19:406
radial 19:405
respiratory 19:4–5, 17
sinus 19:378–379, 381, 392
trabecular 19:108
transverse 19:7, 39, 487
ventricular 19:376, 384, 386, 393, 427–428, 435
vertical 19:383–386, 390, 405–406, 408–413, 415–416, 428
Sergeev’s method 16:348
Serial homology 21:68, 210
D-Serine 3:25
Serine 3:23, 40; 8:614; 11:292; 19:350
Sernylan 5:45
Serology (see Blood chemistry)
Sero-mucous cells 6:299
Sero-muquex 8:45
Serosa (see also Coelomic epithelium; Peritoneum) 5:384; 19:8, 376, 506
Serosal parietal net (see Subpleural net)
Serotonin(e) 8:193–194, 466, 474, 499, 526, 654; 10:247–251, 253–254, 259, 264, 266, 268–269, 276, 279, 282; 12:230, 235, 240, 244, 247, 253, 256, 17:65, 72, 158, 328, 399, 531, 589; 18:235–238, 317; 19:46
sensitive receptors 8:667
Serous 8:73
cells 6:244–246, 248–249, 251–253, 256–264, 268, 299, 301; 8:45, 47, 59, 87
glands 2:11–12, 176
Serpentaria 8:95–96
Serpentes (see also Ophidia; Snakes) 7:6, 9, 12, 18–19, 70, 100, 104, 201–228, 378–399, 456, 497–506, 571, 576–578, 587–589, 594, 598–599, 607–609, 614, 617, 624–625, 644–645, 663; 19:21, 65, 94, 96, 135, 379, 381, 398, 404, 412–416, 579; 20:5; 21:9
Serrate teeth 1:121, 154–155, 186–187
Serratus anterior 21:212
anterior superficialis 21:212
Sertoli cells 6:57–58, 60–61, 78–81, 116, 120–121; 16:357–358
Serum (see also Antiserum) 5:70, 203, 366, 370, 480
electrolytes (see also Body fluids) 5:396
albumin 19:514; 21:549
glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase 8:509
sickness 8:365
Sesamoid(s) 1:81, 93, 197–112; 14:514; 21:306
bone 20:507, 515
Sessell’s pouch 14:715
Set-point 12:47–48, 214, 217–218, 220–221, 224, 226, 255
Sets of teeth 1:120
Sex 5:43, 137
attraction (see also Mating) 18:116, 118, 120, 123, 148, 152, 157–158
chromosomes 14:442; 15:275, 285, 287; 16:402, 551
cords 6:50–52, 77; 14:441; 15:154, 156–158, 162, 164–166, 168, 170, 254, 256, 259–260, 276–277
determination 6:105; 12:30, 66–67; 13:209
and gonad size 14:445
and hormones 15:276
and temperature 14:7, 150, 208, 273–274, 280, 308, 332, 336, 352, 355, 440, 442, 444–445
differentiation 6:353, 402–403, 551–553, 572–573, 580, 583–586
genotypic 15:275–276, 284–285
temperature dependent 15:264, 285, 613, 623
differences 5:129, 175, 210
differences (dimorphism) (see also Sexual
differentiation) 18:15, 80, 82, 171, 192, 312, 314–315, 330–331, 337, 340, 397
differential mortality 14:336
dimorphism (see Life history traits)
discrimination 18:426
eye color 18:331
hormones 16:553
and genital development 15:246–264, 274, 276
H-Y antigens 16:553
mimicry 16:160, 209–210, 215
parental care 16:297–298, 312–313, 315
ratio(s) 13:130; 14:274, 332–333, 336–337, 355, 444; 15:428; 16:353, 363, 402, 415, 418
and temperature 15:27–28, 264–265, 272–274, 278–280, 283–286
biased at birth 7:223–224
crocodilians 7:231, 236
effect of hormones 15:157, 241, 246–264
heterogeneous 15:286
in decapitated embryos 15:246–248
in populations 15:283
seasonal variation 15:284
snakes 7:222–224
recognition 18:145, 152, 155, 169, 171, 173, 182–186, 189, 195–196, 198, 204, 331–332, 343, 352, 357, 378
segment of kidney (see segment of uriniferous
tubule)
segment of uriniferous tubule 6:6, 21, 33–45, 77–78, 107, 116
selection 16:399
steroid (see also Gonadal steroid hormone) 6:37; 18:33–34, 344, 361, 373
androgens 18:33–34, 37, 41
binding protein 18:91
concentrating sites in brain 18:33, 35, 37, 41, 48, 54
estrogens 18:33–39, 41–43, 51, 54
progestins 18:33–35, 37, 39, 41, 48, 54
Sexual
behavior (see also Breeding; Mating) 14:530; 18:24–25, 28–35, 37, 39, 41, 45–46, 48–50, 53, 56, 118–119, 171, 195, 331–332, 334, 353
associated 18:29–30, 54
attractivity 18:24–25, 40–44, 46, 157
bellowing 18:202
constant 18:29–31
dissociated 18:29–30, 55
female (see Sexual, female behavior)
heterotypical 18:81, 85
pushups 18:383
ramming 18:194, 426
bipotentiality 6:48–50, 105
cycle (see also Seasonal cycle) 3:73, 100, 149, 226, 311–312
differentiation 15:154–155, 162, 240–241, 243, 245, 247, 254–257, 259–261, 263; 18:80
and environmental factors 15:286
and hormones 15:613
and temperature 15:151, 264–287
dominant/neutral model 18:77–80
feminization 18:78–81, 84
hormonal inheritance 18:15
masculinization 18:78–81, 84
nongenetic aspects 18:15–16
dimorphism 3:98, 102; 6:30, 43; 7:105, 109–112; 13:76, 118, 122–123, 238, 278, 299–301, 304; 14:496; 15:195, 240–241; 19:97, 122, 129, 131–132, 139–140, 149, 151, 162–164, 167, 501, 503, 512, 537; 20:38, 43, 106
female mate choice 18:341–342, 377, 392
female behavior 18:38, 53–55
lordosis 18:25, 45, 53
proceptivity 18:24–25
receptivity 18:24–28, 34–38, 41, 43–46, 48–50, 52–54, 56, 157–158, 184, 341, 354, 374–376, 379, 381–382, 399
receptivity, inhibition 18:49–54
receptivity, neck bending posture 18:25, 27, 34, 183
receptivity, posture 18:37
rejection, sidlehopping (back-arching) 18:356–360, 370, 374–375, 380
rolling 18:163
maturation 18:340, 352, 375, 378, 380–381
maturity 13:277–280, 304; 14:10, 333–336, 442, 496; 16:354–356
segment secretion granules (see also Renal sex
segment) 18:156
selection (see Evolution)
Seymouria 21:83
axial skeleton 1:203
bone 1:71
dentition 1:120–121, 150
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:10, 15, 23–25, 31–32
Seymouriamorph 9:294–295
Seymouriamorpha 19:71, 74
dentition 1:120
eye 2:80
origin and evolution 1:10–11, 14, 23, 25, 27, 30–33, 39–40
Seymouriidae, origin and evolution 1:35
SH groups 6:229, 237, 246–248, 252, 265, 271–272, 280, 294
Shade-seeking 12:218
Shaker muscle (see Rattlesnakes)
Shape factors 12:317–318
Shark 10:299, 309, 315, 323–324, 326, 331
Sharpey’s fibers 1:46, 72–73
She-males (see Multiple within-sex phenotypes)
Shear 20:501
Shearwaters 7:241
Shedding 5:36, 378; 12:404–405, 412–414, 431, 446
/molting 18:136, 145, 147–148, 150, 162–164, 171
sexual attractivity 18:480
of shields 1:319
of teeth 1:136
Sheep 8:484, 486, 498, 605
Shell (see also Turtles) 1:203, 311–339; 5:63, 89, 98–99, 153, 232, 315, 327; 18:195
carapace 18:191
gland (see also Egg, shell) 6:85; 14:349
histogenesis 1:312–314
histology 1:312–314
membrane(s) 6:85, 92; 15:4, 531, 550, 571, 575
morphogenesis 1:312–314, 327
morphology 1:327–331
of egg 6:91, 114
ontogenesis 1:313–314
phylogenetic history 1:331–337
plastron 18:191
terminology 1:314
(Testudinine)
development 14:151–161, 281
evolution 14:156
ossification 14:156–158
rot 14:211
Shells (egg) (see Egg shells)
Shield furrows 1:312, 326–327, 330
Shields (see Epidermal shields)
Shinisaurus 16:36, 126, 142, 249; 19:70; 20:209– 217, 254, 256, 266; 21:90, 148, 160, 172
axial skeleton 1:205, 242–243, 247, 253, 255, 257, 260, 263, 268–269; 13:2
crocodilurus 19:30, 79; 20:213, 302, 309
eye 2:20, 27, 32
jaw muscles 4:318, 378–379
pituitary 3:195
Shivering (see Temperature regulation, endogenous
heat production)
thermogenesis (see Parental care)
Shock 8:439, 449, 524–525
absorption 20:48, 51, 62
Short
ciliary artery 2:52
fundus of stomach (see Corpus of stomach)
Shortening rate (see also Contraction time) 11:298–301, 303, 308
Shoulder 21:19, 28, 40, 59
girdle 21:62, 68–69
joint 21:242
musculature 21:212
Shrew 8:163
Shunt(ing) (see also Cardiac shunt) 19:300
flow 19:431, 433, 456, 458
fraction 19:431, 433–435, 456, 460
fractional L-R 19:458
intrapulmonary 19:319, 326, 328–330, 332–333, 397–398
kinetic 19:436
Left-Right 19:430–434, 443–444, 447, 451, 454–455, 457, 460–461, 463, 469–472
mechanisms 19:436–451
net 19:435, 444, 456–459, 461, 469, 471
open interface 19:436
pressure 19:436, 441–445, 447, 451
pulmonary 19:326
Right-Left 19:430–435, 439, 441, 443–444, 446–447, 450–452, 454–461, 463–469, 471, 473
standard equation 19:431, 433
three-vessel model of 19:434–436
two-vessel model of 19:435
unidirectional shunting 19:435
wash-out 19:389, 392, 436, 441, 445–451
Shuttle box learning
comparison with problem box 7:591
comparisons among taxa 7:594–595
one-way vs. two-way procedure 7:592
Sauria 7:592–594
Serpentes 7:594
Testudines 7:592
Shuttling 12:215–222, 228, 231
Shwartzman reaction 8:497
Sialic acid 3:29, 33, 51; 8:488; 19:506
Sialidase 8:122
Sialoglycoproteins 8:59
Sialomucin 8:122
Sialoprotein 8:488
Siamese twinning 15:373
Sibon 16:120, 148, 230, 482–484, 519; 19:100, 132, 134, 214, 229; 20:567, 572, 577
annulata 19:203 (as Dipsas), 214
annulifera 20:651
anthracops 19:214
carri 19:214
dimidiata 19:214
dunni 19:214
ear 2:272
eye 2:54–55, 62, 91
fasciata 20:651
jaw muscles 4:443, 481
nebulata 19:214
sanniola 19:164, 168, 214
Sibynomorphus 5:134, 148; 19:132, 229
ear 2:272
mikanii 19:153, 214
turgidus 19:153, 215
vagus 19:215
ventrimaculatus 19:215
Sibynophiinae 19:224
Sibynophiini 19:158, 171
Sibynophinae, jaw muscles 4:441, 448
Sibynophis 16:148, 259; 19:224; 21:577, 599, 602
bivittatus 19:215; 20:643
chinensis 19:215; 20:643
collaris 19:215; 20:643
ear 2:272
geminatus 19:215; 20:643
jaw muscles 4:441, 481
melanocephalus 20:643
melanogaster 19:215
nose 2:140
sagittarius 19:142, 153, 215; 20:643
subpunctatus 20:643
Side cavity (see Extraconchal recess)
Siderophily 6:78
Sidlehopping (back-arching) (see Sexual, female
behavior, rejection)
Siebenrockiella 14:107; 15:275; 16:402
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:104
Sigaloseps 21:397
Sigmoid cavity 21:116
fossa 21:116
notch 4:17, 19; 21:102, 114, 116
Sigmoidicity 5:252
Signal transducers 19:495
Signature bob (see Display signature)
Silastic tube 5:101
Silent displays 19:67
Silica 8:566; 14:315
column 18:203
gel 5:103; 8:268
Silicon, in eggshells 14:374
Silicone rubber 5:98
Silkworms, parthenogenesis 15:453
Silver 8:174
methenamine reaction 3:330
nitrate 6:283
-oxide chloride 5:88
proteinate 6:283
staining 3:301, 331
Silybura, dentition 1:179
Simian 9:160
Simiscincus 21:397
Simoliophiidae 20:594–595
Simoliophis 20:595
Simonatrix 15:649–650, 652, 671, 675
Simophis 16:231; 19:232
rhinostoma 19:153, 215
Simosaurus 9:297
dentition 1:191
Simoselaps 8:25; 15:654; 16:150, 181, 233, 520; 19:223; 20:544, 549–550
anomalus 20:629
approximans 20:629
australis 8:25; 19:198; 20:549, 629
bertholdi 8:25; 19:198; 20:629
bimaculatus 19:198
calonotus 19:198
fasciolatus 8:25; 19:152, 198; 20:629
incinctus 8:25
litoralis 20:629
roperi 19:198; 20:629
semifasciatus 8:25; 19:198; 20:629
warro 8:25; 19:198; 20:629
Simplex retina 2:90
Simultaneous choice test 18:149
Sine wave generators 5:52, 85
Sinemydidae, shell 1:336
Sineoamphisbaenia hexatabularis 21:625
Single
cell (see Single cone)
cone 2:32, 34, 36, 43–46, 54, 56, 58, 60, 65, 72, 76–77, 84
unit activity 18:451, 453
Sinking tendency 5:228
Sinoatrial
aperature 19:407, 415
junction 19:402
opening 19:381–382, 406, 408, 410–416
orifice 19:409
valve 19:378–379, 381–382, 392, 398, 402, 404–405, 408, 415–416
Sinomicrurus japonicus 20:537, 622
Sinonatrix 16:148; 19:233; 21:579
aequifasciata 19:215
annularis 19:215; 20:648
percarinata 19:215
Sinus 19:396, 414, 539, 551, 558, 568
cell 10:13
der Pseudoconcha (see Postconchal cavity)
hair 9:431
maxillaris (see Extraconchal space; Maxillary
sinus; Nasopharyngeal duct)
nasal 19:115
nasolacrimalis (see Lachrymal sinus)
nerve 19:318
pericapsularis 21:495
septum 19:378–379, 381, 392
splenic 19:541
terminalis 14:290; 15:540, 542, 546–549, 559–560
venosus 5:87, 293–294, 308; 10:10, 14, 17, 20; 14:147, 163; 19:376, 378–379, 381, 384, 388, 390–392, 398–414, 416, 445
Sinusoidal vessels 19:540, 564, 568, 572–573, 575
Sinusoids 19:488, 491, 493, 507–508, 511, 521, 561, 570
of parathyroid 3:236, 254
Siphlophis 19:226
cervinus 19:215; 20:655
geminatus 20:655
longicaudatus 20:655
pulcher 19:215
urinogenital system 6:30
worontzowi 20:656
Siphonium 4:225, 237, 239; 11:237, 239, 243, 245
Siren 16:8
lacertina 19:567
Sistrurus 7:386, 394, 506; 8:37, 170, 173, 176, 193–194, 250, 263, 297, 317, 326, 328, 337, 341–342, 348, 350, 358–359, 372, 377, 447; 15:658; 16:16, 39, 45–48, 54, 122, 130, 152, 214; 17:426; 18:159, 476, 489; 19:125, 193, 220; 20:488
axial muscles 11:357
blood chemistry 3:51
catenatus 8:37, 100, 176, 251, 263, 297, 317, 328, 337, 341–342, 348, 350, 358–359, 372, 377, 447; 18:324; 19:142, 193, 523, 525; 20:616
catenatus tergeminus 18:489
ear 2:270, 272
internal relief of gut 6:193–194, 197, 199, 207, 211
jaw muscles 4:482
miliarius 8:37, 170, 173, 193–194, 251, 263, 297, 317, 326, 328, 348, 372, 447; 19:193; 20:513, 515, 521, 616
miliarius barbouri 18:324
ravus 8:37; 19:168, 193; 20:616
Sitana 7:489; 12:107; 13:308; 16:49, 258–259, 512; 21:134, 184
ear 2:271
ponticeriana 7:164; 20:101, 294; 21:190, 401
urinogenital system 6:59
Size (see Body size; Life history traits, body
size)
Skeletal
bed 10:36
maturity 1:81
muscle (see also Muscle, skeletal) 5:8, 58, 85, 90, 160, 164, 196, 200–207, 209, 259, 309, 311, 315, 323, 325
Skeletochronology (see Age; Life history
methods)
Skeleton 1:1–44
appendicular 14:124
axial 14:121
Skin (see also Alpha-layer; Cutaneous; Mesos
layer; Scales; Oberhäutchen) 2:154, 195–197, 222, 224–225, 231–232, 261, 278–279, 281, 289, 291, 294–295, 297, 305–306; 5:9, 37–38, 57–58, 64–65, 85, 88, 98–100, 197, 226, 232, 249, 313–315, 365, 370, 374, 378, 380–382, 385, 387–389, 395, 399, 403; 9:407–408, 421; 11:360–361, 372, 374, 379, 385, 387, 411, 417; 12:7, 344, 397, 401–405, 408–412; 13:35; 18:118, 136, 138–139, 143–145, 147–149, 153, 155, 163, 170–171, 173, 187–189, 192; 19:460, 508
α-layer 18:153–154
and autotomy 15:321, 335
β-layer 18:154
cast (shed) 18:153, 155, 163
cutaneous water loss 18:153–154
grafts (transplants) 14:15, 583, 639–642, 644; 15:429, 432–433, 437, 439–440, 488
hinge region 18:151
lacunar cell layer 18:153
tissue 18:154
lipids 18:134, 136, 151–153, 155, 160, 162, 169, 171, 204, 496
mesos 18:143–154
cell 18:153
region 18:153
moisture conservation 18:139
morphogenesis 14:8
Oberhautchen 18:154
secretions 18:144–145, 147
shedding 14:525, 534–535, 537–558, 563, 572– 573, 575–576, 578, 584, 589; 15:304, 381
source of pheromone 18:482–483
surface 18:153
tearing 16:32, 51–52, 127
tubes 18:148–150
Skink (Scincidae) 5:30, 145, 168, 199, 298–299, 397, 479
burrowing 10:222
eating 20:480
Skull 1:1–44, 152, 158–159, 165, 174, 226; 2:119, 151–152, 177, 196–197, 225, 227; 3:113, 115; 4:201–284; 5:94–95, 316; 11:1–263, 362–363, 366, 369–370; 21:217
characters 20:6, 251
development 14:124–126, 310, 312–314, 462, 514
diapsid 14:495
embryology of 11:1–263
ossification 14:126, 132, 172, 312, 456
roof 1:12
structure 15:646
vertebral theory of 11:1
Skunk 8:378
Sleep 10:312, 326; 12:227, 255
cycles 10:250
paradoxical 10:250, 326
slow-wave 10:250, 326
Slice technique 5:494
Sliding
filaments 11:265
joint 20:422, 518, 574, 576, 579
Sloughing 5:378
Slow
potentials 18:452
reacting substances (SRS-C) 8:473, 521–522
walk 21:51–52
Slug
-eating snake(s) 8:6
eaters 20:571–572, 580
Small intestine 3:322; 5:57–58; 6:166–176, 182, 187–188, 191–192, 197, 202–209, 211, 214–221, 227–231, 272, 274–289, 291, 295, 301–302, 346, 349, 352–353, 379, 398, 415–421, 424, 427, 440, 446, 458; 19:535
Small single cone (see Type A2 cone; Type C
cone)
Smooth muscle (see also Muscle, smooth) 6:29, 42, 57–58, 65, 67, 85–87, 89–90, 92, 94–95, 120, 214, 237, 239, 268–270, 279–280, 284, 287–288, 291, 293
Snail(s) 5:397; 8:656; 12:363
-eating dipsadines 20:580
Snake(s) (see also specific families, specific genera, and
specific groups; Ophidia; Serpentes) 5:2, 7, 10, 20, 23, 25, 28–29, 31, 33, 37–38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 49–51, 53, 59, 63–64, 71–72, 75, 88–89, 91, 93–97, 100, 103, 105, 126, 133–135, 138, 145–152, 154, 156, 160, 166, 168–170, 175–176, 179–180, 183, 189–194, 196, 198, 209, 230–231, 241, 243, 245–246, 248–251, 264–265, 281, 286, 293–295, 316, 318, 321, 327, 348, 365–366, 371, 375, 381–384, 394, 406–408, 421, 430–431, 433, 435–436, 438– 440, 448, 450–451, 453, 455–458, 461–462, 464–466, 469–485, 488, 491–497; 8:590, 593–594, 628, 659, 662–665, 690–697; 9:9, 12, 19, 27, 30–31, 34, 43, 57, 66, 75, 148, 151–152, 158, 161–162, 166–167, 218, 236, 248, 252, 275, 280–281, 288–289, 296, 323, 367–369, 389, 407, 421–422, 434, 437; 10:5, 25, 28–29, 39, 42–43, 59, 80, 84–85, 96, 100–101, 120, 122, 133, 157, 167, 169, 174, 191, 204, 207, 210, 212, 217, 221, 223, 225, 227, 233, 235, 239–240, 289, 313; 12:6, 29, 33, 57–58, 93, 125–134, 142–143, 146, 172–173, 197–202, 223, 22, 238, 244, 246, 250, 317, 326, 333, 362–363, 368, 379, 412, 416, 418, 424–425, 431–432, 449, 472; 13:2–4, 6, 8, 10–12, 14, 16–19, 21, 24–25, 27–29, 31–33, 35, 39–40, 57, 60–61, 63, 67, 75, 92, 96, 98–99, 113, 119, 125, 128, 130, 132–133, 159, 177, 182, 204, 208, 210–212, 216, 239–240, 246, 262, 276, 279–282, 290–294, 300–301, 303; 14:19, 88, 113, 200, 209, 331, 347, 358, 375, 442, 451, 497, 532, 534–537, 545, 548, 550, 553–555, 557, 560, 567, 587–588, 604, 609, 625–626, 635–636, 638, 642, 652–654, 659–66662, 664– 665, 681, 695, 697, 700, 706, 711–715; 19:2, 7, 9, 11–12, 20, 33–34, 38, 41, 64–66, 93, 181, 299, 319–323, 328, 330, 334–335, 337, 344, 347, 353, 376, 378–379, 387, 429, 452, 485, 489, 491, 506, 508, 511, 515–516, 521–523, 554, 577–578; 20:10–11, 23, 49, 196, 205, 239, 241, 251, 269, 281, 352–353, 361–363, 365–366, 382, 389–390, 395, 401, 408, 420, 435, 438, 458, 484, 583–584, 588; 21:17
antipredator mechanisms 16:6–15, 17–19, 21, 31, 33–34, 36–48, 123–124, 142–152
aquatic 5:33; 19:137, 146, 155, 156, 170
arboreal 19:123, 126–128, 146, 148, 151, 155, 157, 161–162, 165, 169, 170
black (see also Coluber) 5:44
blind (see Leptotyphlops)
boa (see Boa)
boa constrictor (see Boa)
boid 5:146–147, 150
brown 5:176
cages 5:23
capture methods 16:339–340
carnivorous desert 5:387
caudal autotomy and regeneration 16:189, 259, 265–266
cobra (see Naja)
colubrid 5:146–147, 150, 175, 406
-eating elapids 20:550
eggs and embryos 16:529–532, 538, 545, 565–568, 574
elapid 5:50
file (see Acrochordus)
fossorial 19:140, 146, 170
fresh water 5:453, 456, 466, 474
garter (see Thamnophis)
gopher (see Pituophis)
indigo (see Drymarchon)
life history 16:336, 345–347, 349–350, 355–357, 361–364, 367–368, 443–447, 454–456, 477–500, 518–521
lungs 19:75, 93–236, 328
historical review of literature 19:97–100
marine 19:65, 137, 150–151, 156–157
marking methods 16:342–343
mesophilic 5:494
milk 5:44
mimicry (see Mimicry)
mole viper (see Atractaspis)
nests 16:534–538, 543
non-boid 5:491
ophiophagous 5:24
ovoviparous 5:36
parental care (see Parental care)
phylogenetic relationships 16:25, 37–38, 40–41
pipe (see Cylindrophis)
predation on 16:6–15, 37–48, 119–122
python (see Python; Python)
rat (see Elaphe; Zaocys)
ribbon (see Thamnophis)
river (see Acrochordus)
saw-scaled viper (see Echis)
sea 5:101–102, 198, 227, 318, 422, 431, 433–439, 451, 456, 458
spleen 19:550–556
systematics 19:94–97, 135, 168–171
terrestrial 5:232, 266, 474, 488
viper (see Vipera)
water (see also Natrix; Nerodia) 5:20, 53, 461–462, 464, 469, 476–477
water moccasin (see Agkistrodon)
xerophilic 5:474–475
yellow-bellied water 5:44
Snakebite 16:164–168; 20:497
treatment 8:584
Snapping turtles (see Chelydra)
Snell’s formula 9:150
Sniffing 18:195–197, 203–205
Snout 5:50, 101; 20:352, 355, 361, 364, 370, 372, 376, 378–380, 385–388, 391–393, 397–398, 401, 403, 406, 414, 417, 419–420, 425–428, 430, 432–433, 437–438, 443, 447, 457–459, 461–462, 466, 470, 475–477, 480, 483–484, 490, 498–500, 502, 510, 522–524, 531, 535–536, 539, 543, 552–553, 558, 561, 565, 567, 573, 583, 587–589
movement 20:456, 501, 559
-palate relationships 20:583
-prefrontal relationships 20:559
-rubbing, conspecifics 18:478
shifting 20:415, 420
-vent length 5:105; 19:96, 101, 103, 106, 121, 131–133, 135, 145, 152, 162, 169–171
Social
behavior (see also Territoriality) 7:265–321; 12:145; 18:115, 180, 330–332
behavior and aggregation 18:115–116, 118– 120, 125–135, 153, 173, 181–184, 192–193, 200, 424–426, 465, 474, 477–480, 495
neonatal responses 18:477
sites 18:134, 140–141
behavior and aggression 18:37, 46, 84, 138, 165, 173, 175, 186–189, 334, 338, 344, 348, 354, 378, 394, 425, 472–473
agonistic behavior 18:178, 182, 187–188, 471–472
body-bridging 18:159–160, 475
combat 18:53, 131, 138, 147, 156, 170, 190, 194–195, 202, 426
male combat 18:53
skin shedding 18:473
communication
in different environments 7:440–443
use of displays in 7:406–438
display 18:299, 328, 333–361
environment 13:212, 298–299
hierarchy (see also Social behavior) 18:172
position, determined by
body size 7:427–430
previous experience 7:425–427
territory 7:427–430
Sociality 16:16, 18, 28–30, 49, 60, 134, 168, 209–210, 249–250, 401, 403, 412, 418
Sociochemicals (see also Semiochemical) 18:425
Sodium 3:3–7, 13–16, 45; 5:11, 54, 67, 366, 370, 383, 387–392, 394–401, 405, 413, 422, 427, 429–430, 435, 441, 471, 478, 495; 6:118; 8:171–173, 469; 12:168, 326–335, 341–349, 351–357, 359, 362–366, 369–370, 375–379, 383–385, 426, 487; 13:85–87; 14:315
absorption 12:366–368, 425–428
alginate 8:566
bicarbonate 3:18; 5:58, 495; 18:145
chloride 5:53, 55–58, 61, 380, 396, 413, 423, 433–434, 438, 456, 465, 471, 480; 8:59; 12:349, 363, 366, 370, 384; 18:145
citrate 5:60
excretion 5:467–468, 478
fluoride 5:60, 66
in eggshells 14:374
influx 5:60
ion(s) 5:53, 102; 8:168–170
load 5:428
loss 5:390
-potassium pump 17:24
potassium ratio 5:61
pump 2:311
reabsorption 5:389, 465, 468–473, 480
salt 5:61
thiocyanate 5:69
thioglycolate 8:321
transport 2:311, 313; 3:14; 5:384, 398, 469, 472, 477
uptake 13:85
urate 5:10
Soft palate 4:277
Solar
heating 5:314
radiation 12:283, 319–320
rhythm 3:107
Solenlopsis geminata 18:120
Solenobia 15:459
Solenodonsauridae, origin and evolution 1:11, 25–40
Solenodosaurus 19:68
origin and evolution 1:4, 25–30, 33, 35
Solenoglypha (see also Viperidae) 8:563
Solenoglyphous 19:104; 20:488
Solenoglyphy 1:175, 178
Solenoid valves 5:74
Solitary fasciculus 10:139, 147, 169–170, 190, 202, 206, 209, 213, 216
Solubility coefficient 5:344, 348
in water 5:490–491
of gas 19:332
product 5:58
Solum supraseptale (see also Planum supraseptale) 9:3, 6
Solute
concentrations 5:9
-linked water flow 12:371
transport 5:472
Solutes 5:383, 388, 401, 413, 438, 447–448, 469, 471
Solutions 5:54
Somali Republic 2:324
Somatic musculature 21:212, 217, 225
Somatopleur 6:5
Somatopleural crest 6:8
Somatopleure 14:503
and limb bud 15:61, 67, 94
Somatosensory
afferent 10:291
information 10:301
input 10:316
representation 10:300, 316, 393
unit 10:300
Somatostatin 17:65, 159, 590, 608–610, 612, 688
Somatotropes 14:688, 702, 709–710
Somatotrophic cell (see X cell)
Somatotropin 3:22; 6:115; 14:709
Somite(s) 6:2, 5–6, 8, 12, 15–16, 108; 14:96, 99, 101; 21:24
and carapace development 14:152
and limb development 14:123, 158; 15:61, 63–64, 66, 84, 87–88, 94, 100, 113–115, 128, 130–131–133
and vertebrate segmentation 14:121
cultured in vitro 15:87
development 14:8, 18, 115, 117, 121–124, 172, 191, 228, 390, 395, 405, 502–503
explanted 15:87–88
formation 15:12
grafts 15:88, 133–134
hyoid 14:122
mandibular 14:122
metotic 14:123
number 15:128, 132–133
number and developmental stage 14:13, 281, 285, 287–290, 292, 394, 397–400
occipital 14:123
postotic 14:121, 123–124
premandibular 14:122
prootic 14:97, 121–123
removal (ablation) 15:87–88
transplants 14:640
Somitic
cell migration 15:61
and limb muscles 15:61
in phallus development 15:225
extensions
and limb development 15:61, 63, 65–68, 70, 94, 101–105, 107, 110, 113–115, 121, 124–125, 127, 132–134
lysosomes in 15:104
mesoderm 21:24
Somitogenesis (see Somite, development)
Somitomeres 14:398
Sonora 7:225, 389, 393, 503; 15:647; 16:55, 120, 148, 230; 19:232
aemula 19:164, 215
ear 2:272
episcopa 18:139
michoacanensis 19:215
semiannulata 18:120; 19:153, 215; 20:643
Sonora gopher snake (see Pituophis)
Sonorines 20:556, 560
Sonorini 19:133, 232
Sordellina 19:227
punctata 19:215
Sørensen’s buffer mixture 5:54
Sound (see also Vocalization) 19:66, 119–120, 156
production (see Antipredator mechanisms)
South America 2:321–322
Southern Africa 2:324
South-West Africa 2:324
Soxholet extractor 18:163
Soybean tripsin inhibitor 8:165–166
Space 12:300–303
competition 18:120, 173
constant 11:287
Spacing patterns
Agamidae 7:276–277
Anguidae 7:300
ant-eaters 7:305–306
carnivores 7:301–303
Chamaeleonidae 7:295–299
changes in captivity 7:306–308
Cordylidae 7:300
effect of food 7:309
effect of food specilization 7:301–306
effect of foraging strategy 7:273–290, 299
effect of habitat visibility 7:279
effect of phylogeny 7:316–318
field experiments 7:308
Gekkonidae 7:291–295
herbivores 7:303–305
Iguanidae 7:269–277
in reptiles 7:265–321
Lacertidae 7:282–286
model of 7:319–321
Scincidae 7:286–289
Teiidae 7:277–282
Varanidae 7:289–291
Xantusiidae 7:299–300
Spain 16:7, 60
Spalerosophis 5:134, 149, 179, 181, 189, 373, 377, 379, 387, 406–407; 7:227; 8:91, 94, 142; 12:129, 198, 465, 475; 13:161, 166–167, 297, 312; 14:617–618, 625–626, 628–629; 15:593; 16:148, 198, 200, 519, 538; 19:231
arenarius 19:215
diadema 8:94; 19:60, 81, 215, 415, 419, 554, 579; 20:644
microlepis 19:215
Spaltlinien (see Split-lines)
Spathorhynchus 21:685, 687
fossorium 21:626, 687–688, 707
natronicus 21:626, 634, 687–688
Spatial
behavior 18:426
discrimination 7:604, 631–632; 10:313
orientation 10:314
relationships 18:131
Spatium anterosseum 21:114
Spatulate teeth 1:164, 187, 192
Special segment of uriniferous tubule 6:22
Specialized predator 8:8
Speichermilz (storage spleen) 19:544, 570
Species
characters, as indicators of niche differences 7:71–72
definition by blood chemistry 3:48–49
density of amphibians 7:13, 26–29
density of birds 7:13, 26–29
density of mammals 7:13, 27–29
density of reptiles 7:13, 27–29
diversity of reptiles
correlated with annual precipitation 7:27–29
correlated with birds 7:27–30
correlated with evapotranspiration 7:27–29
correlated with mammals 7:27–29
correlated with sunfall 7:27–29
definition of 7:1
latitudinal gradients 7:12
lizards 7:3, 11, 17, 20, 24
MacArthur’s model 7:4–5, 11
numbers of species 7:2–3, 5, 25
prey related 7:22, 25
relative importance of species 7:2–3
snakes 7:12, 18–19
species-area model 7:14–15
within-habitat 7:3, 5, 16–18
recognition 18:173, 184–187, 195–196, 204–205, 426
Specific
dynamic action 13:236; 19:335
gravity 4:11; 5:48, 327
site defense
definition of 7:267
evidence for 7:267
examples 7:282, 286, 290, 292, 296, 300
factors affecting 7:314–315
function of 7:311–312, 314
use of displays in 7:316
Spectacle(s) (see also Brille) 2:14–15, 21, 49, 51, 83, 88; 11:84, 143, 170, 201; 12:472–475
Spectral irradiation 18:300
reflectance 18:300–301, 329
sensitivity 7:620–621, 651–654; 10:291
Spectrophotometer 5:69, 79
ultraviolet 5:67
visible 5:67
Spectrophotometric methods 5:256
Spectrophotometry atomic absorption 5:67
ultraviolet 5:67
Speed 11:268, 273; 12:33, 93, 134–135, 142, 172, 197, 326, 329, 333, 362, 368–369, 397, 493; 21:46, 48
of contraction 21:204
Sperm 6:39, 41–42, 44, 50–51, 58–65, 67–68, 71, 73, 76–77, 79–81, 83, 92, 94–96, 106, 120–121; 14:340, 352; 16:355, 357–358; 18:39, 43, 155–156, 158
competition 18:53, 56
production 13:241, 246–247
storage 13:98, 203, 205; 18:28, 43, 53, 56, 376, 378
storage (retention) 14:275, 340, 348, 497
transfer 14:497
viability 18:28
Spermatic artery 6:56
furrow (see Seminal furrow)
vein 3:274; 6:56
Spermatid(s) 6:58, 60–61, 80–81; 15:38, 473
Spermatocyte(s) 6:58, 60–61, 81; 15:38
Spermatogenesis (see also Testis) 3:218–219; 6:51, 58, 60–61, 63–65, 71–72, 74–76, 79–80, 106, 116, 118–122; 13:99–100, 119, 124, 203, 205– 209, 218; 14:209–210, 339–340, 343; 15:37–38, 41–47, 50–51; 18:82, 88–89, 93–94
and temperature 15:37–38
in hybrids 15:471–472
Spermatogenic cycle 15:40
Spermatogonia 6:50–51, 58, 60–61, 78–79, 81, 111
Spermatozoa
maturation 15:40
retention 15:40, 431
(sperm) deposition 15:40
storage (see also Sperm) 15:37, 40, 47
Spermiogenesis 6:61, 65, 73, 77–78; 12:230
Spermophilus 16:199
columbianus 21:336
richardsoni 21:336
Sphaerodactylidae
thyroid 3:205
urinogenital system (see also Gekkonidae) 6:14, 18
Sphaerodactylinae(i) (see also Gekkonidae) 19:25, 70; 20:117, 120, 124, 126
axial skeleton 1:243, 245
eye 2:20, 22, 26, 29, 31, 45, 88–89
Sphaerodactyls 21:95–96
Sphaerodactylus 7:469; 12:462, 464, 474; 14:28, 585; 15:7, 17, 351, 356, 359–360, 379–380; 16:23, 32, 52, 137; 17:99; 20:117, 124, 126–127, 296, 306; 21:145, 397
adrenal 3:279
axial skeleton 1:245
chondrocranium 11:77, 79
dificilis 20:306
ear 2:239,242, 266, 271
eye 2:20, 22, 31, 42–43, 45
molei 20:296
thyroid 3:210–211
Sphargis (see Dermochelys)
Sphenacodon 9:297
Sphenacodont 9:125, 127, 297
Sphenacodontia
dentition 1:121, 124, 193
origin and evolution 1:14
Sphenethmoid 11:21–22, 130
commissure 11:12, 15–20, 22, 43–46, 52, 66, 68, 72, 76–77, 83–84, 87–88, 90, 93, 96, 103, 105–106, 110, 115–117, 119, 124, 127, 131, 142, 161, 196–197, 202, 208–209, 212, 229, 231–233, 235, 240; 20:10, 361
ganglion 2:12
Sphenethmoidal cartilage 9:6
Sphenoccipital
epiphyses 20:70, 147
foramen 20:102, 104
suture 20:125
tubercle 21:499
tuberosity 21:490
Sphenodon (see also Rhynchocephalia) 5:37, 41, 71, 93, 96–97, 135, 151–152, 160, 173, 179–181, 199, 209, 293, 365, 369, 377, 383, 436, 454, 457, 459, 467–468, 475, 477, 479, 487–480; 7:240–242, 399–400, 419, 447, 570, 572, 609; 8:49, 54–55, 59, 65, 70–71, 151, 591, 676–677; 9:4, 7–8, 11–12, 14–16, 19–21, 26–28, 31, 34, 42–43, 52, 66, 121, 138, 164, 173, 220, 234–235, 240, 252, 283, 285–288, 290, 295–296, 363, 366, 370–371, 408; 10:5, 10, 29, 134, 166, 203, 230; 13:57, 99, 102, 161, 166, 206, 210, 262, 279, 290, 301; 14:7, 10, 21, 27, 43, 48–49, 169, 450, 495–516, 537, 609, 616, 626, 636, 647, 657–658, 663, 693–694, 709, 712, 714; 15:19, 22, 41, 50, 84, 240, 303, 313, 315, 334–335, 351, 367–368, 370, 381; 16:9, 28, 58, 66, 114, 136, 244–245, 353, 531; 17:13–14, 16, 29, 98–99, 185, 189–190, 208–209, 249, 282, 300–301, 500, 506, 626–627, 646, 648, 668; 18:7, 190, 205, 433, 435–437; 19:4–5, 11, 21, 37–38, 68, 405, 409, 513, 521; 20:10–12, 19–20, 42–43, 51, 62, 64–68, 70–74, 76, 78, 94, 113–114, 128, 251, 253–254, 256–260, 263, 266, 269–273, 279, 286–288, 304, 485; 21:5, 9, 17, 29, 41, 46, 65, 68, 77, 86, 91, 93–94, 111–112, 116, 120–122, 128, 137, 140–143, 148, 152–155, 160, 163–165, 171–172, 176, 182–183, 185, 220–221, 224–227, 229–230, 233–235, 238, 246, 250–253, 259–261, 266, 268–269, 271, 275–276, 278, 285, 288, 290–294, 297–300, 303, 305, 307, 312–313, 316–317, 331, 338–339, 347–348, 350, 363, 355, 357, 361–362, 367–379, 575, 378–379, 382–384, 388–389, 391, 393–394, 396, 482
adrenal 3:269, 271, 274, 278–279, 286, 291–292, 296, 298–299, 305–306
axial muscles 11:356, 376–380, 382, 387, 391, 411, 414, 429
axial skeleton 1:203–204, 206, 234–240, 243, 245, 252–253, 255, 268, 270, 300–301
blood cell morphology 3:75–76, 79–85
bone 1:63
chondrocranium 11:29–30, 32–33, 36, 38–39, 48, 61, 71, 80, 89, 105, 114–115, 117–125, 184, 192–193, 197–198, 201, 206, 223, 236, 246
dentition 1:135, 147, 152–153
ear 2:229, 236, 239, 246–247, 252, 256, 262, 265, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:84, 104, 106–109
eye 2:25–26, 30, 63–66, 82, 84–85, 87–90
guentheri 20:1, 64, 291
histology of gut 6:244, 246, 252, 255, 273, 283, 287, 296, 298, 301
internal relief of gut 6:175, 219
jaw muscles 4:286–313, 317, 350, 388, 392, 398–399, 409, 414–416, 422, 476–477
lymphatics 6:453
nose 2:100–101, 103–104, 116–118, 131, 136–138, 149, 153–154, 156, 158–161, 164–170, 172, 174–175, 178, 182
origin and evolution 1:1, 3
parathyroid 3:245–249, 251
pit organs 2:279
pituitary 3:139–140, 154, 157–160, 166
punctatus 18:237–238, 462; 19:3, 21, 78, 381, 383, 406, 417, 501, 525, 545, 550, 579; 20:1, 64, 291, 304; 21:7
thymus 3:112
thyroid 3:202–203, 227
urinogenital system 6:5–6, 8–13, 15, 18, 20–21, 24–27, 29, 36, 41, 56, 58, 70, 85, 89–90, 108, 110–111, 120
Sphenodontidae (sphenodontid) (see also
Tuatara) 7:399–400; 8:46; 9:57, 127; 15:41; 19:405; 21:137, 146, 166, 181, 396
axial muscles 11:356
axial skeleton 1:203, 234, 254
chondrocranium 11:114–125
dentition 1:152–153
ear 2:240–241, 265, 270
jaw muscles 4:476–477
origin and evolution 1:3
parathyroid 3:248
pituitary 3:136, 139, 146, 151, 154, 166
Sphenoid 4:431, 434; 11:3, 6, 127; 20:6–7, 9, 15, 25, 27–31, 44, 50, 52, 70, 88, 101, 104, 112, 115, 124, 127–128, 135, 137, 146–147, 150, 156, 158, 164, 172, 181–183, 186, 195–196, 204–205, 207, 209, 215, 217, 222–223, 225, 231, 234, 238, 240, 246, 248, 267, 270–271, 276, 278, 280; 21:496, 499, 512, 529–530, 533, 535, 568
articular surface with basioccipital 20:451
bone 2:196
complex 20:355, 357, 360, 366, 370, 375–376, 382, 390–391, 399, 415–416, 422, 426–427, 432, 438, 443, 448–450, 458, 464, 466, 478, 484, 490, 502, 504–505, 507–509, 532, 540, 560–561
-pterygoid ligament 21:569
rostrum 21:537, 545
Sphenoidal-occipital hypapophysis 20:508
Sphenolateral plate 9:2, 34; 11:20, 230, 234, 241
Sphenomorphus (see also Lygosoma) 5:132, 141, 379; 7:viii, 69, 82, 167, 263, 494; 12:44, 54, 69–71, 113, 461–462, 471, 474; 13:203; 15:44, 533, 538, 542, 551, 554, 559, 562, 536, 564, 566–571, 578, 594, 638–639, 642–644, 662, 670, 675–677; 16:118, 141, 249, 255, 292, 517; 19:409, 418; 20:138, 144–145, 149, 298; 21:207
aignanus 21:397
alfredi 21:399
anotus 21:399
atrigularis 21:397
bignelli 21:397
brunneus 21:397
butleri 21:399
cinereus 21:397
cranei 21:397
derooyae 21:397
dussumieri 20:307
eye 2:27
fasciatus 20:298; 21:397
forbesi 21:399
fragilis 21:397
fragosus 21:397
gracilipes 21:398
inconspicuum 21:398
indicus 20:298, 307
judei 21:399
kosciuskoi 18:90
lawtoni 21:398
leptofasciatus 21:398
longicaudatus 21:398
maindroni 21:398
minutus 21:398
mulleri 21:399
nigriventris 21:398
nigrolineatum 21:398
nose 2:120
oxycephalus 21:399
pratti 21:399
quoyii 20:298
rarus 21:399
schultzei 21:399
scutatus 21:399
solomonis 20:146, 298; 21:398–399
tanneri 21:398
taylori 21:398
textum 21:398
urinogenital system 6:59
Spheno-obturator membrane 11:186–187
Sphenocccipital tubercle 11:112
Sphenopalatine
foramen 21:554–555, 557
ganglion 21:554
Sphenoprootic suture 20:44
Sphenops (see also Chalcides) 9:9, 124; 12:113; 16:266
boulengeri 21:399
sepsoides 21:122, 184
sphenopsiformis 21:402
Sphenosuchus, chondrocranium 11:246
Spherocytosis 8:488–489
Spherodactylinae 19:27
Sphincter 19:489
muscle of the neck (see M. sphincter colli)
Sphingomyelin 18:154; 19:350
Spider(s) (see also Invertebrates) 8:7, 618
Spike 11:285–286
Spilotes 7:384, 503; 16:39, 129, 134, 148; 19:127, 162, 231
axial muscles 11:357
poecilostoma 20:643
pullatus 19:127, 161, 215; 20:644
Spina
bifida 14:227, 452, 465
prootica 20:126
quadratojugalis 4:210, 223, 234, 256
Spinal
afferent 10:293
canal (see Vertebral canal; Neural canal)
cord 1:201; 9:22, 176, 178–182, 184, 235–238, 240, 295; 10:2, 24, 59–102, 111–129, 139, 169, 172, 174–175, 177, 179, 183–184, 187, 191–193, 201, 210, 220, 227, 236–237, 301; 11:368; 17:325, 332, 414, 505, 536, 550, 599–600, 633, 637, 651, 663, 679, 682, 685; 19:63, 452; 21:50–51
cord and autotomy 15:324
cord and fracture plane 15:321
cord in serpentiform reptiles 15:96, 131
cord regeneration 15:360, 362
ganglion 9:183
gray matter 10:62–63, 66, 68–69, 71–74, 85, 100–101, 119, 124
gross anatomy 10:60
lemniscus 10:139, 141, 143, 145, 147, 149, 151, 153, 155, 157–159, 161, 163–164; 17:526
lymphatic trunk 6:399
motoneuron 17:652
needle 5:62–63
nerve 1:207, 222–223, 227; 9:183; 11:356, 364–367, 403, 431
and limb buds 15:82
neuronal types 10:75
quotient 21:51
regional variation 10:60
valve 6:187, 221
vein 6:30
Spinalis capitis 20:51
Spindles
adaptation 11:329, 332
focally innervated 11:332
multifascicular 11:327
muscle 11:320–332
phasic 11:329–332
tonic 11:327, 329, 331–332
twitch 11:327, 332
unifascicular (see also Muscle, spindle) 11:334
Spingomyelin 8:266
Spinous
crest (see Neural crest)
process (see Neural spine)
Spirolactone 5:394
Spitting cobra (see also Hemachatus; Naja) 8:8
“Spitting” of venom 1:176
Splanchnic beds 5:323; 10:36
circulation 19:462
Splanchnocoele 6:8, 11–12, 108
Splanchnocranium 11:10
Splanchnopleure 6:108; 14:48, 503
Spleen 3:74, 320–325, 328; 6:349, 356, 414, 417, 421, 446–447; 10:9, 37; 13:95; 15:384; 19:39, 169, 505, 507, 533–580
anatomy (see also Spleen, morphology) 19:535–570
comparative 19:561–570
and immune system 14:614, 626–628, 637, 642, 657, 660–662
appearance 19:545–546
architecture 19:548
avian 19:578
capsule 19:539–540, 543, 547–550, 554–555, 557, 559, 561, 564, 566–570
defense 19:544, 570
development 14:162, 636–637
dorsal 19:535, 562, 572, 577
double-layered architecture 19:542–543
double-layered venous zone 19:565
drainage route 19:543
early (Dipnoan) form 19:571–572
ellipsoids 19:542–543, 547, 549, 551–554, 556, 558–559, 562–569, 571
embryology of 19:559–561
evolution of 19:561, 570–577
extra-enteral 19:572, 576
extra-intestinal 19:572, 578
extrasplenic vasculature 19:536–537
fibrous capsule 19:538–539, 551
fibrous tissue 19:520
fibrous zone 19:548, 552–553, 556, 558
functions 19:544
hilus 19:537–539, 543, 547, 549–554, 559, 567, 569
intermediate zone 19:542, 569–570, 574–575
intestinal 19:535, 564, 572, 575–576
lobules 19:552, 562
location and number 19:535
marginal zone 19:539, 542–543, 549, 570, 674–575
melanomacrophage center 19:543–544
morphology (see also Spleen, anatomy) 19:534–544
nodules in 19:552, 554, 556, 558, 561, 568–569
nodular zone 19:548, 555, 559
origin 19:571
outer double-layered venous zones 19:564
periarterial lumphoid sheath 19:540–541, 549, 552, 554, 556, 569
periarteriolar macrophage center 19:542
periellipsoidal lymphoid sheath 19:549, 552, 569
periellipsoidal white pulp 19:569
perilymphatic arterial net 19:541
perilymphoid fibrous zone 19:554–556
physiology 19:511–516
position 19:545–547
premordium 19:560
pulp 19:539–543, 548, 550–553, 555, 558–559, 562, 565–566, 569
red 19:539–544, 547–548, 550–551, 553–554, 556–559, 561–562, 564–568, 570, 573–575, 577
white 19:539–541, 543, 547–550, 552, 554, 556–558, 561–562, 564–568, 570, 573–575, 577
S/B (spleen/body) ratio 19:537, 545, 557, 562, 565, 570, 577
sinusoid 19:489, 491, 494, 506, 574
storage 19:570
subcapsular zone 19:542
trabeculae 19:539–540
vascular remodeling theory 19:573–574
vasculature 19:545–547
vasculated zone 19:554
venous zone 19:540–541, 563, 565, 574, 577–578
ventral 19:535, 562–563, 572, 577
weight 19:537–538
Splenectomy 14:626, 648, 651; 19:544, 567–568
Splenial 4:116, 138, 142, 189, 191, 203–204, 211, 215, 217, 219, 221, 239, 240–241, 250, 258, 279, 306, 374; 11:39, 63–64, 73, 80–81, 113, 135, 156, 179, 184, 220, 231, 235, 244; 20:35–37, 43, 74–75, 78, 89–91, 102, 104, 114, 116, 126–127, 130, 136–137, 148, 150, 157–158, 164, 166, 172, 174, 184, 186, 193, 195–196, 207–209, 216–217, 224, 226, 232, 234–235, 239–241, 247, 249, 274, 276–277, 356–357, 369, 375, 377–378, 589, 391, 394, 400–401, 409–410, 412–413, 418–419, 423, 425, 430, 433, 435, 441, 443–444, 461, 471, 481–483, 497, 506–507, 519–521, 530, 533, 550, 552, 579–581; 21:602–604, 606–609
-angular 21:609
-angular articulation 21:601
-angular contact 21:603
-angular joint 20:522, 531; 21:604
bone 14:419; 21:596
Splenic
artery 3:321
capsule 3:320
collectors 6:446
diverticulum 3:321–323, 328
lymphatic net 6:446–447
lymphatic vessels 6:427, 446–447
Splenius capitis 20:51
Splenogenesis 19:537, 560, 571–572, 574–575
Splenomegaly 14:642
Split-lines 4:246–247
Spongy bone 1:51, 53–54, 62, 313
Spontaneous discharge 2:286–287, 292, 309
Spotted membrane 12:401
Sprawling locomotion 21:20, 44, 49–50, 58, 82, 174, 182, 203, 245, 321
Spraying of venom (see “Spitting” of venom)
Spreading factor (see Hyaluronidase)
Spring emergence 18:157
Sprint speeds 21:45, 47, 49, 56, 206
Squalene 18:151–152, 203
Squamata(e)(es) (see also Amphisbaenia; Lizards;
Snakes) 5:10, 275, 277–278, 287, 292–293, 296, 305, 337, 342, 449, 451, 453–454, 466–467, 487, 490; 7:6; 8:3, 54, 66, 144, 147, 589; 9:9, 11, 19, 22, 66, 75, 138, 157, 251, 295–296, 408–409, 427; 10:59, 217, 219, 225, 233, 240, 327; 12:241, 247, 397, 401, 404–405, 409, 413, 418; 17:216; 19:21, 37, 74, 304, 386, 399, 406, 473; 20:4–5, 11–12, 14, 19–20, 31, 48–49, 51–52, 70, 108, 246, 250–252, 257, 263, 272–274, 286–288, 352, 360, 373, 389, 400, 416, 567, 583; 21:9–11, 17, 29
adrenal 3:269, 273–274, 278–284, 286, 289, 291–292, 298, 305–306, 309, 311
axial muscles 11:357–358, 362–363, 372–373, 375, 378–379, 423
axial skeleton 1:204, 206–209, 234, 240–299, 301–302
blood cell morphology 3:80, 83
blood chemistry 3:4–6, 21, 26, 50–53
cardiac shunting 19:441–449, 455–458
cardiac structure 19:406–416, 426–429
chondrocranium 11:3–6, 8, 11, 18–20, 25, 30, 38, 48, 82, 96, 99, 108, 114, 121, 123, 125, 127, 132, 137, 146, 158, 175, 191–194, 205, 207–208, 210, 213, 215–216, 219, 222–223, 227, 232, 234
dentition 1:148, 153–184
ear 2:221–230, 237–255, 265–272
eye 2:83, 90
heart 5:280–281
histology of gut 6:229, 296, 298–299
jaw muscles 4:285–490
muscle tissue 11:266, 274–275, 278–279, 284, 290–291, 295–296, 298, 320, 322–323, 325, 328, 331, 334–335
nose 2:100, 102–104, 118–144, 149, 154, 156, 159–161, 164–169, 171–172, 174, 177–179, 182, 184
origin and evolution 1:2–4, 10, 39
pancreas 3:328–329, 335
parathyroid 3:247–259
pituitary 3:140, 145, 148, 159, 163, 194–195
stapes 9:15
taxonomic literature 2:319, 321
thyroid 3:222
Squamate secondary palate 20:387
Squamosal 1:18, 20, 31; 2:198, 232; 4:105, 108, 110–113, 115, 133, 138–139, 147, 163, 174, 186, 203–205, 209–211, 213–214, 216–222, 233–234, 236–237, 244, 247, 249–252, 254– 257, 259, 266, 277, 291, 294–300, 302–303, 305, 309, 322–323, 328–330, 332, 336, 341–343, 347, 353, 356, 360, 363, 374–375, 378–382, 387–389, 394, 396, 401–402, 420, 453, 459, 462, 466, 471; 11:28, 39, 59–60, 63, 68–69, 71, 73, 80, 82, 100–101, 107, 112, 119, 124–125, 134, 156, 184, 199, 209, 214, 218, 220, 231, 237, 243–244, 366; 14:126; 20:14, 17, 19–22, 42, 44, 48, 52–56, 67–69, 74, 84, 91, 96, 99–100, 104, 108, 110, 115, 122, 128, 133, 136–137, 143–144, 149, 154, 160, 162, 166, 170, 173, 178–179, 181, 185, 190–191, 194, 202, 205, 209–210, 213–214, 217, 221, 225, 230–231, 234, 238, 240, 244, 248–249, 260–264, 272, 275–276, 278, 280, 282–285, 287, 289, 363, 365, 584; 21:220
ossification 14:312
Squamous stratified epithelia 8:48
Squatina squatina 19:562
Squid 8:440, 470
Squirrel 10:300
monkey (see also Saimiri) 10:230, 276
SS groups 6:229, 237, 246–248, 252, 265, 271–272, 280, 294
S-T segment 5:92
Stability 8:175–176
Stable age distribution 16:351
Stages of development 14:11, 13, 16, 21, 32, 77, 95–97, 99–101, 109–111, 141, 152, 159, 217, 219, 240, 282–307, 319–416, 502–503, 508–511, 683; 15:3, 6–8
indices of 14:91–99, 279–280, 502
at oviposition 14:10–11, 13, 110, 114, 184, 279, 282, 499–500
rationale and criteria 14:159, 280–281
Stamina 5:195, 255
Stammteil 2:118, 126, 131, 134, 137
Stance phase 21:43, 46, 48, 50
Standard rate 5:129, 138, 193, 209
Standing crop 13:234
crop ratios 5:191
Standing waves 21:45, 48, 61, 241
Stapedeo-saccular strand 2:256–257
Stapedial
artery 2:12, 197, 199, 222, 230; 11:15, 28, 35, 69, 79–80, 132, 187, 214–215; 21:482
footplate 20:361, 379, 382, 390, 398, 425–427, 438, 478, 484–485, 527, 529, 569; 21:499
foramen 2:199–200, 223, 230; 11:73, 80, 83, 85; 20:126
nodule 21:477
notch 2:200
process 2:226
shelf 21:485
Stapes (see also Columella auris) 1:7, 12, 14, 25, 27, 30–31, 38; 2:31, 196–197, 199–201, 224, 226–228, 230–233, 247; 4:202, 237, 371, 374; 20:12, 34, 48, 73, 75, 89, 102, 112, 114, 116, 126, 128, 135–137, 148, 150, 157–158, 164, 166, 172, 174, 183, 186, 193, 195, 206, 209, 216–217, 224, 226, 232, 234, 239–240, 242, 244–249, 272, 361, 376, 382, 384, 390, 393, 401, 407–408, 418, 426, 428–429, 432, 438, 442, 450, 452, 459, 474, 478, 484, 493, 519, 526, 563; 21:484, 525
inferior 11:207, 221
Star cells 2:38
Starch
gel electrophoresis 3:27
hydrolysis 8:611–612
Starling pressure 19:346, 467
Starvation 5:169; 13:70
effect on thyroid 3:208
Static defense 5:179
Statistical analysis 5:150; 16:346, 363–365, 393–396, 406–407, 443, 445, 447, 450–453, 459, 461, 463–464, 467, 469–470, 472, 475–476, 482, 487–488, 490–492
Statoacoustic organ 10:214
system 10:214
Statoconia 2:205
Statoconic membrane 2:205, 208–210
Statolith 2:208–209, 255
Staurotypinae
axial skeleton 1:215
limbs 4:53, 75, 88
Staurotypus 7:460, 465; 14:83, 89–90, 103, 108, 120, 162, 171, 179, 181, 185–186, 189, 191–193, 204–205, 213, 215–216, 220–221, 226–228, 231; 15:275; 16:122, 135, 402
blood chemistry 3:28, 50
eye 2:68
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:153, 180–181
limbs 4:4, 89
nose 2:114
Steady-state
energy balance 12:278, 284, 293–294
response 2:287
temperature 5:302
Stearic acid 18:123, 194, 199
Stefan-Boltzmann
constant (see Thermal balance)
equation 12:284, 320
Stegocephalia, dentition 1:118–119
Stegoceras 9:105–108
Stegonotus 16:233; 19:146, 215, 236; 20:573; 21:577, 600
batjanensis 19:215
borneensis 19:215
cucullatus 19:215; 20:644
diehli 19:215; 20:644
ear 2:272
heterurus 20:644
magnus 19:215
modestus 19:215; 20:644
muelleri 19:147, 215
parvus 20:644
Stegosauria 19:74
dentition 1:187–188
Stegosaurus 7:7; 9:57, 61, 67, 109–111
Steinkern 9:41
Stellate
complex 5:237
ganglion 5:307
ganglion complex 19:403
reticulum 1:146
Stellio 12:107–108; 14:604–606, 609–610, 612, 639, 664; 15:43, 445; 16:258
stellio 20:294
vulgaris 20:294
Stem
amniotes 21:194
cells of blood 3:73, 103
reptiles 19:498
tendon (see Mandibular adductor tendon)
Stenobionts 15:445
Stenodactylus 7:469; 12:124; 15:9, 328, 344–345, 350, 376; 16:115, 138, 254, 260–261; 20:117, 296; 21:41, 89, 96
chondrocranium 11:74–75, 77, 79
ear 2:266, 271
eye 2:26
nose 2:120
petrii 20:306
slevini 20:306
sthenodactylus 21:7, 400
Stenometopon 9:297
Stenonychosaurus 9:51, 57, 89–91, 93, 137
Stenophis 19:225
granuliceps 19:215
Stenoplacenta 15:534–535, 540, 546, 560
Stenorrhina 15:647; 19:215, 232
degenhardtii 19:215
freminvillei 19:215
Stenothermy 12:21–22, 46, 68
Stenotosaurus, dentition 1:120
Stenson’s duct (see Duct of Jacobson’s organ)
Stereocilia 2:214–215; 3:327
Stereoscopic vision 17:209
Stereospondyli, origin and evolution 1:23
Stereotyped behavior (see also Acts; Act, system) 7:335–403
avoidance 7:384–387
courtship and mating 7:341–349, 362, 369–375, 392–398, 402–403, 433–424
Crocodilia 7:400–403
defense 7:382–387
definition of 7:335
female rejection 7:367–368
interspecific comparisons 7:349–351, 375–378, 398–399
intraspecific aggression 7:340–341, 351–367, 387–392, 402
negative 7:382
Rhynchocephalia 7:399–400
Sauria 7:351–378
Serpentes 7:378–399
Testudines 7:337–351
Sterility
in hybrids 15:477
test 8:580
Sterilization 5:26
of needle 5:86
Sternal
fontanelles 21:63–67, 85, 87–89
groove 21:70, 74, 247
plate 21:30
rib(s) 1:236, 261–262; 11:384; 21:63–64, 67, 69, 86, 94, 218, 234
segment of rib 1:208
Sternocoracoid
articulation 21:238
ligament 21:94, 99
Sternocoracoideus
externus 21:212
internus 21:212
Sternocostal segment of rib 1:230–231, 235, 253; 11:378, 394
Sternohyoid muscle 6:378
Sternoscapular ligament 21:97–98, 234, 263, 265–266
Sternothaerus
limbs 4:3
subniger 19:19, 77
Sternotherus 5:136, 153, 170, 194, 197, 202–203, 242, 249, 319–320, 347; 7:68, 98, 345, 350–351, 460, 465, 569; 9:233; 10:203, 221, 225; 12:139, 140, 429; 13:36–38, 120, 125, 205; 14:78–79, 101, 103, 114, 118–120, 148–151, 179–180, 182, 184, 188–189, 195, 204–205, 209, 213, 215–216, 220–221, 226, 228, 235, 712; 15:151, 159, 170, 264, 269, 281, 283; 16:8, 11, 25, 113, 122, 127, 135, 337, 354, 362, 365–367, 392, 398, 400, 403, 415, 437–438, 532, 552; 18:198–199, 327
adrenal 3:265, 275
blood cell numbers 3:95, 100
blood chemistry 3:4, 8, 50
carinatus 18:197
ear 2:254, 258, 270
epiphyses and sesamoids 1:88
head muscles and visceral skeleton 4:103, 123, 153
limbs 4:3–4, 6, 11
minor 19:299
nose 2:104, 110, 113
odoratus 18:90, 95–96, 191–192, 197–198, 200, 251, 258
shell 1:321, 329–330, 334
urinogenital system 6:5–6, 49–50, 52, 59, 64, 71, 74, 98, 107, 109–111
Sternothyroideus 21:212
Sternum 1:203, 228, 230, 235–237, 240, 254–255, 261; 4:319; 5:62; 6:381–382; 11:375; 19:411; 20:584, 586; 21:10, 15–16, 29, 33, 40, 45, 59– 60, 62, 65, 68–71, 86–88, 90, 93–96, 98–99, 135, 217–221, 230, 234, 236, 240–241, 267
Sterocholanic acid 19:513
Steroid (see also Gonadal steroid hormone) 6:75, 80, 117; 18:147, 171, 183–184, 188
and skin shedding 14:543, 545, 572
biosynthesis 14:340 3-B-d-dehydrogenase 6:77
from theca interna 14:56
hormones 3:128; 5:390, 394
synthesis (steroidogenesis) 15:242–243, 274, 276–277, 285, 580, 594; 18:45
Steroids (see Estradiol; Estrone)
Steroidogenesis 3:296; 6:76, 102–103, 121; 8:518
Sterol(s) 18:169–170, 203
esters 3:36; 18:154, 203
Stiffness 11:299–300, 302–303, 311, 314
Stilosoma 16:120, 148, 230; 19:232
ear 2:272
extenuatum 19:215
Stimulation 11:303, 311
Stimulus 11:284, 286
control 16:15–16
Stock solutions 5:58
Stoichiometric ration 5:172
Stoliczkaia 19:224; 20:556; 21:592
jaw muscles 4:442, 481
borneensis 19:215
Stomach 3:17, 320–325; 5:309; 6:159, 163–166, 175, 179–182, 190–191, 195–202, 208, 213–214, 218–221, 226–230, 234–235, 241–271, 284, 301, 349–350, 352–354, 356–357, 379, 410–415, 419, 426, 458; 8:592–610, 618–621, 657, 666; 10:21–24, 26; 19:39–40, 137, 139, 158, 404, 486–487, 533, 535–537, 547, 550, 557, 567, 569
content analyses 18:162
development 14:142–143, 174, 309, 311, 439
glands 14:142, 174
mucosa 14:142
muscles 14:142
stones 13:9
stratum circulare 14:142, 174
strip 10:247
tunica propria 14:142
Stomatosuchus, skull 4:270–271, 275, 279–280
Stomodeum 8:2; 14:420, 681, 683–684
Stopcock grease 5:100
Storage 13:234–236, 238, 243, 246, 248, 255
Storeria 5:134, 148, 168, 175–176, 450; 7:225, 383, 385, 393, 503; 8:6, 610, 694; 13:97–98, 104, 107, 111, 115, 117, 122–123, 126–129, 131, 133; 15:45, 533, 546, 581, 586, 652; 16:8, 22, 120, 132, 148, 482–484, 519; 18:115, 131, 478; 19:234
blood chemistry 3:11
dekayi 18:115, 126–127, 131, 133, 137, 143, 477; 19:215; 20:648
ear 2:272
nose 2:121
occipitomaculata 19:153, 215; 20:648
storerioides 19:215; 20:572
urinogenital system 6:94, 97, 100
Stork 14:7
Strain gage 5:96
Stratification level 17:58
Stratified cortex 1:76
Stratum
album centrale 9:199; 10:143, 145, 153, 159, 164–165, 176, 227, 263–264; 17:194, 258–259, 262, 276, 310, 321
album profundum 9:199
corneum 2:14; 12:400, 420–421
fibrosum et griseum periventriculare 10:176, 263–264
fibrosum et griseum superficiale 10:145, 153, 159, 174–175, 263–264, 290; 17:193, 198, 202–203, 258, 290, 301–302, 304, 310, 314
fibrosum periventriculare 17:194
germinativum 18:154, 166
granulosum 12:420–421
griseum centrale 10:143, 145, 151, 153, 158–159, 164, 168, 175, 264, 290; 17:194, 258, 262, 276, 293, 321
griseum periventriculare 10:145, 153–154, 159, 165, 174, 176, 227; 17:194, 262, 299
intermedium 1:146
opticum 10:143, 145, 151, 153, 158–159, 164, 174–175, 263–264, 290; 17:193–198, 250, 301–302, 321
terminativum 3:220
zonale 9:177, 179, 182, 184–185, 192, 196, 198–199, 210–211, 214–215, 231; 10:290; 17:194, 301, 321
Streamlining 13:3–4
Strengthening of skull 4:271–274
Streptognathy 4:436
Streptosaurus (see also Petrosaurus) 7:436–437, 450, 483
Streptostyly 11:59, 101, 125, 151, 161, 193, 198, 245; 20:48–49, 52–53, 55, 58–59, 61, 81, 176, 249, 261–262, 269, 276, 283, 286–289, 367, 590
Stress 5:21, 27, 37–38, 40, 82, 374; 18:126, 340, 346–348, 365, 367, 395, 398; 19:459
Stretch
receptors 5:303; 12:242; 13:19
reflex 21:51
Stria medullaris 10:177; 12:226; 18:442–443
Striated
border 6:275, 277, 280–281, 287, 294–295, 297
muscle 6:296, 447–449, 451–454; 18:192, 200
Striatum 10:178, 253, 259–261, 265, 270–271, 274, 280, 294, 310–312, 316, 329–330, 332; 17:328, 534–535, 610, 621, 627, 635, 667, 682, 689
ventral 10:179, 192, 259–260, 262, 270, 272–273, 277, 282, 329
Stride
frequency 21:52
length 21:43, 45, 52, 61, 71, 282, 336
Strike 20:488, 502, 516
Strike-induced chemosensory searching (SICS) 18:426, 488–492
and chemical learning 18:490
non-venomous snakes 18:492
Strikes
defensive, and tongue-flicking 18:491
predatory, and tongue-flicking 18:491
Strio-amygdaloid complex 10:178
Strobilurus 20:80, 82, 293
torquatus 20:305
Stroke volume 5:301–302; 12:238
Stroma 6:49–51, 81–82, 96, 106
Structural
diversity 19:2
principles 19:2
type 19:2, 10, 50, 55
variation 19:403
Struthio 10:65
urinogenital system 6:114
Struthiocephalus 9:128, 299
Struthiomimus 9:93
Struthiosaurus 9:111–112
Sturgeon (see Acipenser, oocytes)
Stylohyal 2:233; 4:250–251
Stylopod 15:62, 70, 74, 79, 109; 20:393, 407, 418
Stylopodium 21:29, 59
Styptostylic 8:631
“Stypven” 8:177, 238, 493
Styracosaurus 9:114
Styxosaurus 9:297
Subacrodonty 1:164
Sub-angular 4:167
Subarachnoid space 9:23
Subarticular
process 4:383
-brillar space 2:15
Subarcuate fossa 11:52
Subcapsular process 2:233–234, 259, 261; 11:170, 173–174, 211, 222, 226, 233, 237–238, 241–243, 245–246
Subcentral
boundary 9:179, 181–182, 185–186, 188, 196, 198–209, 211, 214–219, 226–227, 284, 307, 327
foramina (see Foramina subcentralis)
ridge (see Margo inferior)
Subclavian
artery 3:114, 203; 6:323, 390
jugular trunk 6:327
plexus 6:374, 390
sinus 6:322, 354
trunk 6:317–319, 322–323, 325–326, 345, 347, 362, 378–381, 383, 385, 389–390, 397
vein 3:203; 6:316–317, 322, 324, 326–327, 354, 374, 378, 381
Subcommissural organ 9:222, 246–247, 255–261, 280, 282, 289, 363–364, 325, 371–373
Subconchal recess 2:122, 131, 133–135, 137, 159; 11:46, 79, 102–103
Subcoracoscapularis 21:30, 212
Subcortical structure 10:329
Subcostal net 6:329–330, 403
Subcutaneous 8:94
lymphatic nets 6:316, 361, 367, 370–374, 382, 388–389, 395, 404, 428
lymphatic vessels 6:368, 375, 384, 429
muscles (see Cutaneous muscles)
placement 5:89
temperature 5:313
Subdental
groove 20:157
gutter 20:126, 130, 166, 273
ridge 20:36, 74, 91, 172, 174, 184, 196, 224, 226, 232, 234, 239, 241, 273–274
shelf 20:116, 157, 207–208, 216–217, 273; 21:601
Subdigital adhesive pads 21:129, 132–133, 187–188
Subendothelial layer 6:450–451
Subepicardial lymphatic net 6:444–446
Subepidermal lymphatic nets 6:367, 371–372
Sub-germinal
cavity 15:22–23
fluid 14:114
space 14:78, 112–113, 115–117, 137, 168, 505
Subiculum infundibuli 9:6; 11:15, 20–21, 45, 52, 66, 76, 90, 93, 110, 112, 117, 119, 121, 124, 209, 210, 224
infundibuli cartilage 2:7–8
Sublingual
collector 6:409
gland(s) 4:171, 175; 6:232, 234; 8:49–50, 53–63, 72–73, 77, 144; 11:143; 21:595
plicae 21:573
plicae (anterior processes), snake, specializations 18:460–462
Submandibular
artery 6:385
collector 6:348, 375, 379–380, 382, 385, 410
lymphatic vessel 6:318, 386–387
trunk 6:320–321, 375, 378, 381–382, 431
vein 6:385
Submaxillary gland 4:144–145
Submergence 5:41, 285, 292, 306, 317, 319–322, 325, 327, 436
Submesothelial areas 6:458
Submucosa
of larynx 6:431
of stomach 6:268–270, 272
Submucosal 6:385
lymphatic net of esophagus 6:410–411
lymphatic net of gall bladder 6:426–427
lymphatic net of large intestine 6:421–424
lymphatic net of oviduct 6:441
lymphatic net of rectum 6:425
lymphatic net of small intestine 6:415–416, 418–420
lymphatic net of stomach 6:412–414
lymphatic net of urinary bladder 6:434–436
plexus 17:676
Subnasal muscle 2:130
Suboccipital muscles 11:370
Subocular sinus 6:381
Subolfactory
lamina of frontal 20:499, 532
process of frontal 21:582
processes 20:253
Suborbital (see also Postorbital) 21:589
fenestra 20:14–15, 18, 25, 69–70, 74, 88, 120, 124, 128, 134, 142, 146, 158, 160, 163, 167, 171, 173, 175, 182, 185, 199–190, 192, 194, 198, 202, 204, 210, 218, 220, 224–225, 228, 230–231, 233, 236, 240–241, 245, 247–248, 268, 277; 21:564–566
ligament 20:503, 512, 576
maxilla 20:544, 547–548
ossification 20:479; 21:587
process of parasphenoid 20:501, 503, 507–508, 531
Subordinance (see also Social behavior) 18:193
Subpallium 10:329
Subpapillary net 6:407–408
Subperitoneal lymphatic net of stomach (see
Subserosal lymphatic net of stomach)
Subpleural net 6:396, 429–433
Subpubic
plexus 6:318, 342, 393–394
sinus 6:320, 332–338, 357, 362, 367, 392, 395, 404, 406
Subseptal vein 2:13
Subserosal
lymphatic net of large intestine 6:421–423
lymphatic net of small intestine 6:415, 417, 419, 421
lymphatic net of stomach 6:379, 412–415
net (see also Subcostal net) 6:351, 379
Substance K 17:639, 644
Substance P 17:65–66, 72, 103, 159, 399–400, 531– 532, 591, 627, 637–638, 644, 646–650, 652–653, 664, 667, 672, 686, 688–690; 19:454
Substantia
gelatinosa 10:69, 95, 120; 17:392, 411, 682, 685
nigra 10:151, 165, 178, 251, 254, 276–277; 17:328– 330, 635, 641, 646, 660, 681–682, 689
pars compacta 10:276–277
pars reticulata 10:277
propria 2:15, 64
Substratal vibrations 2:226
Substrate 5:23–24, 26, 41, 80, 193, 209, 320
licking (see also Tongue) 18:173–175, 178
oxidation 5:80
Subtemporal fenestra 20:15, 25, 36, 74, 165
Subthalamus 10:301
Subthecodonty (see Protothecodonty)
Subtrabecular nodule 11:172
Subtracheal sinus 6:327, 335, 348, 362, 383, 409, 458
Subtrochinienne crest 21:101
Subtrochiterienne crest 21:101
Sub-tunical layer of cells 6:73–74
Subunguis 21:130
Subvertebral
collector system 6:404
muscles (see M. subvertebralis)
trunk (see also Lumbar trunk; Thoracic duct) 6:374, 386–387, 395, 397
Subvesical sinus 6:318–320, 332–334, 336–342, 344, 346, 348, 358, 361, 392–393, 395, 435–437,443
Successive
female defensive polygyny 18:147
habit reversal 7:632–638
Crocodilia 7:633, 636
Sauria 7:633, 637
Testudines 7:633–636
Succinate 3:45; 5:183, 196; 8:515
dehydrogenase 6:231, 241, 249, 253, 269–270, 284, 292–293, 295–296; 8:126, 144, 147, 514
Succinic
acid 13:177
dehydrogenase (SDH) 2:288, 306; 3:46; 5:205, 423; 6:36, 43; 11:268, 280–281, 293, 322–323; 17:372, 399, 419, 421, 464–465
chorionic epithelium 15:564
Succinoxidase 8:514
Succinylcholine 8:457; 11:332
chloride 5:53
Sucrose 5:53, 56, 61, 69, 429; 12:340
Sudan black B 3:239–240, 267, 293–294; 6:229, 246, 248, 252, 267, 294, 300; 14:604–609, 611
Sudanophily 3:292–294, 297; 6:43, 80, 83
Sugars 13:73, 79–82, 92–93
Sulcus 2:15–18, 20–22, 29, 31, 64, 68, 70, 75, 79–80, 82–83
anterior 17:504
cavernosus 11:214, 219
intrahypothalamicus 10:258
limitans 9:235; 10:141
medianus dorsalis 17:500
posterior 17:504
supracristularis 11:213–214
Sulfate 3:4–7; 5:488; 8:171, 174; 13:86–87
groups 6:283
Sulfated
acid mucopolysaccharide 3:126
mucins 8:117, 124
Sulfhydryl 3:18, 39, 42
Sulfhydrylated protein 3:156, 209
Sulfobromophthalien (BSP) 19:516
Sulfur 8:174
-hydrogen bond 3:329
Sulfuric acid 5:103
Sulphate 14:315
Summation 11:285
“Summer and winter” bands 1:67
Suncus murinus 19:569
Sunlight 5:24
Sunning habits 2:277
Supercooling 13:54, 60
Superficial
adductor fascia 4:289, 293
caudal collectors 6:334, 395, 402–407
collectors of anterior limb 6:345, 348
collectors of posterior limb 6:394–395
femoral aponeurosis 21:372, 378–379, 390–391
head vein 20:460
hepatic collectors 6:426–427
jugular trunk 6:318–319, 324–327, 333, 345, 347, 360, 362, 367, 369, 371, 373–380, 382–385
lateral jugular trunk 6:382
layer of the rectus capitis dorsalis 21:510
lymphatic net of esophagus 6:410–411
lymphatic net of gall bladder 6:426
lymphatic net of kidney 6:434
lymphatic net of lung (see Subpleural net)
lymphatic net of stomach (see Subserosal
lymphatic net of stomach)
lymphatic net of urinary bladder 6:434–435, 437
lymphatic nets 6:315
mandibular collector 6:374, 383
portion of the pterygoideus 21:612
radial nerve 4:22
Superior
alar process of prootic 20:442
alveolar nerve canal 20:17–18
branchial nerve 4:22
colliculus 10:188, 300; 17:242, 302, 323, 334, 338, 430, 552
ear flap 11:237, 243
fornix 2:9–12
labial gland 11:129–130, 143, 165, 187
nasal artery 2:12
nasal gland (see External nasal gland)
oblique muscle 2:7–8, 11–12, 49–50, 67, 73–74
olive 10:139, 141, 149, 157, 161, 167, 173, 212, 216–217, 223, 234
orbital artery 2:10, 12, 40, 50; 11:35
orbital fenestra (see Supraorbital fenestra)
palpebral vein 2:13, 50
rectus muscle 2:7–8, 11–12, 49–50, 67, 74
sagittal sinus (see Venous sinus)
temporal arch 11:63–64, 70–71, 73, 80, 85, 91, 95, 100, 104, 107, 111, 114, 125, 134, 155, 184
temporal fenestra 11:243, 245; 21:507
temporal fossa 11:60, 63, 70, 73, 101
temporal vein 2:13
thyroid artery 3:203
Supernumerary shields 1:329
Supination 4:84; 21:112, 114, 283
Supinator
longus 21:212
manus 21:212
Supine position 5:40–41, 63
Suppliers 5:20–21
Supporting cell (see also Sustentacular cell) 2:204, 210–214, 250, 253–254, 258, 260, 263; 18:427–428
Supportive cells of taste bud 6:232
Supra-acetabular buttress 21:138, 142–144, 146
Supraangular 20:520
Supracardiac
chamber 6:327
plexus 6:331
Supracaudal shield (see Marginal shield)
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (see also Brain study;
Circadian rhythms) 12:219, 228; 18:232, 247–248, 267, 279
Supraciliary 11:63, 244
Supracleithra 14:155
Supracoracoid
foramen 21:30, 83, 245
nerve 4:23, 25
Supracoracoideus 21:30, 207, 212
Supraglenoid
buttress 21:103
foramen 21:74
Syprailium 21:144
Supralabial
gland(s) 2:49; 8:49–50, 62, 66–73, 76, 85–86, 94, 113, 121, 146, 148, 151; 20:473, 478
scale 2:289, 292, 302–304
Supralingual gland 8:59, 62
Supramarginal shield 1:314–315, 328, 333–334
Supranasal
sac 2:297
scale 2:280, 297
septum 9:18
Supraoccipital 4:105, 108–110, 112, 114–116, 124– 125, 138, 147, 186, 205, 209–211, 213–214, 216–221, 224–227, 233, 252, 254–257, 278, 408–409; 11:22, 29, 59–60, 81, 85, 100–101, 106–107, 112, 117, 124, 133, 151, 153, 185, 199, 218, 224, 242; 20:15, 17, 28, 30, 32, 34, 50, 52, 67, 70, 72, 76, 83, 89, 101, 104–105, 108, 113, 115, 119, 126, 128, 131, 135, 137, 140, 147, 149, 152, 156, 158, 160, 164–165, 168, 172–173, 183, 192, 206, 216, 220, 223, 225, 228–229, 232, 234, 236, 239–240, 242–243, 246, 248, 255–257, 276, 285–288, 355, 357, 562, 365, 369, 371, 373–375, 379, 387–390, 398–399, 404, 407, 409, 411, 415, 421–422, 425–427, 431, 434, 439, 442, 445–447, 449, 453, 455, 458, 462–463, 465–467, 471, 473–475, 479, 484, 486, 497, 501, 504–506, 509, 511, 513, 519, 523, 525–527, 529, 533, 538–539, 541, 543, 561–569, 571, 587, 589; 21:541, 543
articular surface with exoccipital 20:449
articular surface with prootic 20:449
crest 11:100
ossification 14:312, 314
-prootic suture 20:400
spine 1:211
tendon lobes 4:105, 107, 110, 125
Supraocular 11:63
Supraolfactory process of frontal 20:420, 432, 472, 596
Supraoptic nucleus 3:137–138; 6:117
nucleus of the hypothalamus 17:590
Supraorbital (see also Palpebral bone) 11:63, 106–107, 110–111, 175; 20:356–357, 382, 431–432, 434, 436, 439–441, 448, 462–463, 478; 21:590–592
artery 2:50
bar 20:84
bone 2:48
fenestra 2:6–7; 20:106, 110
process of parietal 20:408, 415, 426, 457, 491, 524, 532, 542
process of prefrontal 20:373, 408
Suprapatella 1:91, 103, 108–111; 21:117
Suprapolar process 11:229–230, 236, 241, 245
Suprapygal
bone 1:320
ossification 14:313–314
Suprarenal
cortex 6:53; 15:155, 165, 172
gland (see Adrenal gland)
Suprarostral scale 2:303
Suprascapula 4:12–14, 21–22, 24, 27; 21:10, 14, 16, 29, 71, 73–76, 80, 222–223, 225, 227–229, 234, 248, 256–257, 259
Supraspinal pathway 10:91, 97–98, 123, 125
Suprastapedial (see Processus dorsalis of
columella; Dorsal process of columellar
apparatus)
Supratemporal 1:15, 18, 20, 22, 27, 30, 38; 4:124, 202, 318, 322, 363, 365, 374–375, 388, 394, 396, 401–402, 420, 463, 470–471; 11:28, 34, 59–60, 63, 68, 79–82, 101, 106–107, 112, 134, 144–146, 148, 151, 153, 156, 161, 184, 189, 199, 220, 244; 20:17, 19–23, 34, 42, 44, 46, 51–52, 54–55, 62, 68, 74, 86, 91, 100, 104, 110, 115, 122, 128, 136, 144, 149, 154, 158, 162, 166, 170, 173, 178, 185, 191, 194, 202–203, 209, 214, 221, 224–225, 230, 232, 234, 238, 240, 244, 248, 261–262, 264, 272, 276, 278, 280, 286–287, 289, 356–357, 363–365, 369–370, 376–377, 379, 384, 393, 398–401, 404–405, 412, 414–415, 418, 421– 422, 425–427, 429, 431, 434–435, 438–439, 441–443, 445, 447, 451, 453, 455–456, 459, 463–465, 467–468, 471, 473–475, 477, 479–480, 484, 486–487, 493,497, 501–502, 504–507, 509, 511, 513, 519–520, 523, 525, 527, 529–531, 533, 538–541, 543, 549, 562–566, 568–569, 571, 578–579, 584, 587, 590–592; 21:479, 507
arch 20:364, 366, 584, 588
fenestra 1:8; 4:133, 204, 213, 217, 220, 222, 224, 232–133, 238, 246, 249, 252–254, 267, 270–271, 275, 300, 312, 317–318, 326, 333, 335, 340, 363, 375–376, 379, 415–416
fossa (see Fossa temporalis superior)
-quadrate ligament 20:539
Supratrabecular
bar 11:43–44, 53, 93, 121, 224
fenestra 2:6–7
membrane 2:7, 13
Supratrigeminal
ligament 4:320
process 4:320; 20:31, 47, 78, 89, 91, 104, 135, 148, 150, 156, 164, 166, 172, 174, 183, 186, 206, 232
ridge 20:33
Supravenous process 20:125
Surangular 4:104, 107–108, 112, 114, 131–133, 136, 146–147, 204–205, 209–211, 213, 215–219, 221, 223, 239, 248, 250, 254, 258, 297, 315, 317, 322, 324, 329, 350, 356, 388, 400–402, 408, 410, 417; 11:24, 63–64, 73, 80–81, 85, 106, 113, 119, 124, 129, 133, 135, 146, 151, 156–157, 179, 187, 211, 214, 220, 231, 237, 244; 20:35–37, 44, 46, 74–75, 78, 89–91, 103–104, 114–116, 127, 130, 136–137, 148–150, 157–158, 162, 164, 166, 173–174, 184, 194–196, 208–209, 216, 224, 226, 232, 235, 239, 241, 247, 249, 356, 401, 412, 423, 481; 21:599, 611
crest of compound bone 20:357, 377, 401, 413, 423, 430, 433, 435, 441, 444–445, 447, 452, 460–461, 465, 471, 474, 481, 519, 531, 550, 569, 579–581
foramen 20:194, 239
ridge 20:418
Surface
area 12:454–457; 13:36; 19:13, 42, 51–54, 56, 61, 63, 65, 67–68, 70, 76–77, 106
density 19:13
lung 19:13
-mass relationships 5:39
pulmonary 19:77
relief of shell 1:325
respiratory 19:13, 49, 52–55, 57, 60, 323
tension 5:75; 19:42–43, 56, 77, 349, 352–353
Surfactant 8:267; 19:14, 25, 42–43, 298, 348–354
amount and composition 19:350–351
function 19:352–353
Surgery 5:37, 43, 47, 52, 98
anesthesia 5:50
instruments 5:98
soap 5:98
treatment 5:288
Surinam 16:6, 400
Surital 5:45
Survival 5:390, 402, 436, 457
in dry conditions 5:366
in hypoxic environments 5:191
in nitrogen 5:193
in sea water 5:391, 397
time 5:191–193, 198, 320
under anoxia 5:191
Survivorship (see also Embryos; Life history
methods; Life history traits; Parental
care) 13:242–243, 305
age-specific 7:149, 182–184, 200, 232–234, 237
altitude factors, lizards 7:180–181
annual variation in 7:184–185, 200, 224
interspecific comparisons 7:219–221
interspecific variance with size 7:175–180
latitudinal factors 7:180–181
lizards 7:181–182
methods of estimating 7:174–175, 219–221
snakes (see also Mortality) 7:221–224
Sus 16:11, 404
muscle tissue 11:282
thyroid 3:222
Suspension
bridge model (of lung support) 19:42–43
cables 19:108
of the quadrate 21:472
Suspensorium 20:355–356, 405, 484, 582
Suspensory
fibers (of lens) 2:5
ligament of testis (see Mesorchium)
Sustentacular cell (see also Sertoli cell) 2:156– 159, 162, 164
Suta 8:19, 25; 12:131–132; 15:533, 546, 552, 560, 654; 16:150; 19:222
dwyeri 19:416, 419
fasciata 19:198
flagellum 19:198
gouldii 19:198; 20:629
monachus 19:198
nigriceps 19:198
punctata 19:164, 198; 20:629
suta 8:25; 19:127, 198; 20:630
Sutural teeth 1:330
Suture(s) 1:320, 323, 330; 5:64, 99; 20:7–8, 15–16, 24, 33, 39–41, 43, 63–64, 71
purse-string 5:102
stainless steel 5:99
Suzuki’s tissue 1:89
SV wave 5:87, 293
Swallowing (see also Deglutition) 8:590; 10:25; 19:118, 120, 137
Sweat glands 5:388
Sweden 2:322
Sweet potatoes 5:170
Swimming 13:2–6, 14; 19:340, 460; 21:56, 241
Swing phase 21:43, 46, 50
Swinging-door model 20:378
Symbionts 5:170; 8:618, 620, 627, 631–635, 656
Symbols 13:236, 243, 246–248, 306
used in cardiorespiratory physiology 5:266– 267
Symmetrical gaits 4:6; 21:42
Sympathetic
augumentation 5:303
blocking agents 5:312
chain 19:452
constrictor mechanisms 5:323
control 5:309; 12:243
drugs 5:309
fibers 5:307
influences 5:294
nervous system 10:8, 30, 93; 12:237, 242, 244, 247; 14:176, 309; 18:345
nervous system activity 5:236–237, 430
nervous system cell 10:3
nervous system fiber 10:6, 10, 14, 17, 20, 31, 35, 37
nervous system trunk 10:2, 9, 14, 28, 30, 39
stimulation 19:441
trunk 5:310
Sympathomimetic
effects 5:38, 61, 81
responses 19:402
Sympathopheochromoblasts 3:268, 312
Sympatric populations 14:179
species 14:349
Sympatry
and bisexual species 15:499, 501
and parthenogenetic species (or taxa) 15:430, 434, 441–443, 445, 450–451, 455, 460, 465–466, 468, 470, 474, 477, 482, 485, 487–488, 495, 499–500, 503–505, 507
Symphimus 19:231; 20:572
leucostomus 19:215; 20:644
mayae 19:215; 20:644
Sympholis 19:231
lippiens 19:153, 215; 20:644
Symphysial tendon 4:447
Symphysis(es) 20:36, 78–79, 102–104, 128, 136–137, 184, 186, 193, 208, 224, 247, 249, 273, 367, 787, 587; 21:29
of the mandible 21:593
Symposia 8:164
Symptons, classification by 8:449–450
Synanceia verucosa 19:566
Synapomorphy 19:70, 150, 157, 165–166
Synapophysis 1:202, 209, 230, 237, 244, 250, 252, 260, 262, 274, 277–279, 287
Synapse 3:341
axoaxonic 17:309, 398
dendrodendritic 17:288
glomerulus 17:398
nest 17:281
ribbon 17:31, 33
Synapsid(s) 19:2, 67–68; 20:257; 21:84
reptiles 8:148
Synapsida 9:68, 124, 138–139, 304
dentition 1:124, 193–194
origin and evolution 1:3
skull 4:279
Synaptic bodies 2:213
ribbons 2:38–39, 61, 78
vesicles 2:38–39, 61, 213; 3:341; 6:42; 11:324
Synaptomosomes 8:466
Synaptonemal complex 14:51–52
Synaptosauria (see Euryapsida)
Synarthrosis 1:210; 20:384
Synbranchus 16:204
Synchronization 10:310, 327
Synchrony, developmental 14:14, 355
Syncitial tissue 6:31, 57, 70–71, 78–79
Syndactyly 15:136
Synergists 21:203
Synonymy 21:6
Synophis 19:224
axial skeleton 1:286, 298
bicolor 19:215
lasallei 19:215
Synostocephalus 9:299
Synostosis 4:243
Synovial
cavities 15:312
joint(s) 11:24, 35, 58, 62, 104, 130, 135, 199; 20:376–377, 418, 438
mesenchyme 1:83
Synthetase 6:252
Systematics 8:190, 192; 19:2, 4, 18, 20, 32, 41, 70, 75, 94, 96, 130, 135, 163, 168–171, 180–217, 300
and blood chemistry 3:46–52
Systemic 19:416
arches 5:8, 282–287, 289–290; 12:243
arches pressure 5:276, 309
arterial circuit 5:276–277, 281–282
arterial output 19:388
arterial pressure 5:459, 463–464; 19:442
arteries 5:276, 308
beds 5:276
blood flows 5:285
blood pressure 5:461
cardiac output 5:283, 302–303, 316, 323
circuit(s) 5:280, 286–287, 303, 323; 10:35; 19:436
circulation 5:7; 19:375, 389, 397, 430–431, 436, 442–444, 455–456, 466, 472
oxygen transport 19:471–472
perfusion 5:277
resistance 5:287, 316
vasculature 5:327
venous blood 19:385, 388, 452
venous returns 5:275, 278, 281–282, 287
Systems
closed 5:71–72, 74–75
open 5:71, 73, 80
Systole 5:286–290; 19:385, 389–390, 392, 395, 397–398, 410–411, 428–429, 439–443, 445–447, 449–451
Systolic
arrest 8:480
ejection 5:287
events 5:292
pressure 5:281–282
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